• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.84-88
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify dietary patterns among children and adolescents in Korea and to examine their associations with obesity and some blood profiles. One day food consumption data measured by 24-hour recalls on 2704 subjects aged 1 to 19 were used from 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey. The data of blood profiles available in the ages of 10 or older was also used. After categorizing each food consumed into 29 food or food groups, five dietary patterns were derived through a factor analysis and subjects were classified into three major dietary patterns via a cluster analysis using the factor scores. Three dietary patterns were identified as 'traditional diet' (25.6%), 'westernized-fast food' (6.2%), and 'mixed diet' (68.2%). The 'traditional diet' pattern had a higher percentage in boys. Both the 'traditional diet' and the 'westernized-fast food' had higher proportions of adolescents (12-19 y) than younger children, while the 'mixed diet' had a higher percentage of preschool children (1-5 y). Obesity rate analyzed within each age group showed no differences among 3 dietary pattern clusters. Blood pressure and all plasma profiles were not different among dietary patterns when adjusted with age and gender. Conclusively, children and adolescents in Korea had three distinct dietary patterns, which were associated with gender and age. These patterns could be useful to plan nutrition interventions for teenager health promotion.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.16-24
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• 2005

The goal of the present paper is to show the optimum design and operation conditions on 6 kW solar water heating system by using computer simulation with verified modelling. As the object functions, we took not only the amount of acquired and auxiliary heat but LCC, which has a relative importance and decisive role in economy. As expected, the maximum heat is acquired at the slope of collector with the equal degree to the latitude, facing the south. The capacity increase of the circulation pump and the storage tank lead to the increase of acquired heat and the decrease of auxiliary heat, but do not necessarily give economical advantages owing to additional electrical power consumption. In the present system, the minimum LCC can be obtained at the storage tank volume of 450 L and the mass flow rate of 0.344 kg/s.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2002년도 춘계 국제 학술대회
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• pp.57-59
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• 2002

Because of the growing demand for protect and maintain one's health, population search for good water increase very rapid in recent. This study was performed to investigate the at 432 sites natural spring water quality in Seoul. Samples for analysis were collected form January to December in 2001. The quality of water was evaluated by analyzing fourty items of Korea drinking water criteria. The main results of this study were as follows 1. The rate of natural spring water was 26.6％ and the Total colony, E.Coli and Yersinia of the total incongruence cause was 67.9％ 2. The distribution of phisical-chemical item on the incongruence cause was Residues on evaporation 8.6％, Turbidity 4.3％, Nitrate nitrogen 2.5％, pH 2.5％ and F-1,2％ 3. The most population area of mean drinking population per one day was that man of Gangnam was 312.92 person. Next to Yangcheon Seocho Seodaemun and Dongjak was 229.6, 195.31, 190.50, 190,00 person. 4. The more person and the number of natural spring water, the more non passed drinking criteria natural spring water except for Gangnam and Gangbuk. 5. The corelationship of drinking population and results of the tests do not exist and the corelationship of results and Total colony, E.Coli, Color, Turbidity, KMNO4 consumption, Residues on evaporation, Fe, Mn, Zn and A1 are existed positive relationship.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.330-338
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• 1989

The Korean apparel manufacturing industry started to meet domestic demands which had depended on importation in 1950s, growing into one of the export-oriented industries with several Five-Year Economic Development Plans. In spite of the development, inefficient organization of distribution of apparel manufacturing industry which connects production with consumption impedes further development of the industry. This study aims at suggesting desirable distribution system of ladies' apparel, the core of the fashion industry. This researcher interviewed those who are concerned in twenty-eight ladies' apparel manufacturing compaines, analyzing the current state of distribution in the industry and the problems. The results are as follows; 1. Forty-five percent of ladies' apparel is distributed through department stores. Therefore, the department stores need to assume their roles in sales and try to improve the condition and to train professional buyers. 2. The sales network is concentrated on the five biggest cities such as Seoul, Pusan, Taegu, Taechon, and Kwangju, prompting the need to be diversified. 3, Tke existing distribution forms distribution systems have many irrational factors which are aggravnting the rate of goods in stock. 4. The manufacturing companies do not implement studies on distribution. The companies should try to establish clear concepts on production and distribution on their own for better planning skills. 5. Computerized systems need to manage the procedures ranging from ordering, distribution, sales to inventory.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2008

Tritium ($^3H$ or T) has been produced mostly by atmospheric nuclear weapon tests, and entered the ocean in the form of water (HTO). As tritium exists as water itself, it has been regarded as an ideal tool to study the transport of water masses. In April 2001 we collected water samples in the western Japan Basin (WJB) for tritium and helium measurement. The timely sampling provided direct evidence of the bottom water formation, resulting in the drastic increase in tritium concentration from 0.3 TU in 2000 to 0.67 TU in 2001. Considering that the new bottom waters were found mostly in the WJB, it implies that maximum 1% of the whole bottom layer below 2600 m should be replaced with the surface water during the severely cold winter 2000 2001. $^3H-^3He$ age, showing the elapsed time since the water left from the surface, can be used to calculate oxygen utilization rate by dividing AOU by the age. Under the condition of 90% oxygen saturation in the surface water, the integration of OUR in the water column below 200 m yields net oxygen consumption of 12 mol $(O_2)m^{-2}yr^{-1}$, which corresponds to the export production of $99\;g\;C\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$. This estimate is comparable to a previous estimate based on satellite data and implies that the ratio of export to primary production(f-ratio) is as high as 0.5 in the WJB.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.753-775
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• 2010

Greedy forwarding is a key mechanism of geographic routing using distance as a metric. As greedy forwarding only uses 1-hop neighbor node information, it minimizes routing overhead and is highly scalable. In existing greedy forwarding schemes, a node selects a next forwarding node based only on the distance. However, the signal strength in a realistic environment reduces exponentially depending on the distance, so that by considering only the distance, it may cause a large number of data packet retransmissions. To solve this problem, many greedy forwarding schemes have been proposed. However, they do not consider the unreliable and asymmetric characteristics of wireless links and thus cause the waste of limited battery resources due to the data packet retransmissions. In this paper, we propose a reliable and energy-efficient opportunistic greedy forwarding scheme for unreliable and asymmetric links (GF-UAL). In order to further improve the energy efficiency, GF-UAL opportunistically uses the path that is expected to have the minimum energy consumption among the 1-hop and 2-hop forwarding paths within the radio range. Comprehensive simulation results show that the packet delivery rate and energy efficiency increase up to about 17% and 18%, respectively, compared with the ones in PRR${\times}$Distance greedy forwarding.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2017

Reinforcement of insulation in apartment buildings reduces the heating and cooling energy consumption by lowering the heat transfer in the building envelope. There are differences between internal and external insulation methods in heat transmission properties. However, some building load calculation programs cannot analysis the differences between the two. This is because these programs do no account for the timelag or thermal storage effect of the wall according to the location of insulation. In this study, the heat transmission characteristics of internal and external insulation were analyzed by EnergyPlus, and heating and cooling energy demand was compared. The results showed that external insulation system had lower heating and cooling loads than internal insulation system. Also the heat transfer rate of external insulation is steadier than internal insulation. About 13.6% of heating and cooling energy demand decreased when the outdoor wall was finished with external insulation compared to the demand with internal insulation.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.514-524
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• 2022

Carbon emissions from fuel consumption have been pointed by scientists as the cause of global warming. In particular, fossil fuels are known to emit more carbon when burned than other types of fuels. In this regard, International Maritime Organization has announced a regulation plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, recently, Liquefied Natural Gas propulsion ships are responding to such carbon reduction regulation. However, from a long-term perspective, it is necessary to use carbon-free fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia. Nitrogen oxides might be generated during ammonia combustion. There is a possibility that incompletely burned ammonia is discharged. Therefore, rather than being used as a direct fuel, Ammonia is only used to reduce NO_X such as urea solution in diesel vehicle Selective Catalyst Reduction. Currently, LPG vehicle fuel feed system studies have evaluated the durability of combustion injectors and fuel tanks in ammonia environment. However, few studies have been conducted to apply ammonia as a ship fuel. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate corrosion damage that might occur when ammonia is used as a propulsion fuel on ships.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.854-862
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 2010년 여름에 천수만에서 저층해수를 채집하여 용존산소와 영양염 농도를 측정하였다. 또한 benthic chamber내의 해수시료를 시계열로 채집하는 자동화된 Benthic Lander를 설치하여 해수-퇴적물간 영양염 플럭스를 측정하였다. 오염된 인공호수 유출수가 들어오는 천수만 북쪽에서는 저층수의 용존산소는 2 mg/l로 hypoxia의 존재 가능성이 확인되었다. 반면 남쪽 천수만 입구의 저층 용존산소는 5 mg/l이었다. 영양염은 용존산소와 반대의 분포 경향을 보였고, N/P ratio의 변화는 hypoxia에 의해 발생된 인산염의 탈착과 용출 때문으로 보인다. 만 북쪽 해역의 유기탄소 산화율과 산소소비율은 남쪽 만 입구 해역보다 약 2배 큰 값을 보였고, 영양염 benthic flux는 천수만 북쪽에서 4내지 6배 높았다. 이러한 결과는 해수-퇴적물간 물질 플럭스를 정확히 추정하기 위해서는 hypoxia의 역할에 대한 이해가 중요하다는 점을 시사해준다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.417-422
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• 2003

양파가공기술의 일환으로 양파에 포함된 풍부한 포도당을 포도당산화효소(glucose oxidase)를 이용하여 글루콘산(gluconic acid)이 함유된 건강기능성 양파음료를 개발하기 위한 기초연구를 수행하였다. $Novozym^{\circledR}$ 771의 포도당 소모속도에 대한 kinetic parameter를 알아본 결과 Mechaelis Menten equation의 특성치들은 $V_{max}=26.1{\times}10^{-2}\;g/L{\cdot}min$이고 $K_m=5.84\;g/L$이었다. 양파즙에서의 포도당 산화효소의 반응특성을 알아보기 위해 2.5L jar fermentor에서 조업부피 1L로 각 조건에서 실험 하였다. 온도의 영향을 검토한 결과 $25^{\circ}C$일 경우 초기반응속도가 $3.18{\times}10^{-2}\;g/L{\cdot}min$이며 $30^{\circ}C$일 때보다 1.1배 증가된 값을 보임으로서 온도가 $30^{\circ}C$로 증가시 반응속도는 다소 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 통기속도의 영향을 살펴본 결과 반응속도는 통기량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 0 vvm일 때는 반응이 거의 진행되지 않았으며 4 vvm일 때 초기반응속도 $9.18{\times}10^{-2}\;g/L{\cdot}min$, 91.5%로 만족할 만한 높은 값을 보였으며 용존산소농도의 값을 측정함으로서 4 vvm일 때 산소가 포함됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 교반속도는 측정되었던 반응 조건 중 반응속도에 큰 영향을 주는 중요한 조건이었다. 450rpm일 때 $16.2{\times}10^{-2}\;g/L{\cdot}min$, 99.2%으로서 최대값을 보였다. 교반속도의 증가는 산소전달과 물질전달을 용이하게 해줘 결국 반응속도가 증가되는 것으로 판단된다. 2.5 L jar fermentor에서의 결과를 바탕으로 20L bench 규모의 효소 반응기를 제작, 20L 효소 반응기에서 조업부피 10L로 $25^{\circ}C$, 2 vvm, 350rpm에서 양파즙의 포도당 산화반응을 살펴본 결과 전체적인 반응속도가 크게 변하지 않는 것으로 판단되어 본 효소 반응은 매우 용이하게 scale-up 될 수 있는 것으로 판단되었다.