• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.918-924
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• 2020

This study investigated diurnal fasting and postprandial total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) excretion rates in juvenile Oplegnathus fasciatus (rock bream; mean body weight 45.8±1.1 g) at three temperatures (15, 20, and 25℃) in a recirculating system (three replicates). The fish were hand-fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00 h) with commercial food (46.7% protein) until satiation. The results showed that the fasting and postprandial TAN excretion rates were temperature-dependent. The mean hourly rates were 7.7 (15℃), 10.2 (20℃), and 11.9 (25℃) mg kg fish-1 h-1 for fasting and 34.0 (15℃), 47.8 (20℃), and 60.2 (25℃) mg kg fish-1 h-1 for postprandial. At each temperature, two postprandial TAN excretion peaks were observed 2-4 h after feeding; the second peak was always higher. The TAN loss to nitrogen consumption ratio was 41.1-46.8 % and increased significantly with increasing temperature. Temperature affected fasting and postprandial TAN excretion in juvenile rock bream, providing insight for culture management.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.513-516
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• 2008

Recently, a demand for reduction of construction cost by reducing construction period is increasing because of the slump of the construction business, the increasing price of raw-materials and the enforcement of after-sale system. As a method of reducing construction period, many construction companies usually apply a method of reducing curing period. But if they use an existing early strength cement or admixture, they spend a heavy cost on materials and there are many problems, such as a heat of hydration and a loss of workability. The purpose of this research is a reduction of construction cost by reducing construction period as a earlier removal time of form. To check up application of concrete using high early strength binder and admixture, comparative tests were carried out with concrete using an existing early strength cement or admixture such as tests of diurnal variation, setting time and compressive strength.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.343-343
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• 2002

This study examines the influence of long-range transport of dust particles and air pollutants on both local/regional DMS oxidation chemistry and the distribution of sulfur compounds at Jeju Island (33.17$^{\circ}$ N. 126.10$^{\circ}$ E) during the Asian dust-storm(ADS) period in April 2001. The atmospheric concentrations of these sulfur species were measured at a ground station on Jeju Island. Korea as Part of the ACE-Asia intensive operation. Three ADS events were observed during the periods of 10-12, 13-14. and 25-26 April. respectively. The concentrations of DMS and CS$_2$ were higher during the ADS period than during the non-Asian-dust-storm (NADS) period. Conversely. a difference in SO$_2$ levels during the ADS period was not distinguishable from those during the NADS period. The diurnal variation pattern of DMS observed was largely different from that in the remote marine boundary layer. DMS loss by NO$_3$ in the atmospheric boundary layer was dominant due to significantly high NOx levels influenced by the long-range transport of pollutants from East Asia to Jeju Island The DMS maximum during the ADS period was observed in the late afternoon. The oceanic fluxes of DMS during the ADS and NADS periods were estimated to be 5.7$\pm$2.3 and 2.9 (+2.8/-1.5) mole m$^{-2}$ day$^{-1}$ . respectively. The contribution of oxidized DMS to SO$_2$ levels at Jeju Island during the study period was found to be insignificant.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.2
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• pp.152-165
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• 1993

This is the basic study in order to know the amount of transpirational water loss in a Larix leptorepis stand by a heat pulse method. Especially this study has been measured and discussed the diurnal and seasonal trends of heat pulse velocity by changes of radiation, temperature and humidity, differences of heat pulse velocity by direction and depth in stem, differences of heat pulse velocity by dominant, codominant and suppressed trees, diurnal change of heat pulse velocity by change of leaf water potential, sap flow path way in sapwood by dye penetration and amount of daily and annual transpiration in a tree and stand. The results obtained as follows : 1. Relation between heat pulse velocity(V) and sap flow rate(SFR) was established as a equation of SFR=1.37V($r=0.96^{**}$). 2. The sap flow rate presented in the order of dominant, codominant and suppressed tree, respectively. The daily heat pulse velocity was changed by radiation, temperature and vapor pressure deficit. 3. The heat pulse velocity in individual trees did not differ in early morning and in late night, but had some differed from 12 to 16 hours when radiation was relatively high. 4. The heat pulse velocity and leaf water potential showed similar diurnal variation. 5. The seasonal variation of heat pulse velocity was highest in August, but lowest in October and similar value of heat pulse velocity in the other months. 6. The heat pulse velocity in stem by direction was highest in eastern, but lowest in southern and similar velocity in western and northern. 7. The difference of heat pulse velocity in according to depths was highest in 2.0cm depth, medium in 1.0cm depth, and lowest in 3.0cm depth from surface of stem. 8. The sap flow path way in stem showed spiral ascent turning right pattern in five sample trees, especially showed little spiral ascent turning right in lower part than 3m hight above ground, but very speedy in higher than 3m hight. 9. The amount of sap flow(SF) was presented as a equation of SF=1.37AV and especially SF in dominant tree was larger than in codominant or suppressed tree. 10. The amount of daily transpiration was 30.8ton/ha/day and its composition ratio was 83% at day and 17% at night. 11. The amount of stand transpiration per month was largest in August(1,194ton/ha/month), lowest in May (386ton/ha/month). The amount of stand transpiration per year was 3,983ton/ha/year.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.288-299
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• 1996

This is the basic study to investigate the amount of transpirational water loss in thrifty mature Quercus mongolica stand by the heat pulse method. The differences of heat pulse velocity by direction and depth, differences of heat pulse velocity by dominant, codominant and suppressed trees, diurnal changes of heat pulse velocity due to the change of leaf water potential, vapor pressure deficit and radiation, and sap flow path way in sapwood by dye penetration were measured in stems. Finally the amounts of daily and annual transpiration in stand were calculated by the heat pulse velocity. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. Relationship between heat pulse velocity(V) and sap flow rate(SFR) was obtained as a equation of SFR=1.37V. 2. The sap flow rate was high in the order of dominant, codominant, and suppressed trees. The daily heat pulse velocity changed with radiation, temperature and vapor pressure deficit. 3. The heat pulse velocity showed the similar diurnal variation as the leaf water potential change. 4. The heat pulse velocity showed the highest value in May(4.0cm/hr in average), the lowest one in July(2.9cm/hr in average). 5. The heat pulse velocity in the same stem presented the highest value in the northern direction, medium in western, and the lowest in southern and eastern. 6. The heat pulse velocity in stem was highest in 0.5cm, medium in 1.0cm, and lowest in 1.5cm depth from the surface of stem. 7. The sap flow path way in stem showed sectorial straight ascent pattern in four sample trees. 8. The amount of sap flow(SF) was presented as a equation of $SF=1.37A{\cdot}V$(A: the cross-sectional area of sapwood, V: heat pulse velocity), and especially SF was larger in dominant tree than codominant and suppressed trees. 9. The amount of daily transpiration was 5.6ton/ha/day, and its composition ratio was 72% at day and 28% at night. 10. The amount of stand transpiration per month was largest in May(168ton/ha/month), lowest in July(125ton/ha/month). The amount of stand transpiration per year was 839ton/ha/year.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 1982

Environmental factors are known in general to influence much on the development of abscission layer and thereby on shedding of plant parts. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of meterological condition during ripening on the grain shatterability of rice plants at harvest. Different meteorological conditions were obtained by shifting transplanting timing of 40 days old rice seedlings 4 times with a 15 days-interval. Grain shatterability was measured as tensile strength of rice grains: it varied within a range of 214g. to 251g. in a practically non-shattering Japonica variety'Jinheung' and l27.5g. to 204g. in an easy shattering Indica \times Japonica progeny variety'Taeback'. In view of field loss of rice, the variation in tensile strength with time of transplanting and harvest did not matter in Jinheung, but was an important factor in Taeback. In Taeback the tensile strength was significantly correlated positively with mean, maximum and minimum air temperature and relative humidity during a certain period of grain ripening, especially during 30 days period before harvest, but diurnal range of air temperature showed a significant, negative correlation with it. The tensile strength seemed to be more closely related with min. air temperature than max. air temperature, and it was not significantly correlated with radiation amount during any period of pre-harvest. Meteorological effect on grain shatterability may vary with variety, but temperature regime during ripening appears to play major role among the meteorological factors in easy shattering and more thermophilic Indica \times Japonica varieties: lower the temperature, greater the shatterability.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.292-305
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• 1995

This study was carried out to develop a Korean language version of Zung's self-rating depression scale (SDS). The subjects consisted of 173 males and 161 females drawn from various groups of the general population by a cluster of sampling methods. In order to analyze the data on depression scores, Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient method was carried out, as well as reliability and factor analysis, by the SPSS/PC+ program. The results obtained were as follows: The mean average of the total depression scores were $40.60{\pm}8.66$ for the subjects. Thirty-seven subjects (11.1%) showed high depression scores of 50 or over. Test-retest reliability(coefficient r=0.82, p <0.001), internal consistency(coefficient r=0.84, p <0.001) were satisfactory. Factor analysis using oblique technique rotation yielded five factors. The items of confusion, indecisiveness, decreased libido, diurnal variation, and psychomotor retardation were scored higher by the subjects. The items of suicidal rumination, psychomotor agitation, constipation, irritability, and weight loss were scored lower.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.317-343
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• 1977

This study was carried out to obtain the informations about evaporation from pot, soil temperature and soil atmosphere composition in pot, and the effect on the growth of nine ornamental species using seven different containers. The investigated containers were clay pot(CP), clay pot painted in green(CP-P), varnished clay pot(CP-V), polyethylene film inserting in clay pot(CP-PI), clay pot mulched with black polyethylene film(CP-PM), porcelain pot(POP), and plastic pot(PLP). Nine ornamental species were balsam(Impatiens balsamina), chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum morifolium), cosmos(Cosmos bipinatus), English ivy(Hedera helix), geranium(Pelargonium zonale), kochia(Kochia scoparia var. trichophila), marigold(Tagetes patula), ornamental kale(Brassica oleraceae var. acephala), and salvia (Salvia splendens). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Dry weight of all tested species grown in PLP, POP, CP-P, CP-V and CP-PI was heavier than that of CP. 2. Plant height in nine tested species grown in PLP, POP, CP-P, CP-V, and CP-PI was taller than that of CP. 3. Geranium grown in PLP, POP, CP-P, and CP-V gave more number of leaf than that of CP. 4. The number of flower in balsam grown in PLP, POP, CP-P, CP-V and CP-PI was more than that of CP. The result from marigold was very similar to this tendency. Spike length and floret number in salvia gave the same tendency, but its spike number was not different among containers used. 5. The average diurnal evaporation from PLP and POP was about 43% of that of CP. About two third of total evaporation from CP was through pot wall. 6. The evaporation rate from the slowest to the highest was PLP, POP, CP-P, CP-V, CP-PI, CP-PM and CP. Containers inhibiting evaporation through pot wall hold more soil moisture than CP from one day after water supply. 7. The more evaporative water-loss from containers gave the lower soil temperature. The variation of soil temperature among containers was higher during the day than the night. 8. The $O_2$ concentration of soil atmosphere in CP was higher than that of nonporous containers, and the difference between them was 0.40-1.12%. The range of the $O_2$ concentration 17.95~19.62%. The $CO_2$ concentration of soil atmosphere in CP was lower than that of nonporous containers, and its range was 0.59-1.76%. This deviation in soil atmosphere composition did not influenced on the growth of plants. 9. There was a possitive correlation between the amount of soil water and the plant growth. 10. Plant grown on CP gave more total nitrogen content in top growth than that on PLP. C/N ratio was somewhat low in plant on CP. From the above results, $O_2$ and $CO_2$ concentration in soil atmosphere did not gave enough deviation to the extent which affect the plant growth. The effect of soil moisture on the plant growth using different containers was the far-most significant factor from this investigation. Therefore, it was obious that the utilization of the nonporous container might save the cost for water supply and reduce the production cost of the pot-grown ornamental plant in Korea eventually.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.667-676
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• 2006

The reduction of $Hg^{2+}$ in the aqueous phase results in the production of dissolved gaseous mercury(DGM), and the volatilization of DGM has been identified as an important mechanism for the loss of Hg from waterbodies to the atmosphere. Although mercury emission in the world is known to be mostly from Asia, there have been few studies of measuring DGM concentrations in lakes in Asia. In this study, DGM concentrations were measured at Juam reservoir($35^{\cir}00'N,\;127^{\circ}14'E$), Korea. The results showed that the average concentrations of DGM at the upper and down stream of the lake during summer time were $95{\pm}8\;and\;130{\pm}15$ pg/L, respectively and the concentration of total mercury(TM) at the upper and down stream was $2.1{\pm}0.7,\;1.7{\pm}0.3$ ng/L respectively. Average DGM concentration during summer time($101{\pm}14pg/L$) was approximately 5.5 times higher than that during fall($18{\pm}0.1pg/L$). The DGM concentrations ai the midstream decreased from 32 to 13.7 pg/L during rain event, while the TM concentrations increased from 2.2 ng/L to 2.7 ng/L indicating the deposition of mercury from the atmosphere. Also, the diurnal patterns between DGM concentrations and UV intensities were observed. Water temperatures and DOC concentrations were significantly related to DGM concentrations, while TM concentrations were negatively related to DGM concentrations(p<0.0001). Comparing with the study of Dill et al.,(2006) the average concentrations of DGM $(109{\pm}15pg/L)\;and\;TM(2.2{\pm} 0.4ng/L)$ at Juam reservoir were approximately 3 and 2.2 times higher than those measured in other lakes(DGM: $38{\pm}16pg/L$, TM: $1.0{\pm}1.2ng/L$).

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.154-165
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• 2002

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of depression in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Methods : Subjects were 37 cancer inpatients of oncology in Yeungnam university hospital. BDI and ZDS were done and HDS was performed through semistructured interview. Results: 1) There were no significant differences of depression scale score according to sex, education, religion, marital status. 2) The mean scores of BDI, ZDS and HDS in 37 cancer patients were 18.27${\pm}$7.73, 36.51${\pm}$10.82, 15.14${\pm}$6.60, respectively. 3) HDS, ZDS scores were significantly higher in other cancer group receiving high dose chemotherapy. 4) Item score for depressed mood, diurnal variation(p<0.001), dissatisfaction(p<0.01), physical anxiety, decreased libido, sleep disturbance(p<0.05) were significantly higher in other cancer group than others. 5) Eight patients were diagnosed as having major depressive disorder, 11 as adjustment disorder, and 18 patients had no axis I diagnosis. 6) In major depressive disorder group, the score of the depressed mood item in ZDS was high (p<0.05). HDS item score for depressed mood, work difficulty, anxiey(p<0.001), psychomotor retardation(p<0.01) were significantly higher in major depressive disorder group. 7) In patients with adjustment disorder, ZDS item score of constipation(p<0.001), fatigue, anorexia (p<0.01), emptiness, sleep disturbance, dissatisfaction, weight loss(p<0.01) were high. HDS item score of hypochondriasis(p<0.01), agitation(p<0.01), fatigue, decreased libido(p<0.05) were significantly higher in adjustment disorder group. Conclusion : Some psychiatric disorders, such as adjustment disorder and major depressive disorder were common in the cancer patients in chemotherapy. Psychiatric intervention will increase compliance of cancer treatment and improve the quality of life. This study suggests that it would be important to consider the nature of somatic symptoms in diagnosing depression in cancer patients.