• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.13-30
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• 2024

Swietenia mahagoni is one of the commercial timbers in Indonesia. Mahogany heartwood is an important characteristic as it relates to the natural durability and aesthetics of the wood. Lipophilic extractives are known to be involved in the heartwood formation process. Therefore, this study aims to determine the lipophilic compounds associated with heartwood formation. The n-hexane extract from sapwood and heartwood samples (1 to 5 years) was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the content of n-hexane extract ranged from 0.76% to 2.45% based on dry wood. The main group of compounds identified in the lipophilic fraction consisted of sterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campasterol, and cyclolaudenol), fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and stearic acid), and hydrocarbons (pentadecane, 1-octadecane, hexadecane, cyclotetracosane, cycloeicosane, and cyclooctacosane) after heartwood formation. In addition, the hydrocarbon fraction was the largest, followed by sterols, fatty acids, and 1-heneicosanol. In the radial variation, the distribution of fatty acids was greater in the sapwood than in the heartwood (4-year-old). However, the reverse pattern was found at the age of 5 years. The lipophilic fraction was generally more abundant in the heartwood compared to the sapwood, especially at 5 years of age, with much higher levels than when the heartwood was forming (4 years). These findings show that when the heartwood formation begins, the lipid composition was not fully metabolized at the beginning of heartwood formation compared to 5-year-old trees.

• International Journal of Quality Innovation
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 2001

In this paper, the same distribution principle is developed based on the studies with many years for short run processes. The quality control philosophy and background of the principle are introduced. Some implementing techniques for the principle are presented, and application cases both in industry and evaluation & decision-making areas are shown.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.130-151
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• 2012

Fraunhofer was founded in 1949 and grew into Europe's largest application-oriented research organization. Fraunhofer currently employs over 20,000 members in Germany, is internationally networked, and manages an R&D budget of over 1,8 Billion Euros per year. An important step for Fraunhofer to become an integral component of the German innovation system was the introduction of the Fraunhofer Model of financing based on a performance-related system of financial management. The underlying model of the allocation and distribution of public funding to Fraunhofer that is subsequently allotted to specific research groups is one of the success factors of Fraunhofer. Fraunhofer is proud of its decentralized organizational model. Fraunhofer is comprised of 60 Institutes in Germany working in different fields, under one legal framework, and with a strong brand value. Every Fraunhofer Institute is affiliated with a German University and every institute director simultaneously holds a chair at the affiliated university. It is a challenge for the headquarter organization to balance the intended competition of individual Fraunhofer Institutes with complementarity cooperation in science among Fraunhofer-Institutes, especially when coming from different knowledge domains; however, this goal results in a significant advantage. The unique strengths of Fraunhofer offer system solutions in a world with increasingly complex R&D challenges. While growing to become the largest organization on Europe to focus on applied research it is the challenge to remain an agile organization that is flexible in organizational structure. Fraunhofer has reached a well-recognized position in the European innovation landscape. It is often referred to by science and governments as a role model for innovation policy and a key element of the latest successes in the German economy that has recovered quicker from the latest economic crisis than most other western economies. The paper explains Fraunhofer as an organizational paradigm and its underlying management model to elaborate on the challenges of managing a research organization. We wish to show how it is possible to transfer the management model and philosophy of Fraunhofer to innovation systems with different framework conditions and challenges. A universal conclusion may be drawn based on the description of Fraunhofer; however, changes in existing structures and innovation systems cannot be implemented over night.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.147-162
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• 2024

This study presents a random-aggregate mesoscale model integrating the random distribution of the coarse aggerates and the damage mechanics of the mortar and interfacial transition zone (ITZ). This mesoscale model can generate the random distribution of the coarse aggregates according to the prescribed particle size distribution which enables the automation of the current methodology with different coarse aggregates' distribution. The main innovation of this work is to propose the "correction factor" to eliminate the dimensionally dependent mesh sensitivity of the concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) model. After implementing the correction factor through the user-defined subroutine in the randomly meshed mesoscale model, the predicted fracture resistance is in good agreement with the average experimental results of a series of geometrically similar single-edge-notched beams (SENB) concrete specimens. The simulated cracking pattern is also more realistic than the conventional concrete material models. The proposed random-aggregate mesoscale model hence demonstrates its validity in the application of concrete fracture failure and statistical size effect analysis.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.203-203
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• 2002

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a beta-herpesvirus with worldwide distribution, exhibits host persistence, a distinguishing characteristic of all herpesviruses. This persistence is dependent upon restricted gene expression in infected cells as well as the ability of productively infected cells to escape from normal cell-mediated anti-viral immunosurveillance. Type I (IFN-α/β) and type II (IFN-γ) interferons are major components of the innate defense system against viral infection. They are potent inducers of MHC class I and II antigens and of antigen processing proteins. Additionally, IFNS mediate direct antiviral effects through induction effector molecules that block viral infection and replications such as 2′, 5-oligoadenylate synthetase (2, 5-OAS). IFNS function through activation of well-defined signal transduction pathways that involve phosphorylation of constituent proteins and ultimate formation of active transcription factors. Recent studies have shown that a number of diverse viruses, including CMV, EBV, HPV mumps and Ebola, are capable of inhibiting IFN-mediated signal transduction through a variety of mechanisms. As an example, CMV infection inhibits the ability of infected cells Is transcribe HLA class I and II antigens as well as the antiviral effector molecules 2, 5-OAS and MxA I. EMSA studies have shown that IFN-α and IFN-γ are unable to induce complete signal transduction in the presence of CMV infection, phenomena that are associated with specific decreases in JAKl and p48. Viral inhibition of IFN signal transduction represents a new mechanistic paradigm for increased viral survival, a paradigm predicting widespread consequences in the case of signal transduction factors common to multiple cytokine pathways.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.7
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• pp.279-291
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• 2020

This study aims to develop the concept of innovation models with the marketing channel construct approach, marketing innovation, product segmentation, and customer insight; as well as improvements to the theory of resource-based combined with the method of service-dominant logic. This study approach is based on quantitative descriptive conducted with three stages of testing scenarios. The first test is the mapping of the innovation model construct through testing the validity and reliability with the moderation of customer orientation variables. The second scenario examines the relationship of influence between the independent variables on the dependent variable of 29 hypothetical analysis equation modeling. The unit of analysis was conducted on 497 SMEs involved in the food and beverage sectors, with the criteria being SMEs must have a rating of 4-5 points on the Go-Food applications software. The results shown that: 1) the construct used to develop an innovative model both directly and via moderation is positive and significant; 2) Through a complicated relationship that involves all components of the variable, it outlines a positive and significant effect except for the path of analysis (μ5). The theoretical and managerial implications state that the service-dominant logic approach and resource-based view theory have extreme reliability and interrelations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.116-124
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• 2021

In this study, the reliability of vehicle frames employed in small electric road sweepers was assessed through durability testing. The frames were tested under three conditions, whereby mechanical loads were applied to (1) the entire frame, (2) the front frame, and (3) the rear frame. The strain distributions in the loaded frames were determined through a combination of direct strain gauge measurements and supplementary numerical analysis. While subtle differences were observed between the experimental and numerical analyses, both methods successfully yielded comparable deformation patterns. Thus, the dependence of stress distribution and the state of the frame on loading conditions could be fully identified through our combined structural and numerical analysis.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.283-294
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• 2022

This holistic research focused on the interactive relationship of different factors with a unique relationship with the dependent variable. The first research objective of the study was to identify the most significant factor that has an impact on Job performance while being mediated. The second objective was to see the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between transformation leadership and innovation on job performance. This research followed a purely quantitative research paradigm with a structured questionnaire to quantify the information collected from 96 respondents for the empirical analysis. For testing the research hypotheses, IBM SPSS version 24 and SmartPLS version 3.2.8 softwares were used to run the structural equation modeling to establish the causal relationship between the study variables. Most of the variables were found with a significant impact on job performance. Further, the hypotheses H³, H⁶, and H¹⁰ were rejected as these contributed insignificant towards the research model. This research was limited to specific educational institutions and businesses, and the timeframe was restrictive. The findings of this research can benefit policymakers and the operational side of various industries. Future research may consider the difference in gender in predicting employee engagement through leadership and innovation.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.121-131
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• 2022

The goal of the study was to see how quality management (QMA), strategy (STR), and innovative capability (INC) influence the competitive advantage of a Thai information communication technology (ICT) firm (COA). The researchers collected 431 surveys from Thailand's owners and managers employed in ICT enterprises from the beginning of June 2021 to the end of September 2021using diverse sample strategies. A questionnaire with an index of item-objective congruence (IOC) value of 0.60-1.00 and a reliability value of 0.92-0.96 was used as the research tool. Participants in the survey were requested to fill out a seven-level opinion survey posted on Google Forms. A latent variable structural equation model (SEM) path analysis using LISREL 9.1 was used for the four latent variables, 31 manifest variables, and the five hypotheses testing. The analysis showed that all three causal variables positively affected COA, which had a total effect (TE) R² value = 80% when combined with the other latent variables. Moreover, the values for the latent variables when ranked by total effect (TE) were STR, QMA, and INC with TE values of 0.95, 0.89, and 0.25, respectively. Finally, there were very strong influences from COA to STR (0.95), INC to QMA (0.86), and STR to QMA (0.71).

• Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.21-33
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• 2016

A sustainable development in science, innovation, and technology requires a balanced distribution of scientific wealth in sub-country regions. This paper addresses the issue of geographical distribution of scientific wealth and its goal is to offer a framework to describe and measure the share of provinces in national scientific wealth. Our proposed model divides the indicators of scientific wealth into two groups, production and the use of scientific wealth. To evaluate this model, the scientific wealth of Iran was studied using recorded data on IRANDOC databases. Rich, average, and poor provinces were identified and the results showed that 70% of the scientific wealth belongs to 20% of the provinces. The findings can facilitate planning for a sustainable science and technology policy.