• 환경생물
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.77-93
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• 2000

시아해의 수질환경과 식물플랑크톤 생물량의 계절변동 특성 및 식물플랑크톤 생물량변동에 영향을 미치는 환경요인을 파악하기 위해 1995년 2월,4월,7월과 10월 4회에 걸쳐 계절별로 23개 관측점의 표층과 저층 해수를 대상으로 현장조사를 실시하였다. 결과, 시아해는 2월에 최저수온, 8월에 최고 수온을 나타내나, 염분은 6, 7월에 높고 겨울에 낮은 특성을 나타내었으며, 연중 빠른 유속과 조석혼합 등으로 수층 간 혼합된 양상과 매우 낮은 투명도를 나타내고 있었다. 영양염류 중 질소는 여름을 제외하고는 비교적 높은 값을 나타내며, 인은 연중 0.5$\mu\textrm{g}$ㆍat./l내외의 값을 보이고 있는 반면, 규소는 봄철 규조류 대발생시를 제외하고는 연중 높은 농도를 유지하고 있었다. Chl-a는 연중 2$\mu\textrm{g}$/l 이상의 높은 값을 나타내고 있으며, 특히 규조류의 대발생이 보여지는 봄철에 높은 값을 나타내었다. 다만, 연중 높은 생물량은 생물의 성장과 활성에 의하기보다는 조석혼합 등에 의해 해저표층퇴적물에 침강된 표영생태계 중의 생물량 상당부분이 수중으로 재 부유한 결과로 보여져, 높은 부유물질 등 제한된 광 조건으로 시아해 식물플랑크톤 생물활성은 그다지 높지 않을 것으로 추정되었다. 기초생산을 제한하는 영양염은 시아해 북쪽해역에서는 인에 의해, 남쪽해역에서는 질소에 의해 지배되고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 겨울철은 인의 존재량에 비해 질소가 과잉으로 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 규소는 봄철 규조의 대발생시를 제외하고는 식물플랑크톤 군집에 크게 영향을 주지 앓는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 영양염류 중 규소는 담수 등 복잡한 주변 수괴의 유입에 의존하는 비율이 높고, 질소는 여름에는 담수 유입에 의존하나 시기에 따라서는 저층 해수의 공급에 의존하는 것으로 나타났다. 인은 담수유입에 의한 부분보다 저층 해수 및 주변 수괴로부터 유입하는 비율이 높은 것으로 판단되었다. 시아해의 식물플랑크톤에 영향을 미치는 환경요인은 시간과 공간에 따라 다르게 나타나고 있으며, 여름철 극심한 질소의 부족이나 봄철 규조 대발생시의 규산염 고갈 등을 제외하면 영양염류보다도 높은 부유물질, 즉 광량 등 물리학적 요인에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.155-160
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• 1999

To investigate the water quality characteristics and eutrophication of the Keum River, survey were conducted on samples collected from 6 stations in Aug. and Oct. in 1995 and Jan. and May in 1996. The results were summarized as follows ; Concentration of pollutants were in the range of 1.74~6.35(mean 3.81)mg/$\ell$for BOD and 1.98~8.21(5.14)mg/$\ell$for COD and 1.46~51.94(18.52)g/$\ell$for TSS. Water quality were evaluate to be 2~3 grade of station 1 and other stations were 3~4 grade of water quality criteria. The concentration of nutrients were in the range of 55.2~735.3(309.3)$\mu\textrm{g}$-at/$\ell$for Dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) and 0.06~6.03(2.80)$\mu\textrm{g}$-at/$\ell$ for dissolved inorganic phosphate(DIP). Nutrient concentrations in Keum River were usually high and the DIN/DIP ratio ranged from 72 to 2648. The concentration of chlorophyll-a was in the range of 1.1~143.7(44.3)mg/㎥. Chlorophyll-a concentration were high 10mg/㎥ except station 1, which is the value of eutrophication criteria by EPA. Correlations between nutrients and chlorophlly-a were not significant. According to eutrophication evaluation, Keum river was equivalent to the eutrophic state.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.745-751
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• 2003

The three-dimensional eco-hydrodynamic model was applied to estimate the physical process in terms of nutrients and net uptake(or regeneration) rate of nutrients in Kamak Bay for scenario analysis to find proper management plan. The estimation results of the physical process in terms of nutrients shelved that transportation of nutrients is dominant in surface level while accumulation of nutrients is dominant in bottom level. In the case of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, the results showed that the net uptake rate was 0∼60 mg/㎡/day in surface level(0∼3m), and the net regeneration rate was 0.0∼10.0 mg/㎡/day in middle level(3∼6m) and above 10mg/㎡/day in bottom level(6m∼below). In the case of dissolved inorganic phosphorus, the net uptake rate was 0.0∼3.0 mg/㎡/day in surface level, and the net regeneration rate was 0.5∼1.5 mg/㎡/day in middle level and 1.0∼3.0 mg/㎡/day in bottom level. These results indicates that net uptake and transport of nutrients are occurred predominantly at the surface level and the net generation and accumulation are dominant at bottom level. Therefore, it is important to consider the re-supplement of nutrients due to regeneration of bottom water.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.841-846
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• 2003

The ecosystem model was applied to estimate the regional distribution of the net production(or consumption) of phytoplankton and the net uptake(or regeneration) rate of nutrients in Masan Bay for scenario analysis to find a proper management plan. At the surface level, net production of phytoplankton is 200 mgC/㎡/day at the entrance of the bay, and 400∼1000 mgC/㎡/day at the center of the bay. The inner area of the bay showed more than 2000 mgC/㎡/day. All areas of the bottom level have a net consumption, with the center of the bottom level showing more than 600 mgC/㎡/day. For dissolved inorganic nitrogen, the results showed a net uptake rate of 100∼900 mg/㎡/day at the surface level. It showed that the net regeneration is above 50 mg/㎡/day at the bottom level. For dissolved inorganic phosphorus, the net uptake rate showed 10.0∼80.0 mg/㎡/day at the surface level, and the regeneration rate showed 0∼20.5 mg/㎡/day at the bottom level. Therefore, in order to control the water quality in Masan Bay, it is important to consider the re-supplement of nutrients regenerated in the water column.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.141-151
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• 2009

Temperature, salinity, COD, DIN (Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen), DIP (Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus), and Chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ obtained from the southern coastal waters during the period of 2003 to 2005 were analyzed. Variability in temperature was not found between groups in southern coastal waters, but significantly different depending on sampling sites (p<0.05). The average temperature in 2003 estimated at $18.33^{\circ}C$ that was annually increased by 2005 and significantly different based on statistics (p<0.05). Unlikely to temperature, salinity was significantly different depending on sampling sites, as well as monthly variations (p<0.05). Likewise to temperature, the value of salinity was annually increased. COD estimated at the average of $>1.7\;mg\;l^{-1}$ for three years, indicating optimal water quality. The fluctuations of nutrients were extremely shown in different sampling sites and monthly variations. Chlorophyll a recorded above $2.0{\mu}g\;l^{-1}$ which was associated with high primary phytoplankton, whereas it showed much fluctuations in temporal and spatial, In particular, Tongyong, Jaranman, Jinjuman, and Samcheonpo located in the southeast were the highest fluctuations in water quality than any other regions. The correlation between salinity/COD and nutrients/chlorophyll a was strongly negative or positive, which was possibly associated with much the introduction of run-off water as well as rainfall in summer.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.245-250
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• 2013

We investigated the factors of mass-mortality in terms of water temperature and prey, in order to prevent the mass-mortality of cultured oysters at Gamak Bay in Yeosu City in 2007. The real-time water temperature was recorded as high, 28 to 31C, during late August. Nutrients, Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) and Dissolved Inorganic Phosphate (DIP) were downed in September. The analyzed results of chlorophyll a content were 0.78-1.50 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$ and phytoplankton for food resources was 81 cells $mL^{-1}$, both were low. The finding here indicate that Gamak Bay is in an oligotrophic state. The mass-mortality of cultured oysters occurred 43.6% in Gamak Bay. The mortality rate of oyster were above 67.0%, at Wanpo, however, it was showed 18.3% at Gumchun. Therefore, we believe the mass-mortality of cultured oysters at Gamak Bay comes from the destruction of bio-rhythms due to high water temperature and quantitatively and qualitatively decreasing food resources due to the limitation of nutrients.

• 환경생물
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.403-411
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• 2015

본 연구는 외부 해수가 계속적으로 유입되는 개방형 인공생태계와 해수의 유입이 없는 폐쇄형 인공생태계에서 미소생태계의 변화를 파악하고자 실험실 내에서 100 L 크기의 인공해양소형생태계 연구를 수행하였다. 수온은 폐쇄형 및 개방형 인공생태계에서 큰 차이가 없었다. 염분은 폐쇄형 생태계에서 수체의 증발에 따라 증가를 보였고 용존산소 및 용존무기질소 농도는 폐쇄형에서 감소하는 반면, 개방형에서는 초기농도와 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 용존무기인 및 용존규소는 두 시스템에서 차이가 없었다. 식물플랑크톤은 폐쇄형에서 감소를 하였던 반면, 개방형에서는 증가 양상을 보였으나 Autotrophic nanoflagellates는 식물플랑크톤 개체수의 변동과 반대되는 양상을 보였다. 타가영양세균은 폐쇄형에서 증가하는 양상을 보였고, 이와 함께 heterotrophic nanoflagellates 및 섬모충이 시간차를 두어 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 그러나, 개방형 인공생태계에서는 특이한 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 결론적으로, 폐쇄형 인공생태계와 개방형 인공생태계에서 미소생물상 및 환경요인들의 변화의 연구는 향후 연구자들이 인공생태계 연구에 있어서 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대하며, 신뢰성 있는 인공생태계 연구를 수행할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2007년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.46-52
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• 2007

As flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater contains high concentrations of nitrate and is very low in organic carbon, the feasibility of nitrate removal by autotrophic denitrification using Thiobacillus denitrificans was studied. This autotrophic bacteria oxidizes elemental sulfur to sulfate while reducing nitrate to elemental nitrogen gas, thereby eliminating the need for addition of organic compounds such as methanol. Owing to the unusually high concentrations of dissolved salts $(Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+},\;Na^+,\;K^+,\;B^+,\;SO_4^{2-},\;Cl^-,\;F^-,)$ in the FGD wastewater, extensive laboratory-scale and pilot-scale tests were carried out in sulfur-limestone reactors (1) to determine the effect of salinity on autotrophic denitrification, (2) to evaluate the use of limestone for pH control and as source of inorganic carbon for microbial growth, and, (3) to find the optimum environmental and operational conditions for autotrophic denitrification of FGD wastewater. The experimental results demonstrated that (1) autotrophic denitrification is not inhibited up to 1.8 mol total dissolved salt content; (2) inorganic carbon and inorganic phosphorus must be present in sufficiently high concentrations; (3) limestone can supply effective buffering capacity and inorganic carbon; (4) the high calcium concentration may interfere with pH control, phosphorus solubility and limestone dissolution, hence requiring pretreatment of the FGD wastewater; and, 5) under optimum conditions, complete autotrophic denitrification of FGD wastewater was obtained in a sulfur-limestone packed bed reactor with a sulfur:limestone volume ratio of 2:1 for volumetric loading rates up to 400g $NO_{3^-}N/m^3.d$. The interesting interactions between autotrophic denitrification, pH, alkalinity, and the unusually high calcium and boron content of the FGD wastewater are highlighted. The engineering significance of the results is discussed.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.180-191
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• 2015

2014년 추계에 제주 북서부 연안의 해조장에서 해양환경 및 식물플랑크톤의 일차생산력 특성을 파악하였다. 연구 해역의 용존태 무기 질소와 용존태 무기 인은 중영양의 영양상태였으며, Redfield ratio는 16 이하로 무기 질소가 식물플랑크톤의 성장에 제한 요인으로 나타났다. 또한 용존태 유기 질소와 용존태 유기 인은 각각 용존태 총 질소와 용존태 총 인 중 약 63%, 46%를 구성하고 있었다. 광 이용 효율(${\alpha}$)과 최대 광합성량($P_m{^B}$)은 동귀(바다숲 조성 3년 경과 해역), 고내(바다숲 조성 1년 경과 해역), 비양도(천연해조장), 금능(갯녹음 해역) 순으로 감소하였다. 또한, 식물플랑크톤의 일차생산력은 해조장이 위치한 해역이 갯녹음 해역에 비해서 높았다. 특히, 연구해역은 무기 질소가 제한된 환경이지만 상대적으로 풍부한 용존태 유기 질소는 높은 일차생산을 유지하기 위한 중요한 요인으로 작용할 것이다. 뿐만 아니라 광합성을 통해 한 시간 만에 전체 식물플랑크톤 탄소량의 약 14%를 생산할 수 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 해조장의 물질순환과 생태적 가치평가를 위한 중요한 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.639-647
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• 2005

The aim of this study is to determine the outbreaks of nontoxic Gonyaulax polygramma Stein in Yeosu waters in place of harmful Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef, which has occurred annually in the same region since 1995. The observation of cellular arrangement and structure by electron microscopy showed that G. polygramma isolated from Yeosu waters had a few spines connecting with membranes and prominent longitudinal ridges on the cell surface, with a cingular displacement 1.5 times their cell width. Furthermore, the location of the nucleus was posterior of large oval formation according to electron microscopy. On 6 August, 2004, the first bloom of G. polygramma occurred, the date of its disappearance was with a maximum cell density of 8,000 cells $ml^{-1}$ on 21 August, 2004. During the period of this study, the horizontal distribution of sea water temperature and salinity showed a strong coastal front, whereas the front of DIN (Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen) was significantly different between the occurrence and disappearance of G. polygramma blooms. These results suggested that the process of the breakdown of stratification by wind and a low level of inorganic nitrogen play important roles in the rapid growth of G. polygramma, which is associated with a greater robustness in growth against DIN than that of C. polykrikoides in nature.