• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.275-280
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• 2007

A rapidly disintegration famotidine tablet formulation in the oral cavity was developed using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (L-HPC), or additionally cropovidone as an internal disintegrant. Effects of disintegrants on the disintegration time in vitro and hardness were evaluated. Average wetting time of the tablets prepared in scale-up manufacturing process was less than 15 sec. Among the formulations tested, the tablet prepared with crospovidone as an internal disintegrant and Emcocel $90M^{(R)}$ as an external disintegrant showed fastest disintegration. These results may suggest that crospovidone and Emcocel $90M^{(R)}$ possessed excellent wetting nature, which result in the rapid disintegration of tablet.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.171-174
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• 2008

This paper presents disintegration process of the small rotational fuel injector. In order to understand disintegration precess, we measured droplet diameter, velocity and spray distribution by the PDPA(Phasse Doppler Particle Analyzer) system. Also spray was visualized by using Nd-Yag flash photography. From the test results, the liquid column emerging from the injection orifice is mainly controlled by the rotational speeds. Furthermore, droplet diameter(SMD) and spray distribution were strongly influenced by the diameter of the injection orifice.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.82-90
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• 2009

Disintegration of sewage sludge (SS) was investigated by batch experiments using mechanical pre-treatment. Mechanical disintegration of SS increased the amount of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), protein and carbohydrate due to the break-up of cell walls. The mechanical disintegration incorporated with alkaline pre-treatment demonstrated higher amount of SCOD compared with mechanical one only. In terms of anaerobic biodegradability, mechanical pretreatment enhanced the anaerobic biodegradation of SS, leading to the methane production improvement. The improvement in BMP for SS treated with mechanical and alkaline-mechanical pre-treatments were 24.1% and 44.5%, respectively. This result suggested that disintegration of SS was effective for improving anaerobic biodegradability.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1992

Six common tablet disintegrants (corn starch, Avicel PH102, calcium carboxymethylcellulose, Primojel, Kollidon CL and Ac-Di-Sol) were used at the concentration of 0, 2, 4 and 6% (w/w) in salicylamide tablets made with wet granulation method. Certain physical parameters of the disintegrants (moisture sorption, hydration capacity and bulk density) were determined to evaluate their relative efficiency. The disintegration time and dissolution rate of the tablets were correlated well with the ranks of initial rate of moisture sorption for each disintegrant as follows; Ac-Di-Sol, Kollidon CL, primojel, calcium CMC, corn starch and Avicel PH102. The initial rate of moisture sorption was important for the disintegration capacity as well as hydration capacity. The effect of storage at different temperatures and relative humidity upon the tablets containing various disintegrants was evaluated in terms of tablet hardness and disintegration time. Storage at high temperature reduced the hardness substantially and retarded the disintegration of the all tablets studied. Especially, the hardness of tablets containing Kollidon CL was significantly reduced. Although the tablet hardness was decreased and the disintegration time was increased under a moderate humid condition, both of them were decreased under the severely high humid condition of 80 or 90% RH, which was due to the breakrupture of tablet matrix bonds by the excessive uptake of moisture. Therefore, the stability caused by moisture sorption should be considered, when disintegrants having high moisture sorption such as Kollidon CL, Ac-Di-Sol and Primojel were employed in the tablets containing water-labile or hygroscopic drugs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2023

Biological process is used worldwide to treat domestic and industrial wastewater. The process generally uses a mixed microbial culture of sludge. The growth of microorganisms in the sludge produces excess sludge from the wastewater treatment process. Some of the excess sludge is recycled as inoculum for wastewater treatment, but the rest is removed as waste from the process. As wastewater production is increasing worldwide every year, the number of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is also in- creasing, resulting in the generation of large amount of waste sludge. The increasing amount of waste sludge from WWTPs has led to concerns about its management. Sludge disposal has been reported to account for 50~60% of the total operating costs of a WWTP. Sludge disintegration is a new technology that can minimize volume of waste sludge and recover useful components (e.g., P, N, and soluble organic compounds) from it. Various methods of sludge disintegration have been developed based on physical, chemical, and biological treatments or combinations of these. In this review, we focus on sludge disintegration by acid hydrolysis, which is less studied among sludge disintegration methods. Such information can be useful in the development and implementation of a new technology for better sludge treatment.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.18-33
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• 1972

Pharmaceutical Study on the Compressed tablets. Hardness, Friability, Disintegration time and Coefficient of Variance of Compressed tablets. Soo Uck Kim, Sung Hoon seo and Hyun Woo Lee (Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University) In order to know Hardness, Friability, Disintegration time and Coefficient of variance of the pharmaceutical tablets the 135 tablets sampled from market were tested in the paper. The samples tested in this paper were as follows: Antipyretics and Analgetics 41 Stomach and Digestives 22 Antituberculars 19 Vitamins 12 Sulfa drugs 9 Others (Antihistaminics etc) 32 Total 135 The results of the investigation are shown in table 1-8, Fig 1-Fig 6. Mean values of Hardness, Friability, Disintegration time and Coefficient of variance in each pharmaceutical preparation are as follows. Antipyretics and Analgetics : Hardness(kg) = 5.83 Antipyretics and Analgetics : Friabil.(%) = 0.82 Antipyretics and Analgetics : Disint.t.(min) = 5.28' Antipyretics and Analgetics : Coeff. of V.(%) = 2.90 Stomach and Digestives : Hardness(kg) = 4.11 Stomach and Digestives : Friabil.(%) = 0.71 Stomach and Digestives : Disint.t.(min) = 3.43' Stomach and Digestives : Coeff. of V.(%) = 2.76 Antituberculars : Hardness(kg) = 4.78 Antituberculars : Friabil.(%) = 0.52 Antituberculars : Disint.t.(min) = 4.32' Antituberculars : Coeff. of V.(%) = 2.99 Vitamins : Hardness(kg) = 1.60 Vitamins : Friabil.(%) = 0.43 Vitamins : Disint.t.(min) = 4.10' Vitamins : Coeff. of V.(%) = 3.19 Sulfa drugs : Hardness(kg) = 4.77 Sulfa drugs : Friabil.(%) = 0.37 Sulfa drugs : Disint.t.(min) = 3.10' Sulfa drugs : Coeff. of V.(%) = 2.09 Others : Hardness(kg) = 2.40 Others : Friabil.(%) = 0.66 Others : Disint.t.(min) = 2.19' Others : Coeff. of V.(%) = 3.10 The following summeries might be shown; 1. Ranges of Hardness, Friability, Disintegration time and Coefficient of variance are respectively 1.6 to 5.38 kg, 0.37 to 0.82%, 2 minut 19 second to 5 minut 28 second and 2.09 to 3.10%. 2. According to the results, it could be indicated that higher Hardness shows lower Friability. 3. Against the general conception between Hardness and Disintegration time, higher Hardness shows lower Disintegration time. 4. It seems that higher mean weight shows lowcr Coefficient variance.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.1390-1398
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was experimentally to investigate the disintegration process and disintegration mechanism when co-axial air flows vertically for the longest smooth liquid jet. These were affected by liquid velocity, air velocity, air-to-liquid diameter ratio, nozzle shape, and air-liquid contacting position. That is, this process of disintegration of the liquid jet was similar to that occurred when liquid pressure was increased. At Reynolds number of 10, 000 and below, the changes in the breakup length represent different tendency according to liquid flow rate. The influence of air flow on the disintegration of liquid jet was different according to air-to-liquid diameter ratio, air orifice diameter, nozzle shape and contacting position of liquid and air. In particular, when the tip of liquid nozzle was inside the air orifice, the effect of air flow was the larger than outside the air orifice. The effect of liquid mass flow rate on the change rate of the breakup length was also different.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2022

Electrical pulse disintegration(ED) is known as an efficient technology for recovering valuable resources by inducing dielectric breakdown in solids to separate mineral interfaces in ores among the crushing technologies by high voltage discharge. In this study, ED crushing experiment and mechanical crushing experiment of sulfide minerals were performed, and SEM analysis and Microfocus X-Ray CT of the crushed product were performed in order to analyze the disintegration characteristics of zinc minerals exist in the sulfide minerals by the shock wave generated in the solid by high voltage discharge.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.96-102
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• 2009

The effect of ultrasonic and alkaline pre-treatments on waste activated sludge (WAS) disintegration was investigated for improved anaerobic digestion. As WAS was treated by either methods, longer capillary suction time (CST) was required due to the break-up of cell walls, and its supernatant demonstrated increase in soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), protein content and turbidity. Ultrasonic process combined with alkaline pre-treatment demonstrated higher SCOD and protein content in the supernatant as compared with ultrasonic pre-treatment only. However, the degree of disintegration (DDCOD) of WAS decreased with increasing solid concentration as both WAS disintegration methods employed simultaneously.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.308-318
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• 1988

The liquid disintegration and characteristics of atomization through the swirl nozzle is affected by injection pressure and injection time when the liquid is injected intermittently. These transient phenomena are investigated by electronic controlled-fuel injection nozzle. The effect of injection conditions on disintegration of liquid injected through nozzle is observed photographically by using delay circuit. Droplet size of the element of the sample is measured by the liquid immersion sampling technique. SMD of droplets is varied with time and is decreased as the injection pressure increases. As the injection pressure increases, the maximum diameter of droplet and diameter of droplet which has the maximum droplet number decrease. Spray angle is not affected on injection pressure and change of spray angle with time is associated with needle movement.