• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제46권2호
• /
• pp.150-158
• /
• 2020

Objective: This study is designed to measure the concentration of DBPs (disinfection by-products) in pool water and in air and to estimate the carcinogenic potential through the evaluation of inhalation exposure. Methods: The subjects were six indoor swimming pools with many users in Gwangju. Samples of pool water and indoor air were taken every one month from August 2018 to August 2019 and analyzed for eight swimming pool standards. Three-liter air samples were collected and the VOCs were analyzed using GC/MS directly connected to thermal desorption. Results: pH was 6.8-7.5 and the concentration of free residual chlorine in pool water was 0.40-0.96 ?/ℓ. Physicochemical test items such as KMnO₄ consumption and heavy metal items such as Aluminum met existing pool hygiene standards. No VOC materials were detected except for the DBPs. The concentration of THMs in the pool water was 11.05-41.77 ㎍/L and the THMs mainly consist of Chloroform (63-97%) and BDCM (3-31%). The concentration of indoor air THMs is 13.24-32.48 ㎍/㎥ and consists of Chloroform. The results of carcinogenic assessment of chloroform in the indoor swimming pool via inhalation exposure were 2.0 to 6.4 times higher than the 'acceptable risk level' suggested by the US EPA. Conclusions: The concentration of THMs in the pool water is 11.05-41.77 ㎍/L, most of which is chloroform. In addition, the concentration of indoor air THMs is 13.24-32.48 ㎍/㎥. The result of carcinogenic assessment of chloroform was 2.0 to 6.4 times higher than the 'acceptable risk level' suggested by the US EPA.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.535-540
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate the chlorinated disinfection by-products formation potential (DBPFP) produced from the cell and extracellular product (ECP) of Chlamydomonas pulsatilla after chlorination. Reaction yields of DBPs produced by C. pulsatilla of ECP and the cell were $0.007{\mu}mol/mg{\cdot}C$ and $0.808{\mu}mol/mg{\cdot}C$ respectively, Also, SUVA values of ECP and the cell were measured as $0.313L/mg{\cdot}m$ and $1.052L/mg{\cdot}m$ respectively, The DOC of cell was found to be lower than that of ECP, while the SUVA value and reaction yields for the cell were higher than those of ECP. For ECP, most of the DBPFP was composed of trihalomethanes (THM; 47.3%) and haloacetonitriles (HAN; 38,83%). THM and HAN were the major DBPFP produced by the cell. Chloroform was found to be the major THM compound; 98.3% for ECP and 99.98% for the cell. Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) were identified as the major haloacetic acid (HAA) and HAN compounds formed by ECP and the cell as a precursor, respectively. As the chlorine dose was increased, concentrations of DOC, THMs, and HANs were increased. However, the chlorine dose decreased the concentration of chlorophyll-a.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2003

This paper reports on a pilot scale comparison of PACS coagulation with and without pH preadjustment. The pH of the water was adjusted with carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid. Process performance was assessed on the basis of total organic carbon(TOC), UV absorbance, turbidity and disinfection by-product(DBP) precursors. Coagulation pH appeared to be a determining factor for maximum NOM removal. The optimum coagulation pH in order to decrease TOC and turbidity were pH 7. Preadjustment of pH 7 increased TOC removal to as much as 43, 47 percent with sulfuric acid and carbon dioxide. Moreover, coagulation at pH 7 caused a reduction in UV$_{254}$, THMFP and HAAFP compared to the baseline coagulation. For preadjustment of pH 7 with carbon dioxide, the percentage of TOC, UV$_{254}$, THMFP and HAAFP shows the reduction rate of 3.8, 0.5, 4.8, 9.4％ comparing to the coagulation rendition using sulfuric acid. Acid addition to depress pH during coagulation decrease Langelier Saturation Index(LSI), potentially causing increase corrosion in water distribution systems. LSI for carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid at pH 6 was -2.3, -3.3. Therefore, carbon dioxide was more effective at controlling corrosion than sulfuric acid.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제27권10호
• /
• pp.1099-1107
• /
• 2005

오존 투입농도 $0.5{\sim}3\;mgO_3/mgDOC$에서 $UV_{254}$와 DOC가 각각 $23%{\sim}65%$, $2%{\sim}15%$의 제거율을 나타내었고, THMFP와 HAAFP의 제거율은 오존 투입농도 $0.5{\sim}3\;mgO_3/mgDOC$에서 각각 $17%{\sim}52%$, $9%{\sim}29%$로 나타났다. 오존 투입농도에 따른 수중 천연유기물질의 특성변화를 조사한 결과, 소수성 및 반친수성 유기물질은 오존 투입농도 $0.5{\sim}3\;mgO_3/mgDOC$에서 각각 $37%{\sim}68%$, $35%{\sim}64%$의 제거율을 나타내었으며, 반면 친수성 유기물질은 $40%{\sim}49%$의 증가율을 보였다. 오존처리에 의한 천연유기물질 특성변화에 따른 염소 소독부산물 생성능 변화를 조사한 결과, 소수성 및 반친수성 유기물질에서 생성되는 THMFP와 HAAFP는 오존 투입농도가 증가함에 따라 큰 폭으로 감소하였으나, 친수성 유기물질에서는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 오존처리에 의한 단위 DOC당 THMFP와 HAAFP의 변화에서 두 물질 모두 오존처리에 의해 단위 DOC당 생성능의 감소를 보였고, 오존 투입농도가 증가할수록 반응성의 감소가 크게 나타났다. 그리고, 단위 DOC당 HAAFP 보다는 THMFP의 경우가 오존처리에 따른 제거율이 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 오존 투입농도별 천연유기물질 특성변화에 따른 단위 DOC당 THMFP 및 HAAFP 변화를 조사한 결과, 소수성, 반친수성 및 친수성 유기물질에서의 단위 DOC당 THMFP 및 HAAFP 모두 반응성이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. Br-THMFP와 chloroformFP에 대한 오존 투입농도별 제거특성은 Br-THMFP의 경우 오존 투입농도에 따라 제거율 및 단위 DOC당 THMFP 제거율이 chloroformFP 보다 월등히 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, Br-HAAFP와 DCAAFP와 TCAAFP에 대한 오존 투입농도별 제거특성을 조사한 결과에서 TCAAFP는 오존 투입농도가 증가할수록 제거율 및 단위 DOC와의 반응성 감소율도 증가하였으나, DCAAFP는 오존처리 전 후로 제거율 및 단위 DOC와의 반응성에는 변화가 없었으며, Br-HAAFP의 경우는 $1\;mgO_3/mgDOC$ 이상의 오존 투입농도에서는 제거율의 상승은 나타나지 않았고, Br-THMFP에 비하여 오존처리에 의해 낮은 제거율을 나타내었다. 본 실험결과에서 소독부산물 생성능과 경제성을 고려하여 오존 투입농도를 결정한다면 $1\;mgO_3/mgDOC$가 적정 오존 투입농도로 조사되었다.