• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2009

We investigated characteristics of channel morphology, flora and vegetation distribution at the main and the abandoned channels of the Hwangguji Stream and the Cheongmi Stream. The analysis of aerial photographs and old topographical maps showed that the abandoned channels were made by cut-off from the main channel due to the construction of artificial levee. The total number of species and percentage of exotic plants at the main channels were higher than those at the abandoned channels. At the abandoned channel, the percentage of species number of hydrophytes and hygrophytes was higher than those at the main channels in the both stream. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the floral structure between at the main and the abandoned channel was more similar in the Hwangguji Stream than that in the Cheongmi Stream. The relative distribution areas of hydrophytes and hygrophytes at two abandoned channels were much higher than those at the main channels in the both stream. The dominant plant was an emergent macrophyte, Zizania latifolia at two abandoned channels. Therefore, flora and vegetation at the abandoned channel showed more hydric and lentic characteristics and provided diversity on the landscape level.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.459-466
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• 2004

The purpose of the precent investigation was to investigate diversity patterns in a fragmented Young-do forested landscape. It was conducted on sloping 18 plots (twelve 50$\times$50 m plots and six 10$\times$100 m plots). Total 1562 individuals were identified and measured in the 50$\times$50 m plots. These were a total of 68 species of 23 families present in the three sites. Least significant differences (LSD) by post hoc analysis revealed that fragments site A had significantly greater densities than site B. Shannon-Wiener functions differed significantly among forests (F=4.12, p＜0.05), with site A forest having significantly higher value (3.401) than the others (2.590 for site B and 2.648 for site C). Pinus thunbergii and Quercus aliena were dominant on most sites. site. The Pinus densiflora forest of sites A and C is distributed better in the NE exposures compared with the opposite ones. Ficus erecta and Pinus densiflora largely occupied the southern exposures. The spatial distribution in southern Young-do's littoral forest was very heterogeneous, reflected by most species having low densities and patchy distributions.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.11-27
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the diversity of higher fungi in NaeJangSan National Park from April 2004 to November 2006. The obtained results from investigation were as follows. The total of 5 classes, 19 orders, 60 families, 168 genera and 418 species (including 10 families, 13 genera and 15 species unrecorded) including saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal fungi was investigated. The higher fungi were classified into 47 families, 143 genera and 384 species in Basidiomycotina, 9 families, 19 genera and 28 species in Ascomycotina and 4 families, 6 genera and 6 species in Myxomycota. It was turned out that most of the higher fungi belong to Hymenomycetidae in Basidiomycotina, for which 34 families 122 genera, and 353 species were observed. Dorminant species belonged to Tricholomataceae(64 species) Russulaceae(39 species), Polyporaceae(36 species) and Boletaceae(36 species). The mushroom occurrence of higher fungi was closely related to climatic conditions such as high air temperature and lots of rainfall from July to September. The environment which has a favorable influence of mushroom occurrence was air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall of climatic environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 2018

This study presents an integrated evaluation method to assess the level of achievement of quantitative expansion goals and qualitative improvement goals based on the Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 for quantitatively expanding and qualitatively improving national protected areas. The quantitative evaluation indicators for national protected areas are the percentage of terrestrial and inland water areas protected and the percentage of marine and coastal areas protected. The quantitative evaluation indicators for national protected areas are selected as 6 indicators: 1) ecologically important areas, 2) ecological representativeness, 3) management effectiveness, 4) connectivity, 5) social equity and 6) integration. Ecologically important areas are an indicator which evaluates how many areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services are included in national protected areas. Ecological representativeness is to assess how well national protected areas represent the ecosystem. Management effectiveness is an indicator which evaluates how effectively national protected areas are conserved and managed, and connectivity is an indicator to assess how well national protected areas are connected. Social equity is evaluating how equitably national protected areas are managed and the integration is assessing how much national protected areas are integrated into the wilder landscape and seascape. This study is significant in that it provides a perspective of qualitative improvement as well as quantitative expansion of national protected areas for biodiversity conservation through accurately understanding Aichi Biodiversity Target 11.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.145-154
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• 2021

Integrated pest management system in Korean apple has significantly advanced for last few decades. However harmful effects of pesticides threats the ecosystem services of natural enemies and pollinators. Apple require cross-pollination and Insect pollination with diversity and abundance is one of the keys to profitable apple production in quantity and quality as well. Thus crop protection tools are to be administered in harmony to meet the pest suppression and protection of beneficial organisms such as natural enemies and pollinators. Adding onto the established IPM system, integrated pollinator-pest management (IPPM) concept is proposed as the future direction of apple IPM. For this, ecological enginnering of creating habitats for pollinators, landscape management and agroecosytem diversification as well as selective soft pesticide uses on time guided by pest monitoring and phenologyand targeted delivery are further proposed. Recent shift of agroecosystem from climate change and new pest outbreaks require new paradigm of pest management for sustainable agricultural production.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.4_spc
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• pp.786-793
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• 2024

Latin America is a culturally, geographically, politically, and economically diverse region. Agriculture in Latin America is marked by a remarkable diversity of production systems, reflecting various agroecological zones, farm sizes, and technological levels. In the last decade, the swine industry increased by 30.6%, emerging as a great contributor to food security and economic development in Latin America. Brazil and Mexico dominate the pig production landscape, together accounting for 70% of sow inventory in the region. The swine industry in Latin America is predominantly comprised of small and medium-sized farms, however, in the past 30 years, the number of pig producers in Brazil dropped by 78%, whereas pork production increased by 326%. Similar to the global pork industry, the growing demand for pork, driven by population growth and changing dietary habits, presents an opportunity for the industry with an expected growth of 16% over the next decade. The export prospects are promising, however subject to potential disruptions from global market conditions and shifts in trade policies. Among the challenges faced by the swine industry, disease outbreaks, particularly African Swine Fever (ASF), present significant threats, necessitating enhanced biosecurity and surveillance systems. In 2023, ASF was reported to the Dominican Republic and Haiti, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) in Mexico, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Venezuela, and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) in Mexico, Peru, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Ecuador. Additionally, feed costs, supply chain disruptions, and energy expenses have affected mainly the smaller and less efficient producers. The swine industry is also transitioning towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly practices, including efficient feed usage, and precision farming. Ensuring long-term success in the swine industry in Latin America requires a holistic approach that prioritizes sustainability, animal welfare, and consumer preferences, ultimately positioning the industry to thrive in the evolving global market.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.99-112
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• 2013

This study aims to show the changes of characteristics of vegetation structure for 20 years(1991~2010) in Naejangsan National Park. As a result of analysis of actual vegetation, the mixed community of Quercus variabilis and Quercus serrata was distributed with 56.1%, and Q. variabilis community showed in southern steep slope with 17.6%. Pinus densiflora community(5.8%) was observed on the ridge and Carpinu tschonoskii community distributed in the slope of the valley with 6.6%. Zelkova serrata and Prunus sargentii community were distributed in valley. The classification by TWINSPAN, ordination by DCA considering importance percentage and property of vegetation class were divided into 4 communities, which are community I(P. densiflora-Q. variabilis community), community II(Q. variabilis community), community III(C. tschonoskii community) and community IV(Mixed deciduous broad-leaved trees community). The age of Pinus densiflora was 32years old and Q. serrata was 36 years old in the community I, that of Q. variabilis was 64 years old in the community II, Q. serrata was 46 years old and C. tschonoskii was 45 years old in the community III, and Acer palmatum was 54 years old and Cornus controversa was 47 years old in the community IV. As the result of Shannon's index of species diversity, the community Iwas ranged from 0.9751 to 1.4199, community II was ranged from 1.0765 to 1.3278, community III was ranged from 1.0353 to 1.2881, and community IV was ranged from 1.1412 to 1.3807. The change of vegetation structure analyzed through the comparison with results of studies carried out 20 years ago were natural selection of P. densiflora, expansion of Quercus spp. and increase of C. tschonoskii. Especially, A. palmatum is dominated by Q. variabilis in canopy layer like the result of study 20 years ago. A. palmatum was analysed by 14.6% in the canopy layer of only mixed deciduous broad-leaved trees community. As a result of analysis of habitat property of Q. variabilis and A. palmatum, Q. variabilis was distributed in dry area with the low value of pH, O.M., exchangeable cations and Avail. P, and A. palmatum was located in the wet valley with huge value of nourishment. The tendency of reduction of bio-diversity by Sasa borealis is same as previous study but, the distributed areas were reduced in Naejangsan area.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.62-74
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• 2015

Urban areas are variously under threat including deterioration of ecological functions. Many pond wetland types have been created as part of an effort to improve and restore this urban environment. This study was arranged to examine improvement plans of wetlands in urban areas by analyzing semi-natural wetlands in farm areas. As for environment for water quality, it suggested the inflow of natural water neighboring rivers or the direct inflow of rain as the improvement plans. The result which analyzed soil pH, OM, and T-N content of the soil environment mentioned that urban areas supplied artificial sluices, removed apoptotic bodies, and used artificial soil and waterproofing materials and use of natural materials in design and construction, the sluice state of the natural form, and negligence of autumn plants were suggested as the improvement plans. Florae appeared in the subject sites of the study have found that there are 35 families 69 species in urban areas and 53 families 142 species in rural areas. As the average has found that there are 18.5 families 29.3 species in 4 urban areas and 26.3 families 53.5 species in 4 rural areas, the big difference between them was analyzed. As the cause has found that there are differences in yearly plants in farming areas when compared to urban areas, creation of various basic environments including soil and water quality was suggested to make yearly plants settle down widely. Naturalized plants have found that there are no big differences between urban areas and rural areas. However, the average of the naturalized ratio in urban areas is 17.4% as the naturalized plants are about 1/4 of the appeared plants. As it was analyzed to be higher than 7.7%, the average of the naturalized ratio in farming areas as the big difference, creation of various inhabiting environments was suggested to make more yearly plants appear like the analyzed result of the life type. Consideration of placement, materials, and inhabiting environments was suggested to make creation of wetlands well appreciated to improve functions of wetlands in urban areas. It is expected that the above results of the study will be utilized in creation and improvement of the pond wetlands which can play a huge role in increase and improvement of biological diversity in urban areas.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.352-366
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to offer the basic data to the habitat conservation and management by surveying and analysing the ecological characteristics such as the flora, vegetation structure and soil of Rhodotypos scandens habitat. The flora were summarized as 131 taxa including 57 families, 99 genera, 107 species, 1 subspecies, 17 varieties and 6 forms. The life forms grouped as in the follows; the megaphanerophytes(MM) were 21 taxa, 24 taxa of the microphanerophytes(M), 30 taxa of nanophanerophytes(N), 6 taxa of chamaiphytes(Ch), 20 taxa of hemicryptophytes(H), 17 taxa of geophytes(G), 12 taxa of therophytes(Th) and 1 taxa of hydrophytes(HH). The present conditions of communities were 8 types including Zelkova serrata, Quercus aliena, Ulmus parvifolia, Rhamnella frangulioides, Castanea crenata, Albizia julibrissin, Celtis sinensis and Robinia pseudoacacia. In case of the dominant species by layers, the tree layer species were Zelkova serrata, Quercus aliena, Ulmus parvifolia, Castanea crenata, Albizia julibrissin, Celtis sinensis and Robinia pseudoacacia, and the subtree layer species were Rhamnella frangulioides, Q. aliena, Z. serrata, A. julibrissin, U. parvifolia and Broussonetia kazinoki. The shrub layer species was Rhodotypos scandens. In the results of analyzing the diversity index, $H^{\prime}{_{max}}$ from 1.691 to 2.610, from 2.197 to 3.466 in H'max, from 0.646 to 0.903 in J' and from 0.097 to 0.354 in D. In the results of analysing the soil, there showed that acidity was 5.6, 0.5dS/m of electrical conductivity(EC), 59.1mg/kg of available $P_2O_5$, 49.7% of organic matter content, $0.4cmol^+/kg$ of exchangeable $K^+$, $13.5cmol^+/kg$ of exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$, $3.3cmol^+/kg$ of exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.751-761
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• 2016

Since the position of Nakdong-Jeongmaek stretches from south to north, it shows clear changes of the climate compared to other mountain ranges. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of vegetation in Pinus densiflora-dominant community (PDDC), which typically appeared on the ridge of this area, by each region and community. For this, the PDDCs in five representative areas of Nakdong-Jeongmaek (Baekbyeonsan, Chilbosan, Baegamsan, Unjusan and Goheonsan) were investigated. Communities were divided into four groups based on the characteristics of the growing environment for indicator species among the low vegetation, while the pinus densiflora was dominant on the canopy according to TWINSPAN. In community I, Fraxinus sieboldiana and Rhododendron schlippenbachii were dominant and there was a typical vegetation on the mountain ridge. In community II that was located on the upper slope, there was abundant inflow of sunlight to the inside of the forest which resulted from the disturbance, and it formed the secondary forest where deciduous broadleaf tree species such as Rhus cotinus appeared. Compared to the other communities, community III had a wider range of growing environment and various species of deciduous broadleaf trees appeared, so that changes in the vegetation structure were expected in the future. Finally, with the appearance of Salix hallaisanensis and Betula davurica, community IV are presumed to be located at a relatively high region with bountiful soil moisture. Reviewing by regions, PDDCs in Unjusan and Goheonsan were near big cities such as Pohang-si and Ulsan-si, so that the artificial disturbance resulted in high level of species diversity on a stage of vegetation development and the ages of Pinus densiflora were relatively young. On the other hand, PDDCs showed a stable vegetation status with low level of species diversity in other regions, and the ages of Pinus densiflora were relatively old.