• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.1589-1595
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• 2010

In order to effective degradation of organic dye both under visible light or ultrasonic irradiation, the MWCNTs (multiwalled carbon nanotube) deposited with Fe and $TiO_2$ were prepared by a modified sol-gel method. The Fe/$TiO_2$-MWCNT catalyst was characterized by surface area of BET, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The low intensity visible light and low power ultrasound was as an irradiation source and the methylene blue (MB) was choose as the model organic dye. Then degradation experiments were carried out in present of undoped $TiO_2$, Fe/$TiO_2$ and Fe/$TiO_2$-MWCNT catalysts. Through the degradation of MB solution, the results showed the feasible and potential use of Fe/$TiO_2$-MWCNT catalyst under visible light and ultrasonic irradiation due to the enhanced formation of reactive radicals as well as the possible visible light and the increase of ultrasound-induced active surface area of the catalyst. After addition of $H_2O_2$, the MB degradation rates have been accelerated, especially with Fe/$TiO_2$-MWCNT catalyst, in case of that the photo-Fenton reaction occurred. The sonophotocatalysis was always faster than the respective individual processes due to the more formation of reactive radicals as well as the increase of the active surface area of Fe/$TiO_2$-MWCNT catalyst.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.301-308
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• 2018

We investigated simultaneous removal of heavy metals such as Cr, Ni, and Zn by adsorption onto powdered activated carbon (PAC) and PAC modified with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (PAC-SDDC). Modification of PAC was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Both PAC and PAC-SDDC reached adsorption equilibrium within 48 h, and the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second order reaction kinetics. The removal of metals was enhanced with increasing both adsorbent dosage and followed the descending order of Cr > Ni > Zn for PAC and Cr > Zn > Ni for PAC-SDDC, respectively. Adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second order kinetics. Adsorption kinetic results were well fitted by the Freundlich isotherm except for Cr adsorption onto PAC. The optimum pH for heavy metal adsorption onto PAC was 5, whereas that for PAC-SDDC ranged from 7 to 9, indicating that modification of PAC with SDDC significantly enhanced heavy metal adsorption, especially under neutral and alkaline pH conditions. Our results imply that SDDC modified PAC can be applied to effectively remove heavy metals especially Cr in plating wastewaters without adjusting pH from alkaline to neutral.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.42-49
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• 2015

Because of the growing need for high-speed transport options such as trains and aircraft, there is increasing demand for technology related to high-speed trains. Among them, braking systems are important in high-speed trains in terms of reliability. Especially, the disk brake system, in use in most high-speed trains, transforms kinetic energy into thermal energy and noise. Therefore, the material properties of both the friction materials and disks are expected to influence the tribological characteristics. In this paper, the tribological characteristics depend on the hardness of the brake disks between the Cu-based sintered metallic friction material and the heat-treated heat-resisting steel disks. A lab-scale dynamometer used to perform braking tests at a variety of braking speeds using dry conditions. The test results revealed that the hardness of the disks affects the friction coefficients, friction stabilities, and wear rates. Thus, the brake system using the heat-resisting steel disk requires proper heat-treatment. These differences are considered to be caused by the change in tribological mechanisms and the generation of an oxide layer on the friction surfaces. The oxide layers on the friction surfaces are confirmed to Fe₂O₃ by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2019

This study presents an experimental investigation of the wear and oxidation of the bristles of a brush seal in a super-heated steam environment. We construct a model reflecting normal force and radial interference to predict the amount of wear. To monitor the volume loss of the bristle induced by the swirl phenomenon of the rotor, we measure the clearance between the rotor and the brush seal by using a non-contact 3-D device. We calculate the area by using the area-wise measurement method. Considering the obvious brush seal wear variables, we use two disks with different roughness($Ra=0.1{\mu}m$ and $100{\mu}m$) to determine the effect of roughness on wear. Considering an actual steam turbine, we utilize a steam generator and super-heater to generate a working fluid (0.95MPa, 523.15K) that has high kinetic energy. We observe the abrasion of the bristles in the hot steam environment through a scanning electron microscope image. This study also conducted energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis for a qualitative evaluation of local chemistry. The results indicate that the wear and elimination of bristles occur on the disk with high roughness, and the weight increases due to oxidation. Furthermore these results, reveal that the bristle oxidation is accelerated more under super-heated steam conditions than under conditions without steam.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.986-993
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 열처리한 활성알루미나의 불소흡착특성을 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 평형 및 동적 흡착실험을 수행하였고, 용액 pH의 영향과 음이온의 존재에 따른 흡착 특성을 살펴보았다. 또한, 열처리한 활성알루미나의 여재특성을 분석하기 위하여, 전계방출주사현미경(field-emission scanning electron microscope), energy-dispersive spectrometry, X선 회절(X-ray Diffractometer, XRD)분석, 그리고 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) 비표면적 분석을 수행하였다. 다양한 온도(100, 300, 500, $700^{\circ}C$) 에서 열처리한 활성알루미나의 흡착능을 비교한 결과, 높은 불소 농도(50, 100, 200 mg/L)에서 열처리 온도가 높아짐에 따라서 활성알루미나의 흡착량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 불소 초기농도 200 mg/L에서는 $700^{\circ}C$에서 고온처리한 활성알루미나(AA700)의 흡착량이 열처리하지 않은 활성알루미나(UAA)보다 3.67배 큰 것으로 나타났다. AA700과 UAA의 BET분석 결과, UAA의 단위질량당 비표면적이 AA700의 비표면적보다 약 2배 큼을 알 수 있었다. XRD 분석결과에 의하면, AA700의 결정구조는 Al2O3인 반면, UAA는 boehmite (AlOOH)와 bayerite ($Al(OH)_3$)가 혼합된 형태로 구성되어 있었다. 열처리에 의하여 비표면적이 감소하였음에도 불구하고, AA700의 불소 흡착능이 UAA에 비하여 증가한 이유는 결정구조의 변화 때문으로 판단된다. AA700의 동역학적 흡착실험결과, 불소의 흡착은 24 h 경과 후에 평형에 도달하였다. 또한, 평형 흡착실험결과에 의하면, 여재 당 불소의 최대 흡착량은 5.70 mg/g으로 나타났다. 용액 pH의 영향을 분석한 결과, pH 7에서 불소 흡착이 가장 높았으며, 산성과 알칼리성에서는 불소 흡착이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 음이온의 영향을 분석한 결과, 인산염, 질산염, 중탄산염은 불소 흡착을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에 의하면, 상용화된 활성알루미나를 이용하여 불소를 제거할 경우, 고온처리를 통하여 활성알루미나의 흡착능을 증가시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제66권2호
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• pp.78-85
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• 2022

천연 백토를 6M의 황산에 넣어 80 ℃의 온도로 기계적 교반하에서 6시간 동안 가열하여 처리 한 산활성 점토를 수중의 세슘 이온(Cs⁺)의 제거를 위한 흡착제로서 사용하였다. 천연 백토와 산활성 점토의 물리·화학적 변화를 X-선 형광분광기, 비표면적 분석기, 그리고 에너지 분산형 X-선 분광기를 이용하여 관찰하였다. 천연 백토를 산으로 처리 하는 동안, 천연 백토를 구성하고 있는 결정 격자로부터 Al₂O₃, CaO, MgO, SO₃ and Fe₂O₃가 일부분 용해되고 결과적으로 활성 부위와 더불어 기공의 부피와 비표면적의 증가를 초래하였다. 산활성 점토는 천연 백토에 비해 비표면적과 기공의 부피가 2배 정도 높았다. 산활성 점토에 의한 Cs⁺ 흡착은 1 분 내에 가파르게 증가하였고 60 분에 이르렀을 때 평형에 도달하였다. 25 mg L^-1의 Cs⁺ 농도에서, 96.88%의 흡착 효율이 산활성 점토에 의해 성취되었다. Cs⁺의 흡착 데이터를 흡착 등온선과 반응속도 모델에 도입하였다. 산활성 점토에 의한 Cs⁺ 흡착 거동은 Langmuir 등온선에 잘 적용되었고 Langmuir의 등온선 계수인 Q는 10.52 mg g^-1이 되는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 산활성 점토/물 계에서 Cs⁺ 흡착은 더 높은 상관계수 R²과 실험값 q_e,exp과 계산값 q_e,cal 의 근접으로 인해서 유사 일차 반응속도보다는 유사 이차 반응속도에 적합하였다. 연구의 전체적인 결과들은 산활성 점토가 수중으로부터 Cs⁺을 제거하는데 효율적인 흡착제로 사용될 수 있다는 보였다.