• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.122-136
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• 2000

Stroke patient needs rehabilitation after receiving an acute treatment in a hospital. When stroke patient gets involved in an early discharge program, home care nurse plays a pivotal role to make them to gain a full strength and to come back to his/her prior life before he/she is sick. In spite of the importance of home care nursing intervention protocol for home care nurses to perform home care nursing autonomously, home care nursing intervention protocol for stroke patient is rarely developed. Therefore this study was conducted to develop home care nursing protocol that is applicable for stroke patients in home care nursing area. 41 home care nursing charts for stroke patients registered in home care nursing agencies from December 1st 1994 to August 31st 1999 at Y hospitals in Seoul and Won-Ju city were analyzed. 44 home care nurses who were having over three years' experience on stroke patients were participated in this study as a user validity validation group. The results of this study are as follows. 1. 28 nursing diagnoses were selected on the basis of evaluation of nursing diagnoses of stroke patients presented in a previous literature and case studies on home care nursing. 2. 17 nursing diagnoses were classified through the frequency analysis of home care nursing charts for 41 stroke patients who had received home care nursing. The order of sequence was like these: impaired skin integrity, risk for infection, nutritional deficit, impaired physical mobility, constipation, knowledge deficit, ineffective airway clearance, anxiety in family members, risk for aspiration, self care deficit, altered urinary elimination, ineffective individual coping, social isolation, risk for injury, self-esteem disturbance, impaired verbal communication, fatigue of family caregiver. 3. Based on validation on expert and user validities, 44 nursing interventions which were above ICV=.80 were chosen. 4. Nursing intervention protocols which showed above ICV=.90 were developed and were like these; pressure ulcer care, position change, preventive care for circulatory dysfunction, tube care : catheter, vital sign monitor, constipation/impaction management, artificial airway management, suction of airway secretion, environmental management : safety, and fall prevention.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2009

In this study, thermodynamic performance of R430A is examined both numerically and experimentally in an effort to replace HFC134a used in the refrigeration system of domestic water purifiers. Even though HFC134a is used predominantly in such a system these days, it needs to be phased out in the near future in Europe and most of the developed countries due to its high global warming potential. To solve this problem, cycle simulation and experimental measurements are carried out with a new refrigerant mixture of 76%R152a124% R600a using actual domestic water purifiers. This mixture is numbered and listed as R430A by ASHRAE recently. Test results show that the system performance with R430A is greatly influenced by the amount of charge due to the small internal volume of the refrigeration system of the domestic water purifiers. With the optimum amount of charge of 21 to 22 grams, about 50% of HFC134a, the energy consumption of R430A is 13.4% lower than that of HFC 134a. The compressor dome and discharge temperatures and condenser center temperature of R430A are very similar to those of HFC134a at the optimum charge. Overall, R430A, a new long term environmentally safe refrigerant, is a good alternative for HFC134a requiring little change in the refrigeration system of the domestic water purifiers.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.125-140
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• 1995

Generally, the groundwater pressure is not considered in the design of concrete lining of bottom drainage tunnel. This design method implies that the phreatic surface is drawdown to the bottom of tullnel. When tile groundwater is continually supplied without changing of groundwater table, there is a possibility at which the groundwater pressure acting on the tunnel lining after the completion of tunnel. Therefore, the safety of tunnel lining must be checked in this case. In this paper, the stability of bottom drainage tunnel which is affected by groundwater discharge is analzed by using of the Finite Element Method at the 2 sections of subway where the groundwater level has a tittle change during the construction. As the result of analysis, the grouting for the water tightness and the permanent monitoring system of tunnel are required for maintaining of long-term stability of bottom drainage tunnel for the case of groundwater plassure acting on the tunnel lining is greater than that of design stage.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2011

To reinterpret the meaning of fluvial terraces in the Quaternary researches, the concepts and geomorphic properties of fluvial terraces are reviewed. Fluvial terraces are the alluvial landform that was once river channel or floodplain by paleochannel flowed in elevated areas from the current river by active incision of rivers due to the climatic changes and/or uplifts. As fluvial terraces are the remnants of alluviums after incisions of rivers, the major factors influencing on the incisions are the falling of erosion base, increase of river discharge and distinct geomorphic phenomenon of river. While it is generally known that fluvial terraces deposits in the upper or middle reaches of large rivers were formed during glacial periods, the deposits may be formed at the various periods due to the diverse natural environments and geomorphic properties of specific rivers, because there have been numerous cases that the ages of fluvial terraces in the upper or middle reaches of large rivers in Korea and China can be correlated to the interglacial periods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1999

The horizontal two-dimensional model which can predict the long-term water quality(WQ) change is setup for the environmental management. For the model calibration and verification, we measured the pollutants load at 22 streams and the WQ at 16 stations monthly and/or seasonally in Chinhae . Masan Bay. The pollutants release rate from the sediment was also measured to consider the regionally different sediment pollution level. From the model application results, it is shown that the WQ concentrations in most of the regions adjacent to land and river inflow are considerably high, but rapidly decrease along the seaward direction. In Masan Bay, the particulate inflow-pollutants were substantially deposited and gradually contaminated the bottom sediment on account of the excessive pollutants load and flow stagnancy. Eutrophication in the effluent discharge region was also being slowly progressed by the inefficiently treated wastewater containing amount of Nand P constituents.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.307-315
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• 2016

The properties of AlTiN films by a cathodic arc deposition process have been studied. Oblique angle deposition has been applied to deposit AlTiN films. AlTiN films have been deposited on stainless steel (SUS304) and cemented carbide (WC) at a substrate temperature of $500^{\circ}C$. AlTiN films were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, glow-discharge light spectroscopy, micro-vickers hardness, and nanoindenter. When applying a current of 50 A to the cathodic arc source, it showed that the density of macroparticle of AlTiN films was 5 lower than other deposition conditions. With the increase of the bias voltage applied to the substrate up to -150 V, the density of macroparticle was decreased. The change of the $N_2$ flow rate during coating process made no influence on the film properties. For the multi-layered films, the film prepared at oblique angle of $60^{\circ}$ showed the highest hardness of 28 GPa and $H^3/E^2$ index of 0.18. AlTiN films have been shown a good oxidation resistance up to $800^{\circ}C$.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.364-364
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• 2012

수자원 연구의 주요 목적인 효과적인 홍수 및 가뭄관리를 하기 위해서는 그 연구의 기초가 되는 자료를 관측하고 정도(accuracy, 精度)를 향상시키는 연구 또한 매우 중요한 부분이라고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 점에서 수위-유량측정의 경우, 관측자의 숙련도와 계측기 오차에 따라 관측값에 미치는 영향이 큰 특징을 갖고 있어 유량측정의 정확성을 높이고자 진보된 계측기의 개발 및 분석 방법에 관한 연구는 꾸준히 진행되고 있다. 일반적으로 유량을 추정하기 위해서 특정 단면에서의 수위를 측정하여 이를 수위-유량 관계곡선을 통해서 유량으로 환산하고, 수위-유량 관계를 측정한 후 이를 회귀분석 방법으로 내삽 및 외삽을 실시하여 유량을 측정하게 된다. 그러나 수위-유량 관계곡선에서 저수위와 고수위를 하나의 곡선식으로 하게 되는 경우 정도가 낮아지게 되므로 많은 경우에 있어서 저수위, 고수위를 각각의 곡선으로 구하여 사용하고 있다. 문제는 이러한 경우 정량적으로 변곡점을 구하기보다는 경험적으로 저수위와 고수위를 구분하고 있으며, 수위-유량관계를 회귀식에 의해서 추정하게 되므로 이에 대한 불확실성이 발생하게 된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 불확실성을 정량화시키기 위한 방법으로 Bayesian MCMC 기법을 활용하며 수위-유량 관계곡선식의 매개변수들의 사후분포를 추정하여 매개변수의 최적화 및 불확실성을 평가하였다. 앞서 언급되었듯이 저수위 및 고수위로 분리하여 수위-유량 곡선식을 도출하고 있으나 저수위 및 고수위를 분리하는 기준이 경험적이기 때문에 신뢰성이 저해되는 문제점이 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 수위-유량 곡선식의 매개변수들을 최적화 하는 동시에 Poisson 분포 기반의 변동점 분석이 연동되어 저수위 및 고수위를 분리할 수 있는 Bayesian 기반 통합 수위-유량 곡선 해석 방법을 개발하고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.342-342
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• 2012

이론적으로 하천의 흐름은 시간과 위치에 따라 수위와 유량의 관계가 일대일로 대응한다는 가정을 두지만, 실제 하천은 여러 가지 통제요인에 의해 다양하게 변화한다. 특히 하천 상 하류 일부구간에서 인공적인 골재채취나 준설작업과 같은 하도공사가 이루어진다면 하천의 흐름은 일시적인 수위변화가 아닌 단면의 변화 나아가 수위에 따른 유량의 증가 및 감소를 일으키게 된다. 또한 모래하상이나 식생의 영향을 받는 하천의 경우에도 빈번한 단면 및 유속의 변화를 볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 2007년부터 2011년까지 유량조사사업단에서 측정이 이루어진 4개 수계 577개 지점을 대상지점으로 선정하고, 이들 중 2개년 이상 측정이 이루어져 단면변화 및 지점의 수리특성 여부를 비교할 수 있는 한강 55개, 낙동강 49개, 금강 43개, 영산강 55개 지점의 수위-유량관계 변화여부를 검토하였다. 본 연구는 경년변화 없이 일정한 수위-유량관계를 보이거나 보와 같은 단면 통제에 의해 단순한 기간분리가 발생되는 지점, 4대강 공사가 진행 중인 지점, 미미한 단면변화에 의해 저수위의 수위-유량관계가 변화된 지점들은 분석 대상에서 제외하고, 중수위 이상에서 수위와 유량의 관계가 변화하는 지점들을 찾아 그 원인을 파악하고 사례를 분석하는데 중점을 두었다. 검토 결과 중수위 이상에서 수위-유량관계가 변화되는 요인으로 크게 상류와 하류에서 하천준설을 실시하여 수위에 따른 에너지선의 증가 및 감소를 일으킨 경우와, 제방공사에 의해 고수위가 변화가 발생되었거나 그 해에 배수영향을 받았는지 여부 또는 하도에 자생하는 식생의 영향 그리고 모래 및 자갈하천에서 발생되는 큰 단면변화 등으로 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.243-248
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• 2014

Silicon-carbon composite was prepared by the magnesiothermic reduction of mesoporous silica and subsequent impregnation with a carbon precursor. This was applied for use as an anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Well-ordered mesoporous silica(SBA-15) was employed as a starting material for the mesoporous silicon, and sucrose was used as a carbon source. It was found that complete removal of by-products ($Mg_2Si$ and $Mg_2SiO_4$) formed by side reactions of silica and magnesium during the magnesiothermic reduction, was a crucial factor for successful formation of mesoporous silicon. Successful formation of the silicon-carbon composite was well confirmed by appropriate characterization tools (e.g., $N_2$ adsorption-desorption, small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analyses). A lithium-ion battery was fabricated using the prepared silicon-carbon composite as the anode, and lithium foil as the counter-electrode. Electrochemical analysis revealed that the silicon-carbon composite showed better cycling stability than graphite, when used as the anode in the lithium-ion battery. This improvement could be due to the fact that carbon efficiently suppressed the change in volume of the silicon material caused by the charge-discharge cycle. This indicates that silicon-carbon composite, prepared via the magnesiothermic reduction and impregnation methods, could be an efficient anode material for lithium ion batteries.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 2009

Cough is a common clinical problem to which various etiologies are attributable. In Korean medicine there are differentiations in etiology such as food-accumulation and Yin-deficiency. This study was aimed to analyze the relations between the time of cough and Korean syndrome differentiations and to compare the symptoms of Korean syndrome differentiations (food-accumulation and Yin-deficiency). Sixty-two cough patients were analyzed and classified into one of two syndrome differentiations by etiology. We compared the time of coughing and symptomatic characteristics of two: such as symptom differences and change of severity after treatment. Patients with food-accumulation were more prevalent than patients with Yin-deficiency. Among symptoms, anorexia, dyspepsia, nausea and nasal discharge were more prevalent in food-accumulation while pruritus of throat was prevalent in Yin-deficiency. Coughing at night was prevalent in Yin-deficiency and coughing at rising hour was prevalent in food-accumulation.