• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.151-164
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• 2010

Field observations on the seasonal variations of environmental factors and phytoplankton community were carried out four times at 30 stations in the narrow strait between Yeosu and Dolsan Island of the Korean South Sea from September 2005 to May 2006. The ranges of water temperature, salinity and extinction coefficient in the surface waters were 5.6~26.3, 25.36~33.92 psu and 0.13~2.13, respectively. The water temperature measured higher at Gamak Bay in summer and spring. It measured higher at Yeosuhae Bay in autumn and winter. Salinity showed uniformity of distributions in almost all areas, except for an area near a sewage disposal outlet. Extinction coefficient indicated that the turbidity of Gamak Bay and the area near the sewage disposal outlet were higher than that of the Yeosuhae Bay. In the phytoplankton community were identified a total of 99 species belonging to 51 genera. The species composition showed itself to be various in summer and autumn, but poor in winter and spring with a high ratio of centric diatoms all the year round. Seasonal succession of dominant species were Skeletonema costatum and Chaetoceros curvisetus in summer, Eucampia zodiacus in autumn and winter, and Chaetoceros affinis and Thalassionema nitzschioides inspring. Standing crops of phytoplankton and Chlorophyll $\alpha$ concentration were greatly higher at Gamak Bay in summer with ranges of $0.2{\times}10^4\;cells\;L^{-1}$ to $296{\times}10^4\;L^{-1}$, and $1.94\;L^{-1}$ to $22.12\;L^{-1}$, respectively. From the results of principal component analysis (PCA), the northern part of Dolsan Island was divided into two or three regions from the characteristics of marine environment and phytoplankton community.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1965

In this study, the present institution of reserved forests in Korea has been criticized through the analysis of the present situation of reserved forests in Korea, and mainly, on designation and cancellation of them because of this important institution thought as restriction of forest ownership. Reserved forest land in Korea as of the end of 1962 is 996,915 chungbo in area, or about 14.8% of the total forest land area, 6,750,324 chungbo in Korea, and we can find that the area of reserved forest land has increased remarkably since the Liberation in 1945, in comparison with about 180,000 chungbo-a little over 1% of the total forest land area, 16,000,000 chungbo, through Southern and Northern Korea till the Liberation in 1945. This fact clearly proves that Korean forests are extremely devastated since the Liberation in 1945, and in Korea we can find that reserved forest policy is very important in forest policy, consequently, reserved forest institution must be dealt with care. Moreover, the area of reserved forest land, 996,915 chungbo, which is divided into 43,820 chungbo of national forest land, 59,302 chungbo of public forest land, 893,793 chungbo of private forest land, and private forest land is excellently large, or about 89.7% of the total area of reserved forest land. In this number, we may understand the fact that reserved forests have the most influences on private forests, therefore, we may recognize that it is necessary for reserved forest constitution which is infringement of private right to be carried out carefully. From the first beginning, the institution of reserved forests is serious restriction to the forest ownership. Consequently, when the area of reserved forest land grows, it interferes seriously with the free forest management and the desire for forest own ership is decreased, at the same time, forest enterprise results in obstruction. Especially, Korean forests are destroyed extremely at present, so, intensification of reserved forest institution is unavoidable for completion of the national aim which forests have, but the author thinks that reserved forest institution must be as avoidable as possible, and we have to obtain good results by supervision of forest management which is regulated in the Forest Law. Consequently, designation of reserved forests must be minimized, and although forests were already designated as reserved forests they must be cancellated as fast as fast as possible and put them free in the owner's hands when they are in cancellation conditions. According to the provision of Article 18 of the Forest Law concrete cases designated as a reserved forest are enumerated for the purpose of maintaining the forest ownership and avoiding to give the forest authorities a free hand in order to protect forest owners from one-sided damage. Therefore, the forest authorities must not abuse the institution of reserved forests, and it is not good tendency to give only the authorities a free hand in eesignation and cancellation of reserved forests, and especially, when the forest owners object to that, establishing some legal organization like the reserved forest council in each province in order to hear about impartial opinions, and it is more suitable than administrative disposal by the same organization. The compensation of damages for reserved forests by the provision of Article 25 of the Forest Law is a different problem by forest policy, but the results of compensation of damages regulated in the Forest Law are wholly lacking up to now, the author thinks that this is caused to poor forest cover, the forest owner's unconcern and insincerity of administrative authorities. Therefore, the government must enlarge the range of compensation and minimize the forest owner's economic sacrifice, also, the government must mollify the conditions of the legal restrictions to reserved forests, and harmonize with functions of national conservation and economy. This means that it is necessary to modify the restrictive conditions for the effective utilization of forest resources within the range in which can be attained the purpose of designation, from permanent prohibition of cutting. Except the reserved forests of fish habitat, public sanitation, maintaining scenery and navigational mark ect., most of reserved forests are prohibited from cutting, and the present situation of forests in Korea are extremely devastated and those forests are not so expected in cancellation possibility in near future. Therefore, when the forest owners apply for national purchase of those reserved forests, the government had better nationalize them, protect and manage to reduce the forest owner's economic sacrifice.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.29-42
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• 1983

This stidy was intended to investigate the heavy metal contents in the bottom sediments of the continental shelt around the Jeju Island and ot the southern coastal area of the Korean Peninsula. For this study 39 bottom sedinent samples were taken from the study area using Phleger gramity corer and Snapper. The average contents of heavy metals were 59.1 ppm Zn, 362.6 ppm Mn, 63.8 ppm Cr, 15.7 ppm Pb, 10.0 ppm Co, 28.9 ppm Ni, 10.5 ppm Cu, and 2.7% Fe in the surficial sediments around the Jejr Island; and 79.ppm Zn, 384 ppm Mn, 8.6 ppm Pb, 17.8 ppm Ni, 23.2 ppm Cu, and 1.59 % fe in those of nearsgore of the southern coastal area respectively. The heavy metal contents were higher in the northwestern part around the Jeju Island compared to those in other region. However, these tendencies were not the result of pollution, but of the differences of grain size of the sedimenrs. In the nearshore of the southern coast, the heavy metal contents did not show any geographical tendency. However, those of Masan and Jinhae Bays wew higher than those of the other region. These seemed to be caused by waste disposal from the industrial compsex located at the adjacent land. Nevertheless these values of heavy metal content except for Zn and Cu in Masan Bay and inner bay of Jinhae are lower than the average values of the each world-wide data of the nearshore sedimentl. The pair correlations of the cach heavy metal elements were calculated by regressino analysis using VAX 780 computer. the following pair elements, such as Zn-Cu, Ni-Cu, Fe-cu, Cr-Cu, Co-Zn, Ni-Zn, Cr-Zn, Ni-Co, Fe-Co, Cr-Co, Fe-Ni, Cr-Ni and Cr-Fe show closely posetive linear correlations in the sediments around the Jeju Island. In general, the heavy metal content increases in proportion to the increase of the mean values of the grain size of the sediments around the Jeju Island. In the southern coastal area, in gineral, thepair correlations of each heavy metal elements did not southern coastal area, in general, the pair correlatttttions of rach heavy metal elements did not show any positive correlation except for the positive linear correlations of Cu-Zn, Cu-ni and Ni-Mn. It is interpreted as a result of the differences of the physecochemical environment of the sampling sites and also of the influences of the ondustrial wastes from the manufacturing factores located at the coastal zone of the study area.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.09a
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• pp.54-69
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• 2000

There are groundwater trouble by high-salinity yield inducing sea-water intrusion in Cheju Island. It is used groundwater-GIS(Well-lnfo) in the maintenance and management of groundwater in Cheju Island to grasp groundwater trouble area and cause of high-salinity yield. For 16 wells certain to yield high-salinity, we logged specific electrical conductivity(EC) and tried to get hold of freshwater and saltwater relationship. As result of distribution of $Cl^-$ by depth, it is showed up groundwater trouble by high-salinity yield in the east coastal area and the partly north coastal area. The reason of high-salinity groundwater yield are low-groundwater level by the structure of geology and low-hydraulic gradient etc. There is necessity for management to development and use of groundwater in the high-salinity area, special management area.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.525-532
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• 2014

Since mine wastes were merely dumped in the mine waste dump, they have produced acid mine drainage (AMD). Therefore, main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of coal combustion products (CCPs) on heavy metal stabilization and detoxification for mine wastes. Total six treatments for incubation test were conducted depending on mixing method (completely mixing and layered). Also, lysimeter experiment was conducted to examine efficiency of polyacrylamide (PAM) on reduction of mine wastes erosion. Result of incubation test showed that concentrations of soluble aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) in leachate decreased compared to control. The lowest soluble Al and Fe in leachate was observed in 50% mixed treatment (14.2 and $1.03mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Al and Fe respectively) compared to control treatment (253.0 for Al and $52.6mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Fe). The pH of mine wastes (MW) and leachate increased compared to control after mixing with CCPs and ordered as control (MW 6.4, leachate 6.3) < 10% (MW 7.7, leachate 7.1) < 20% (MW 9.0, leachate 7.8) < 30% (MW 9.5, leachate 8.3) < 40% (MW 9.9, leachate 8.5) < 50% (MW 10.5, leachate 8.6). Application of PAM, both in liquid and granular type, dramatically decreased the suspended solid (SS) concentration of CCPs treatments. Reduction of SS loss was ordered as MW70CR30L ($24.4mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30LPL ($6.7mg\;L^{-1}$) > NT ($3.1mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30M ($1.6mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30MPL ($1.1mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30PGM ($0.7mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30LPG ($0.5mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30MPG ($0.4mg\;L^{-1}$). Overall, application of CCPs can be environmental friendly and cost-effective way to remediate coal mine wastes contaminated with heavy metals. In addition, use of PAM could help to prevent the erosion coal mine wastes in mine waste disposal area.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2008

A new proposed repository has a final capacity of 800,000 drums radioactive waste. Most of foreign repositories have a general practice of segregating control zones which mainly contributes to classification of degree of control, whether it is called buffer zone or not. Domestic regulatory requirements of establishment of buffer zone in a repository are not much different from those of nuclear power plants for operation period, in which satisfactory design objective or performance objective is the most important factor in determination of the buffer zone. The meaning of buffer zone after closure is a minimum requested area which can prevent inadvertant intruders from leading to non-allowable exposure during institutional control period. Safety assessment with drinking well scenario giving rise to the highest probability of exposure among the intruder's actions can verify fulfillment of the buffer zone which is determined by operational safety of the repository. At present. for the repository to be constructed in a few years, the same procedure and concept as described in this paper are applied that can satisfy regulatory requirements and radiological safety as well. However, the capacity of the repository will be stepwise extended upto 800,000 drums, consequently its layout will be varied too. Timely considerations will be necessary for current boundary of the buffer zone which has been established on the basis of 100,000 drums disposal.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2010

Current technology for radioactive waste disposal facility is operated as part of KURT site characterization in terms of reliability assessment is conducted to expand. In this study, a geological model of KURT surrounding area on the basis of flow characteristics of the site-scale hydrogeological study was about. Distributed in the study area into four boreholes were plotted using the stereo net NS, NW, EW, Low-angle fracture group was able to identify the components of geological models and include top soil layer, belt of weathering, Low-angle fracture zone, fracture zone was divided into. Separated by fracture of the hydraulic test of through the groundwater aquifer that provides the flow hydraulic conductivity and insulation hydraulic affecting the slope of the normal distribution for the size and direction by performing statistical analysis of fracture in the direction of local ns The advantage was confirmed. In addition, Low-angle fracture hydraulic conductivity of the value of 3.61e-07 m/s has a value greater than the major fracture, the fracture zones exist in the base rock and base rock and the hydraulic characteristics of the different methods applied and had to have a different interpretation judged by was.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.285-299
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• 2006

At the end of 2005, 443 nuclear reactors were operating in 32 countries worldwide. They had provided about 3,000 TWh, which was just over 16 percent of global electricity supply. With the generating capacity of 368 GWe in 2004, the spent fuel generation rate worldwide, now becomes at about 11,000 tHM/y. Projections indicate that cumulative amounts to be generated by the year 2020, the time when most of the existing NPP will be closed to the end of their licensed lifetime, may be close to 445,000 tHM. In this regard, spent fuel management is a common issue in all countries with nuclear reactors. Whatever their national policy and/or strategy is selected for the backend of the nuclear fuel cycle, the management of spent fuel will contribute an impending and imminent issues to be resolved in the foreseeable future. The 2nd Review Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Joint Convention was held in Vienna from 15 to 24 May 2006. The meeting gave an opportunity to exchange information on the national policy and strategy of spent fuel management of the Contracting Parties, to discuss their situations, prospects and the major factors influencing the national policies in this field and to identify the most important directions that national efforts and international co-operation in this area should be taken. In this paper, an overview of national and global trends of spent fuel management is discussed. In addition, some directions are identified and recent activities of each Member States in the subject area are summarized.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2005

In this study, we offered the results of geophysical and geochemical survey on the municipal waste disposal area to delineate the size and extent of leachate contamination. Preliminary to intensive geochemical investigation, we performed two geophysical methods to characterize the survey area. Electromagnetic (EM) and magnetic method were used far site investigation. From the EM method, we can get the information of soil conductivity directly related to the leachate of the contaminations and from magnetic anomalies we can find the boundary of landfill which is not identified on the surface due to soil capping. The results of geophysical survey were well matched to those of geochemical method carried out inside and near the landfill. Electric conductivity (EC) of the groundwater sampled from low resistivity anomaly region of EM result was higher than background value and the border estimated from the magnetic survey showed good agreement with that estimated from the soil gas detection survey.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.4 s.179
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• pp.441-450
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• 2006

The on-land seismic survey in Korea was begun in mid-1960s. Kim et al.(1967) of Korea Geological Survey reported on the result of gravity and seismic reflection surveys conducted in the Pohang area for the period of 1963-64 to assess its possibility of oil entrapment. Hyun and Kim (1966) carried out a refraction survey on the tunnel wall. Since then, the KGS geophysicists had conducted seismic surveys on Kyungsang sedimentary basin as a main project for several years. In 1970s, on-land seismic surveys had been conducted for various purposes such as site investigation for the nuclear power plants and industrial complex, exploration for ground water, mineral resources and underground tunnel. The first reflection survey with CMP acquisition was attempted in 1978 by using a digital recording system. But most of on-land seismic surveys had employed the refraction method until 1980s. In 1990s, high resolution reflection and various borehole seismic surveys such as tomography, uphole, downhole, cross-hole methods have been attempted by universities and engineering companies. The applications of on-land seismic surveys have been enlarged for both academic and industrial purposes such as investigation of geologic structure of the fault and tidal flat area, construction of highway, railroad and dam, geothermal energy and mineral resource exploration, environmental assessment for waste disposal sites and archaeological investigations. In 2002, the first crustal seismic survey was carried out on the profile of 294km length across the whole peninsular. It is expected that the advanced technology and experience acquired through offshore seismic surveys, which have been conducted in continental shelf of Korea and foreign oil fields, will stimulate the more active on-land seismic explorations.