• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.316-328
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• 2000

This study aims at not only suggesting some ideas useful in planning and doing the sexual education in the primary schools in the near future putting into test the sexual education program which has been developed by researchers in accordance with the national education courses but also improve sexual health of the children through taking right sexual knowledge and sound sexual attitude. For this study 21 students are selected from all class of the fourth grade of the 'D' primary school at H district in KangWon-Do and have been taught the sexual education program during 6weeks, 12times. The findings of the study are as follows: 1. After the sexual education program, the sexual knowledge of the primary school children show to be significantly different from that they had before(t=-6.661, p=.000). So, this finding indicating that the sexual education program helps the children have and expand the correct sexual knowledge accordingly. 2. In order to look into any change of the sexaul attitudes of the primary school children after the sexual education program, there were significant difference(t=-3.808, p=.001). It is discovered that children come to have more affirmative and sound sexual attitude after sexual education program. As the findings of the study indicate, it may be concluded as follows: Since the sexual education program can affirmative influence on the sexual knowledge and sexual attitudes of the children, it is recommendable to start the sexual education program as early as possible in their childhood so that they can establish a sound sexual mortality for themselves. Additionally, to perform the sexual education program suitable for every stage of children should be developed, qualified teachers and the educational materials should be reinforced and added enough and institutional device should be made to execute the sexual education program systematically.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.10-22
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• 2010

Purpose: Through a thorough examination of the CCSC (Community Comprehensive Support Center) system in Japan, this study suggests a scheme to provide community-based preventive health care services for the elderly in Korea. Methods: The study inquired into the applicability of the Japanese model by reviewing the data related to the CCSC project, aided by both in-depth interviews with staff in the field and consultations with specialists. Results: Rearrangement of the Visiting Health Management Project system is needed to manage the collective or individual visiting care management for frailty prevention of the elderly in communities. The delegated service system for preventive care in the community, including direct management by one of the public health centers, also needs to be reviewed and the application of stricter standards for the selection of the agency or corporation to run the delegated service is necessary. Long-Term Care Insurance, along with national and local grants, is to be considered as a financial resource for the community-based preventive health care model for the elderly. By making active use of education rooms at district offices, senior citizen centers in neighborhoods for the elderly with easy access can be created. The project needs to raise active supports from communities, develop programs which can be absorbed into particular local cultures, and promote the understanding of the preventive project in local communities. The preventive program should focus on first solving the problems of depression, seclusion, and lack of mobility of the elderly. Second, the program should instruct physical self-management for exercise-nutrition-dental maintenance, and third, the program should strengthen the cognitive abilities of the elderly. In addition, it is necessary to systematize and implement counter-plans of the family and community to protect the elderly who has mental and cognitive problems. Finally, by establishing a network of public health welfare resources based upon research on a community level, assessment and planning for the health of the elderly should be one with their family, and comprehensive consultation and recommendations should be provided to the family. Conclusion: Taking into consideration the experience Japan has had with respect to a similar project, it is appropriate to develop and implement a service system which would combine the Visiting Health Management Project system which has already been established and a preventive health care model for the elderly on a community level.

• 한국인구학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.105-130
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• 1981

This study was conducted to compare the characteristics of high performane areas for family planning with that of low performance areas and to find factors which strongly affected contraceptive practice behavior. For the study, eight areas were selected from 274 rural family planning canvassing areas of Korean Population Policy and Program Evaluation Study, which was an action study operated in all areas of Cheju Island from July 1, 1976 until December 31,1979. As a first step of the action study, Cheju Island was devided up 318 family planning canvasser areas Each area was consisted of 200 households in rural district and 300 households in urhan one Duriog the period of project, each canvassing area had been managed by a female family planning canvasser, selected by director of health center considering several individual conditions needed for family planning activities Basic activities of canvassers were to counsell all the eligihie couples in own charged area about family planning methods and also to distribute contraceptives such as condoms and oral pills. In case couples desire to accept sterilization including vasectomy and tubal-ligation, the canvassers played a linking role connecting potential client with family planning field workers. Canvassng areas shows significant differentce in performance for family planning, nevertheless they are supposed to have almost the same conditions regarding family planning distribution channel. Because the purpose of the Cheju project was to eliminate all the problems that existed in governmental distribution system, that is to remove geographic, economic, cognitive and administrative barriers Accumulated performances of family planning methods accepted by residents in each area were calculated by eligible women aged 14-49. And then canvassing areas were ranked according to performance score. Consequently, 4 areas in extremely high and low family planning performance areas were selected respectively. Major results were obtained by comparing characteristics of high performance area with that of low performance areas, which are as follows: 1. The mean number of living children was about the same both in high and low performance areas for family planning. But respondents' mean age (38.5) in high performance areas was higher than that (37.0) in low performance areas 2. Respondents' perception in the expectant educational level of others' children in high performance areas was higher than that in low performance areas, although respondents educational level, monthly expenditure and ratio of children in high school and above was not different. 3. Ratio of ownerships of TV and newspaper in high performance areas was highen than that in low performance areas 4. The duration of canvasser' charge in high performance areas was longer than that of low performance areas, showing the fact that canvassers didn't move cut in high performance areas 5. In high performance areas, canvassers' houses were relatively located in the center part of the village. And so villagers resided in near distances from the anvasser's house 6. 4H clubs' activities in high performance areas were more active than those in low performance areas Therefore it was assumed that cohesiveness of community in high performance areas were stronger than that in low areas. 7. Canvassers' family planning practice rate was higher than that in low performance areas, and also canvassers' human relationship was more sociable than that of canvassers in low performance areas. 8. Fourteen variables which showed relatively high significance level in $X^2$ and F test were selected as independent variables for stepwise regression analysis. According to the results of regression analysis. five of 14 variables-distributors education level ($R^2$=.4439), duration of distributor's charge ($R^2$=.6166), 4H club activities ($R^2$=.6697), canvasser's contraceptive practice ($R^2$=.7377) and location of distributions house ($R^2$=.8010) explained 80.1 percent of total variance.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권11호
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• pp.1125-1139
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• 2006

In 1991, the Ministry of Health & Social affairs adopted a nationwide service program for neonatal screening of phenylketonuria, galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, histidinemia & congenital hypothyroidism for newborns delivered from low class pregnant women registered in health centers. Government decreased the test items from six to two, PKU & congenital hypothyroidism to increase test numbers with same budget from 1995. Government decided to test PKU & hypothyroidism for all newborns from 1997. 78 laboratories wanted to participate for neonatal screening test in 1999. Government didn't decide laboratory center for a certain district and placed responsibility on free competition. Government are planning to test 573,000 newborns from 1998, Government decided to screen 6 items PKU, congenital hypothyroidism, maple syrup urine disese, homocystinuria, galactosemia and congenital adrenal hyperplasia from 2006. 17 laboratores are participating now. The cost of screening test is supported by both the federal government and local government on a 40-60 basis. In case a patient with an inherited metabolic disease is diagnosed by screening of government program, special milk is provided at government's expense. Interlaboratory quality control was started 6 times a year from 1994. According to the government project, 3,707,773 newborns were screened. 86 PKU, 718 congenital hypothyroidism were detected. So incidence of PKU is 1/43,114 and congenital hypothyroidism is 1/4,612. Maeil dairy company produced new special formula for PKU, MMA and PA, MSUD, urea cycle disorder, homocystinuria, isovaleric acidemia from Oct. 1999. The cost benefit of performing screening procedures coupled with treatment has been estimated to be as high as 1.77 times in PKU, 11.11 times in congenital hypothyroidism than cost without screening. We are trying to increase the budget to test all newborns for Tandem mass sereening & Wilson disease from 2008. Now it is a very important problem to decrease laboratory numbers of neonatal screening in Korea. So we are considering 4-5 central laboratories which cover all newborns and are equipped with tandem mass spectrometer & enzyme immunoassay for TSH, 17OHP & enzyme colorimetric assay for galactose.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1149-1154
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• 2014

Background: In Malaysia, data from the Malaysian Health Ministry showed colorectal cancer (CRC) to be the second most common type of cancer in 2007-2009, after breast cancer. The same was apparent after looking at males and females cases separately. In the present study, the Geographic Information System (GIS) was employed to describe the distribution of CRC cases in Kuala Lumpur (KL), Malaysia, according to socio-demographic factors (age, gender, ethnicity and district). Materials and Methods: This retrospective review concerned data for patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the years 1995 to 2011 collected from the Wilayah Persekutuan Health Office, taken from the cancer notification form (NCR-2), and patient medical records from the Surgical Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). A total of 146 cases were analyzed. All the data collected were analysed using ArcGIS version 10.0 and SPSS version 19.0. Results: Patients aged 60 to 69 years accounted for the highest proportion of cases (34.2%) and males slightly predominated 76 (52.1%), Chinese had the highest number of registered cases at 108 (74.0%) and staging revealed most cases in the 3rd and 4th stages. Kernel density analysis showed more cases are concentrated up in the northern area of Petaling and Kuala Lumpur subdistricts. Spatial global pattern analysis by average nearest neighbour resulted in nearest neighbour ratio of 0.75, with Z-score of -5.59, p value of <0.01 and the z-score of -5.59. Spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I) showed clustering significant with p<0.01, Z score 3.14 and Moran's Index of 0.007. When mapping clusters with hotspot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi), hot and cold spots were identified. Hot spot areas fell on the northeast side of KL. Conclusions: This study demonstrated significant spatial patterns of cancer incidence in KL. Knowledge about these spatial patterns can provide useful information to policymakers in the planning of screening of CRC in the targeted population and improvement of healthcare facilities to provide better treatment for CRC patients.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.43-63
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• 2004

이 연구는 일부 농촌지역주민들을 대상으로 수집된 건강의식 및 형태 조사자료를 이용하여 농촌지역주민들의 건강행위를 유형화하고 건강행위유형과 건강상태 및 건강관리실태와의 관련성을 규명하기 위해 시행된 것으로서 본 연구의 주요결과와 합의는 다음과 같다. 1. 건강행위유형은 식생활군, 흡연군, 운동군, 음주군, 건강무관심군, 수동적 태도군으로 구분되 있으며 각각의 구성비는 67.8%, 10.9%, 6.2%, 2.6%, 0.5%, 11.9%로 각 건강행위유형별 구성비는 전국민자료를 이용한 선행연구결과와 다소 상이하였다. 전체적으로 식생활군이 보다 많았고, 수동적 태도군의 구성비가 적었다. 또 건강행위유형을 구성하는 건강행위별로 계량화된 건강행위점수도 다소 차이가 있었다. 이는 연령구성, 직업구성, 소득수준 뿐 아니라 식생활을 중시는 농촌지역의 특성과 낮은 흡연율 등 건강행위의 차이에서 기인하는 것으로 보인다. 2. 각 건강행위 유형별 일반적 특성의 경우에도 전국적 자료를 이용한 연구결과와 차이가 있었다. 평균연령은 전국적 자료를 이용한 경우 건강 무관심군이 가장 많았으나 본 연구 결과에서는 가장 적었고 오히려 음주군의 평균연령이 가장 많았다. 성별 구성을 보면 음주군, 흡연군, 건강무관심군의 경우에 여성이 거의 없었고. 수동적 태도군, 식생활군 등에서 여성의 구성비가 높았고 운동군에서도 비교적 높았던 것은 전국결과와 유사하였다. 교육수준은 전국결과에서는 운동군이 가장 높았으나 본 연구결과에서도 운동군과 수동적 태도군에서 고졸이상의 고학력자가 비교적 많아 전국결과와 유사하였다. 직업의 경우, 음주군의 경우 비사무직이 많았고 심한 육체적 노동에 종사하는 사람들의 구성비가 높은 점. 음주군과 건강무관심군의 경제적 수준이 가장 낮았고 운동군의 소득수준이 높았던 점, 건강관련 정보원이 있는 경우가 음주군이 상대적으로 낮고 운동군이 높았던 점 등도 전국결과와 유사하였다. 그러나 건강검진율은 전국평균에 비해 높았고 전국자료에서는 음주군에서 가장 낮았고 운동군에서 가장 높았으나 본 연구는 음주군에서 상대적으로 높았으나 본 연구에서는 음주군에서 상대적으로 높았고 운동군은 50%로 비교적 낮았다. 3. 연구대상자 건강행위유형별 건강상태를 보면 우리나라 한 지역농촌인구가 가장 보편적으로 보이고 있는 건강행위유형인 식생활군과 비교할 때 운동군의 만성질환 이환경험율이 더 높았고 흡연군, 음주군, 건강무관심군, 수동적 태도군 등의 경험율이 오히려 더 낮았다. 이는 이 지역주민들의 건강행위가 질병의 경험에 종속되어 있기 때문에 나타난 현상으로 보았다. 4. 건강행위유형별로 건강관리실태를 보면 건강상태를 보정하고도 식생활군에 비해서 운동군은 건강관리행위를 유의하게 더 많이 하는 것으로 나타났고 수동적 운동군 건강검진율은 유의하게 낮아 각 건강행위유형에 기대되는 건강관리실태를 보였다. 이는 일부이기는 하나 농촌지역에도 건강할 때부터 건강을 지키고 증진하기 위한 활동을 하는 사람들이 있으며 건강상태와 무관하게 적극적으로 행하는 건강관리에 소극적인 집단이 존재함을 시사하는 것이다. 5. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 할 때, 건강증진 사업을 시행함에 있어 주민들에게 조성되어 있는 건강관리에 대한 소극적 태도를 극복하기 위한 대안을 마련하는 한편, 건강관리에 적극적인 운동군들을 발굴하여 지역내 건강증진사업의 확산에 활용하는 방안을 검토하는 것이 필요할 것으로 본다. 건강무관심군은 비교적 젊은 군이나 소득이 낮고 주관적으로 인지하는 건강수준이 낮으며 건강염려를 많이 하는 것으로 보아 건강에 부여하는 가치 등의 문제 뿐 아니라 건강활동에 참여할 시간적 여유의 부족이나 기타자원의 부족에 기인할 수 도 있음을 감안해야할 것으로 보인다. 6. 그러나 이 연구는 단면연구로서 장기적인 추적관찰을 통해 이 연구의 결론이 지지되기를 기대하며 더 발전된 연구에 의해 이 연구가 가진 다음과 같은 한계들이 극복되기를 바란다. 1) 다른 목적으로 조사된 자료를 이용하였기 때문에 측정변수의 정밀성을 높이기 어려웠다. 주관적 건강평가의 경우에 주관적 건강인지의 구성요인에 따라 구조화된 설문지로 측정되어야 하나 단 하나의 문항으로 측정하였다. 주관적 건강인지와 건강행위 유형과 특정한 관계가 예상되었으나 유의한 관련성이 없었던 것은 이와 관련이 있을 것으로 판단된다. 2) 건강형태의 유형화가 가지는 유용성의 문제로서 인지적 건강수준이나 건강과 관련된 형태의 많은 부분을 설명하지 못하였다. 이는 건강행위의 유형화에 투입된 변수의 신뢰성의 문제와 아울러서 건강과 관련된 신념 등 인지적 용인이 유형화변수에서 비제되었기 때문이라고 추정하였는데 투입된 변수가 개인의 건강생활양식을 고루 반영하는지의 타당성도 더 검증되어야 할 문제로 보인다. 3) 군집분석을 통한 건강생활약식의 유형화를 시도하였으나 군집분석의 경우에 그 신뢰성과 타당도가 표본수에 따라 민감하게 반응한다. 따라서, 적은 표본수로 인해 결과의 신뢰성이 낮아졌을 가능성이 있으며 보다 대용량 자료를 이용한 분석이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.