• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.5
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• pp.555-563
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• 1998

The renal function is under regulatory influence of central nervous system (CNS), in which various neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems take part. However, a possible role of central GABA-benzodiazepine system on the central regulation of renal function has not been explored. This study was undertaken to delineate the renal effects of diazepam. Diazepam, a benzodiazepine agonist, administered into a lateral ventricle (icv) of the rabbit brain in doses ranging from 10 to 100 ${\mu}g/kg,$ elicited dose-related diuresis and natriuresis along with improved renal hemodynamics. However, when given intravenously, 100 ${\mu}g/kg$ diazepam did not produce any significant changes in all parameters of renal function and systemic blood pressure. Diazepam, 100 ${\mu}g/kg$ icv, transiently decreased the renal nerve activity (RNA), which recovered after 3 min. The plasma level of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increased 7-fold, the peak coinciding with the natriuresis and diuresis. Muscimol, a GABAergic agonist, 1.0 ${\mu}g/kg$ given icv, elicited marked antidiuresis and antinatriuresis, accompanied by decreases in systemic blood pressure and renal hemodynamics. When icv 0.3 ${\mu}g/kg$ muscimol was given 3 min prior to 30 ${\mu}g/kg$ of diazepam icv, urinary flow and Na excretion rates did not change significantly, while systemic hypotension was produced. These results indicate that icv diazepam may bring about natriuresis and diuresis by influencing the central regulation of renal function, and that the renal effects are related to the increased plasma ANP levels, not to the decreased renal nerve activity, and suggest that the effects may not be mediated by the activation of central GABAergic system.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.107-117
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• 2000

This study was undertaken to determine if Juglandis Semen Aquacupuncture(Ja) has a protective effect against glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats. Rats were dehydrated for 24hr and then injected with $5m{\ell}/kg$ of 50% glycerol, one-half of dose in each hindlimb muscle. In experiments for Ja effect, rats received $0.1m{\ell}$ of Ja extraction in both sides of corresponding $Sh{\grave{e}}ns{\bar{u}}$($BL_{23}$) of human body and non-acupuncture points(the root of tail) for 3 days after injection of glycerol. The experimental group were divided into the Normal group, the Control group, the Ja to $Sh{\grave{e}}ns{\bar{u}}$($BL_{23}$) group(Ja-AS), the Ja to non-acupuncture points group(Ja-AN). There were significant decrease of Urine vollume, total protein and phosphate level in Ja-AS as compared with the control group. There were not any significant change of Urine creatinine in Ja-AS as compared with the control group. There were significant decrease of Unine glucose in Ja-AS, Ja-AN as compared with the control group. This suggests that Ja-AS could be used in prevention and treatment of acute renal failure. However, the precise mechanisms of Ja protection remain to be determined.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.121-127
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• 1984

Attempts were to investigate the effects of 'Bojungikgi-tang' on the digestive system, blood pressure and diuresis. The results showed that relaxing action was shown on the isolated ileum in mice and that strong antagonistic actions were seen on $BaCl_2$, acetylcholine and histamine-induced contraction of the ileum in mice and guinea-pigs that the relaxing effect of the intestinal smooth muscle was recognized. Inhibitory effects on transport rate in the small intestine of mice and castor oil-induced catharsis in mice were noted. Inhibitory action on the secretion of gastric juice, pH ascending effect and decreasing effect of the free acidity and total acidity were recognized. Continuous hypotensive action was seen, but when the vagus nerve was cut, hypotensive action was remarkably decreased. The diuretic effect was also recognized.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 1968

The changes of urinary excretion after alcohol drinking on 6 normal subjects sweated in a hot chamber were studied. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The urinary minute flow is increased rapidly to maximum about 60 minutes after intake of alcohol, and this is supposed to be originated from the antidiuretic suppressive action on osmoreceptor by ethyl alcohol. 2. Free water clearance and osmolarity of the urine showed the maximal and minimal values respectively at the sane time when the urinary flow is maximal. 3. The concentrations of Na, K and Cl were roughly proportionate to the urinary osmolarity and the minimal values after drinking were diluted to more than 10-fold than those before drinking, but the minute amounts of these ions is decreased only slightly during tile diuresis. 4. The concentrations of urea were decreased less than 10-fold but the minute amounts were rather increased slightly. 5. The diuresis could not excrete whole quantity of fluid intake in the period of 2 hours, and considerable amount of water was still retained in the body.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.85-98
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• 1991

Verapamil, $Ca^{2+}$-channel blocker, when given into vein or into carotid artery, produced the decrease of urine flow accompanied with the decreased amounts of Na$^{+}$ and $K^{+}$ excreted in urine ($E_{Na}, E_{K}$) and with the decreased clearances of free water (C$_{H_2O}$) and osmolar substance (C$_{osm}$), and then increased reabsorption of Na$^{+}$ and $K^{+}$ in renal tubules (R$_{Na}$, R$_{N}$), glomeruler filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) were inhibited when verapamil was given into carotid artery, but were only tendency of reduction when given intravenously. Verapamil, when infused into a renal artery, exhibited diuresis accompanied with the increased GER, RPF, E$_{Na}$ and E$_{K}$, with the decreased filtration fraction (FF) in only infused kidney. At the same time, $C_{H_2O}$ was not changed, R$_{Na}$ and R$_{K}$ were reduced. Antidiuretic action by verapamil administered into vein or into carotid artery in normal kidney was reversed to diuretic action in denervated kidney. At this time, parameters of renal function exhibited the opposite phenomena compared to that elicited by verapamil in normal kidney, wherease renal denervation did not influence the action of verapamil infused into a renal artery. Above results suggest that verapamil produce both antidiuresis through nervous system centrally, not endogenous substances and diuresis by direct action in the kidney. Diurectic action are caused by hemodynamic improvement through dilatioon of vas efferense and by greatly inhibited reabsorption of electrolytes in distal tubules.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.39-52
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• 1989

The present investigation was undertaken to confirm of clinical effects of Sagnating. So, experimental studies were done, especially, to ascertain whether Sagantang had pharmacological effect of analgesia, antipyresis, diuresis and decreasing blood pressure and so on. The results of the studies were obtained as follows: 1. The analgesic effects of Sagantang were obtained in mice. 2. Sagantang prolonged the duration of hypnosis which is induced thiopental-Na in mice, but it was not effective in rotor rod method. 3. Antipyretic effect of Sagantang was known on the typhoid vaccine induced fever in rats. 4. Sagantang inhibited automatic movement on the isolated ileum of mice, and antiacetylcholine effect and antibarium chloride effect of Sangantang were known on that. 5. Sangantang decreased blood pressure due to vasodilatation in anesthetized mice. 6. The effect of diuresis were noted in mice. According to the above results, clinical effects of Sagantang on oriental medical references were similar to the actual experimental results.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.376-393
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• 1987

This study was performed in order to investigate the effect of nifedipine, a vasodilating drug which acts through calcium antagonism, on renal function using mongrel dog. Nifedipine, when given interavenously in doses ranging from 1.5 to 5.0$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, elicited diuresis along with less changes of glomerular filtration rate and significant increases of renal plasma flow, so that the filtration fraction(FF) decreased significantly, at the same time both osmolar and free water clearances increased, and amount of sodium, potassium and calcium excreted in urine increased significantly. Nifedipine, when infused into a renal artery in doses from 0.05 to 0.15$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/min, exhibited identical responses to the actions of intraveneous nifedipine except significant increase of glomerular filtration rate and no change of FF, which was confined only to the infused kidney. The renal action of nifedipine into a renal artery were not influenced by renal denervation, decreased significantly by ouabain, Na$^+$-K$^+$-ATPase inhibitor, which was given into a renal artery. Nifedipine infused into a renal artery in dog pretreated with propranolol i.v. produced diuresis associated with the increase of electrolytes excretion by reduction of electrolyte reabsorption and with no changes of glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow. Thus, it is concluded that nifedipine infused into a renal aretery produces diuretic action along with both improvement of hemodynamics and inhibition of electrolytes reabsorption, which may be related to sympathetic $\beta$-receptor or Na$^+$-K$^+$-ATPase activity because the action of nifedipine in kidney is blocked by propranolol or ouabain.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.271-282
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• 1983

This study is an attempt to study the influence of clonidine, which has a central sympatholytic action, on the renal function in dogs and to elucidate its mechanism of action. Clonidine ($15\mu$g/kg) injected into a cephalic vein of the dog produced a marked increase in urine flow and in amounts of $Na^{+}$ and $K^{+}$ excreted in urine, and clearances of free water and osmolar substance, the reabsorption rates of $Na^{+}$ and $K^{+}$ in renal tubules were significantly decreased. Clonidine ($50.0]mu$g/kg) administered intravenouly elicited a transient reduction in urine flow, along with inhibition of all renal functions. Intravenous clonidine-induced diuretic effect was completely blocked by pretreatment with reserpine, and was lessened by water diuresis. Clonidine ($3.0\mu$g/kg) injected tnto a carotid artery revealed a transient diuresis with a increase in clearance of free water. Clonidine injected into a renal artery showed a significant antidiuretic effect and all functions of an experimental kidney were reduced. Antidiuretic action induced by clonidine given into a renal artery markedly suppressed by pretreatment with reserpine. The above results suggest that clonidine has dual mechanisms: 1) diuretic effect due to the central sympatholytic action and inhibition of release of antidiuretic hormone, and 2) antidiutetic effect indued by indirect symptheic stimulation in the periphery.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 1985

In view of the facts that dopamine (DA) when given directly into a lateral ventricle (i.c.v.) of the rabbit brain induces antidiuresis and that haloperidol, a non-specific antagonist of DA receptors, produces anti-diuresis in smaller doses and diuresis and natriuresis in larger doses, the present study was undertaken to delineate the roles of various DA receptors involved in the center-mediated regulation of renal function. Bromocriptine (BRC), a relatively specific agonist of D-2 receptors and at the same time a D-,1 antagonist, elicited natriuresis and diuresis when given i.c.v. in doses ranging from 20 to 600 {\mu}g/kg$, roughly in dose-related fashion, while the renal perfusion and glomerular filtration progressively decreased with doses, indicating that the diuretic, natriuretic action resides in the tubules, not related to the hemodynamic effects. These diuresis and natriuresis were most marked with 200 ${\mu}g/kg$, with the fractional sodium excretion reaching about 10%. With 600 ${\mu}g/kg$, however, the diuretic, natriuretic action was preceded by a transient oliguria resulting from severe reduction of renal perfusion, concomitant with marked but transient hypertension. When given intravenously, however, BRC produced antidiuresis and antinatriuresis along with decreases in renal hemodynamics associated with systemic hypotension, thus indicating that the renal effects produced by i.c.v. BRC is not caused by a direct renal effects of the agent which might have reached the systemic circulation. In experiments in which DA was given i.c.v. prior to BRC, 150 ${\mu}g/kg$ DA did not affect the effects of BRC (200 ${\mu}g/kg$), while 500 ${\mu}g/kg$ DA abolished the BRC effect. In rabbits treated with reserpine, 1 mg/kg i.v.,24 h prior to the experiment, i.c.v. BRC could unfold its renal effects not only undiminished but rather exaggerated and more promptly. In preparations in which one kidney is deprived of nervous connection, the denervated kidney responded with marked diuresis and natriuresis, whereas the innervated, control kidney exhibited antidiuresis. These observations suggest that i.c.v. BRC influences the renal function through release of some humoral natriuretic factor as well as by increasing sympathetic tone, and that various DA receptors might be involved with differential roles in the center-mediated regulation of the renal function.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 1990

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was reported to elicit natriuresis and diuresis when given intracerebroventricularly (icv) and these effects were shown to be abolished by icv methysergide, $5-HT{_1}$ antagonist, thus suggesting that central tryptaminergic system may also participate in the regulation of renal function. We tried in this study to elucidate the role of $5-HT_2$ receptors in the central tryptaminergic regulation of renal function, observing the effects of icv ketanserin, a specific $5-HT_2$ antagonist. Ketanserin (KET) icv in doses of $120{\mu}g$ $(=0.3\;{\mu}moles)/kg$ produced significant natriuresis without affecting renal hemodynamics, indicating that it resulted from decreased tubular Na reabsorption. Systemic blood pressure decreased slightly but significantly. When given iv, no significant effect was observed. 5-HT, $200{\mu}g/kg$ icv, produced mild but significant natriuresis and diuresis. However, after KET, $40{\mu}\;g/kg$ icv, a dose which minimally affects renal function, the natriuresis and diuresis by 5-HT was greatly augmented, with the fractional excretion of filtered sodium reaching 9.3%. The renal effects of other biogenic amines administered icv, such as norepinephrine, dopamine and histamine, were not significantly affected by the KET pretreatment. These observations suggest that central tryptaminergic system influences renal function in dual ways, i.e., natriuretic and diuretic influence via $5-HT_1$ receptors, whereas $5-HT_2$ subtypes mediate the antinatriuretic and antidiuretic effects, and that the central tryptaminergic system plays a role in the regulation of rabbit renal function.