• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 The 6th International Symposium of East Asian Resources Recycling Technology
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• pp.252-256
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• 2001

The rapid development of communication equipment and information processing technology has led to a constant improvement in cordless communication. Lithium ion batteries used in cellular phones and laptop computers, in particular, have been in the forefront of the above revolution. These batteries use high value added raw materials and have a high and stable energy output and are increasingly coming into common use. The development of the material for the negative terminal has led to an improvement in the quality and efficiency of the batteries, whereas a reduction in the cost of the battery by researching new materials for the positive anode has become a research theme by itself. These long life batteries, it is being increasingly realized, can have value added to them by recycling. Research is increasingly being done on recycling the aluminum case and the load casing for the negative diode. This paper aims to introduce the current situation of recycling of lithium ion batteries. 1. Introduction 2. Various types of batteries and the situation of their recycling and the facts regarding recycling. 3. Example of cobalt recycling from waste Lithium ion secondary cell. 3-1) Flow Chart of Lithium ion battery recycling 3-2) Materials that make a lithium ion secondary cell. 3-3) Coarse grinding of Lithium ion secondary cell, and stabilization of current discharge 3-4) Burning 3-5) Grinding 3-6) Magnetic Separation 3-7) Dry sieving 3-8) Dry Classifying 3-9) Content Ratio of recycled cobalt parts 3-10) Summary of the Line used for the recovery of Cobalt from waste Lithium ion battery. 4. Conclusion.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.380-388
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• 2014

Background: The volume of surgery has been examined as a major source of variation in outcome after surgery. This study investigated the direct effect of surgery volume to in hospitals mortality and the moderating effect of structural complexity-the level of diversity and sophistication of technology a hospital applied in patient care-to the volume outcome relationship. Methods: Discharge summary data of 11,827 cancer patients who underwent surgery and were discharged during a month period in 2010 and 2011 were analyzed. The analytic model included the independent variables such as surgery volume of a hospital, structural complexity measured by the number of diagnosis a hospital examined, and their interaction term. This study used a hierarchical logistic regression model to test for an association between hospital complexity and mortality rates and to test for the moderating effect in the volume outcome relationship. Results: As structural complexity increased the probability of in-hospital mortality after cancer surgery reduced. The interaction term between surgery volume and structural complexity was also statistically significant. The interaction effect was the strongest among the patients group who had surgery in low volume hospitals. Conclusion: The structural complexity and volume of surgery should be considered simultaneously in studying volume outcome relationship and in developing policies that aim to reduce mortality after cancer surgery.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.351-359
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• 2013

본 연구는 사회인구학적 특성, 퇴원특성, 의료기관특성이 정신분열병 환자의 재원일수에 영향을 미치는 요인을 규명하고자 시행하였다. 2004~2008년의 퇴원심층조사 자료 중에서 주진단이 정신분열병인 2,239명의 환자가 최종 연구대상이었다. SPSS 18.0 프로그램을 이용하여 사회인구학적 특성, 퇴원특성, 의료기관 특성을 설명변수로 하고, 재원일수를 종속변수로 구분하여 설명변수를 순차적으로 투입한 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 사회인구학적 특성이 가장 큰 설명력을 나타냈으며, 퇴원특성보다는 병원특성 설명변수를 추가할 경우 설명력의 변화가 크게 나타났다. 재원일수에 주요하게 영향을 미치는 요인은 남자, 의료급여1종, 충청도, 병상규모 등으로 밝혀졌다. 본 연구는 이차 자료를 이용하였기 때문에 정신분열병 환자의 재원일수를 보다 잘 설명할 수 있는 추가 변수의 제한이 있었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 국가적 차원의 대규모 데이터를 분석하여 규명하였다는데 의의가 있다. 재원일수의 감축 노력은 환자 개인특성뿐 아니라 병원특성에 더욱 중점을 두고 국가적 노력이 필요함을 제안한다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.696-705
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• 1994

This study was done to provide a basis for home health care management for women following Cesarean delivery. Furthermore it was initiated as an possible application of home health care in the future. In this study, client selection criteria was developed by the researcher and assessment tools for home health care, recording system and problem oriented recording system were revised from Jun's(1993) methods. The selection criteria tool for home health care for women who had a Cesarean delivery was structured and consisted of five areas : physical status, functional status, psychological-emetional status, educational needs status and environmental status. The structured assessment tool consisted of general items, obstetric history, past medical history, methods of feeding, medications taken before ad-mission, laboratory results, discharge instructions, discharge medications, family tree, economic status, environmental status, a map, health assessment of women and their newborns. The visit note consisted of the date : nursing problems : nursing process including initial assessment : nursing goals : visit plan : health status of the postpartum women and their newborn : nursing diagnoses : nursing implementation evaluation : summary : next visit plan and revision. The problem oriented recording system consisted of the date, problem numbers, nursing diagnoses, problem appearance date, problem resolution date. The results of the research are as follows : The seven cases having had a Cesarean delivery were discharged on an average on the 5th day after the Cesarean birth. The total number of home visits was 13. According to Cordon's functional health patterns the total possible nursing diagnoses was 34 diagnoses for the methers and their newborns. Among the 34 diagnoses, there were 13 diagnoses in the health perception /management pattern, 7 in the psychosocial health perception / management pattern, 8 in the psychosocial self-perception, 2 in the nutrition / metabolism pattern of physical function, 2 in the knowledge deficit of newborn management, anxiety related to newborn management, knowledge deficit related to disease process of new-born, anxiety related to disease process of newborn anxiety related to prognosis of baby's condition, knowledge deficit related to newborn jaundice each appeared once. The changes in the number of nursing diagnoses was related to not the number of visits but to the number of nursing diagnoses decreasing. The con-tent of the home health care was categorized ac-cording to assessment, direct care, counseling, education, family care. The recommendation based on the results of this research are Home health care nurses for Cesarean postpartum women and their neonates requires comprehensive knowledge of pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period and of the neonate so that they can provide appropriate care and holistic views. Most of cases terminated after the second visit, this outcome may be related to the subjects being discharged on the 5th day after delivery. Therefore, study done with earlier discharge after delivery may have different outcome. It is very hard to assess psychological aspects that need follow-up and to develop communication channels.

• 모자간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 1994

Presently there is an increasing demand for home health care services due to changes in the demographic structure as a result of an increasing elderly population, socio-economic improvements, and changes in the family structure, as well as the growing number of people with degenerative diseases. In addition to these reasons, rising medical costs and there a shortage of patient beds space in the hospital, particularly since introduction of national medical insurance. There has been an increasing demand for health care health care services. This study was done to identify the basic data for home health care management. It focused on developing client selection criteria, assessment tools, and recording methods. This was accomplished by the researchers visiting the patients in their homes. The research process included preparation investigation, tool development, training of the project researcher, and visiting the clients in their homes. The research tools are as follows : 1. Record development : a) The selection criteria tool for home health care of postpartum women was a structured tool and consisted of four parts. b) The structured assessment tool consisted of a general items, obstetric history, past medical history, methods of feeding, medications taken before admission, laboratory test results, discharge instructions, discharge medications, family tree, economic status, environmental status, a map, health assessment of postpartum women and their newborns. c) The visit note I consisted of the frequency of visits. Visit note II consisted of the date ; nursing problems ; nursing process including the initial assessment ; nursing goal ; visit plan ; postpartum women and their neonate health status, diagnosis, goal, implementation, evaluation, summary, next plan, for visit revision. d) Problem note consisted of the date, problem numbers, nursing diagnosis, problem appearance date problem resolution date. The research results are as follows : 1. Nursing problems : The nursing problems of the postpartum women and their neonates were evaluated by the number of nursing diagnoses and the change in the pattern of nursing diagnosis related to the number of visits. a) Nursing diagnosis The nursing diagnosis was classified according to physical function, psychosocial function, family system maintained function. b) The changes of nursing diagnosis related to the number of visits. As the type of nursing diagnosis changed related to the number of visits the number of nursing diagnoses decreased. 2. Contents of home health care : The content was categorized according to assessment, direct care, counseling, education, family care, reporting to with the attending doctor. The recommendations based on the research results are as follows : 1. Tool development Replication of this study is needed to test the validity of the assessment tools used. 2. Home visit a) Home health care nurses should be licensed and qualified. A referral form from the attending doctor is needed for legal protection of nurses. b) The first home visit need to be within 24 hours of discharge from the hospital to decrease the anxiety of frightened postpartum women. c) When the changes occur in the newborn's status, home health care nurses should consult a pediatrician. Communication within the home healthcare team is essential and needs to consistent and done smoothly. 3. Home health care A Study is required to develop protocols for education of staff and for operation of all aspects of this program.

• 종양간호연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.11-21
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• 2005

The purpose of this study were to develop an web-based education program for Lung cancer patients and to test its effects on patients' self-care knowledge, compliance to medical regimen, nutrition status and pain. The program was developed by the following process: first, Lung cancer patients demand on the web-based program was investigated. and second, the program was developed with the help of various reference books and then validation of experts group. last, educations effects on the patients is evaluated and compared the differences in self-care knowledge, compliance to medical regimen, nutrition status and pain between on experimental group and a control group on before discharge 1day and 3weeks after. SPSS/Win 11.0 program was used for data analysis. It was proven with $x^2$ test and t-test, and Pearson Correlation coefficient, and Chronbach's alpha coefficient were done for the reliability of measuring instruments. 1. The summary of the Program development is as follows. The program is based on patients' questionnaire and reference material and is made for users friendly. Not only Bigger font size and bright colors but also illustrations or pictures were adopted to help enhance patients' understanding. 2. The summary of the study results is as follows. 1) Compared with control group, the web-based educated experimental group showed a statistical significant difference on self-care knowledge, Especially disease, radiation treatment, medication & analgesics, chemotherapy side effect, but there was no significant difference in the field of chemotherapy, in the fields of operation, diet & general knowledge. 2) Compared with control group, the web-based educated experimental group showed a statistical significant difference on compliance to medical regimen, especially in the field of follow up care, everyday life, diet, but there was no significant difference in the field of medication, exercise. 3) Compared with control group, web-based educated experimental group showed no significant difference in nutrition status, but partially significant difference in body weight. 4) Compared with control group, the web-based educated experimental group showed no significant difference in pain level. 5) The significantly positive correalation self-care knowledge with the compliance to medical regimen. 6) Users satisfaction with the web-based education program of the contents quality, the level of recommendation to others, content layout, medical information quality, but interesting got a low mark.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.1126-1132
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• 2009

본 연구는 가정간호사의 표준간호중재를 개발하여 이를 근거로 각각의 진단과 연결된 중재를 분류하고 프로토콜을 전산화하여 사용함으로써 의료기관간, 또한 의료인간의 격차를 없애고 서비스의 질 개선에 도움을 주고자 시행하였다. 연구방법은 크게 가정간호 표준중재 개발과정과 개발된 가정간호 표준중재 프로토콜을 전산화하는 과정으로 나누었는데, 가정간호 표준중재를 개발하기 위하여 먼저, 국내외 가정간호사의 직무분석, 대상자 사정 프로토콜 개발, 대상자 진단 프로토콜 개발, 대상자 중재 프로토콜 개발의 4가지 연구내용으로 구성하였다. 개발된 가정간호 표준 중재 프로토콜을 전산화하는 과정으로, 크게 가정간호 정보시스템을 위한 전략수립과 가정간호 정보시스템의 분석, 설계, 운영 및 평가 등의 4개 연구내용으로 구성하였다. 개발된 프로그램은 P시에서 가정간호사업 실시 기관에 근무하는 가정간호사를 대상으로, 가정간호 정보시스템 매뉴얼을 사용하여 직접 시범, 교육하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 표준 가정간호중재에 속하는 구성요소를 가정간호정보조사지, 가정간호경과기록지, 가정간호경과요약서, 가정간호종결 요약서 양식에 포함될 수 있도록 개발하였으며, 표준 가정간호중재가 개발됨으로써 가정간호사업부서 간의 정보교환이 용이하고 기록의 누락 및 중복을 막을 수 있으며 EMR, HMR 개발시 병원용어의 표준화에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.435-447
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• 2019

불필요한 재입원을 예방하기 위해서는 재입원 확률이 높은 집단을 집중적으로 관리할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해서는 재입원 예측모형의 개발이 필요하다. 재원예측 모형을 개발하기 위해 1개 대학병원의 2016년에서 2017년의 2년간의 퇴원요약환자 데이터를 수집하였다. 이때 재입원 환자는 연구 기간 내에 2번 이상 퇴원한 환자라 정의 하였다. 재입원환자의 특성을 파악하기 위해 기술통계와 교착분석을 실시하였다. 재입원 예측 모형개발은 데이터마이닝 기법인 로지스틱회귀모형, 신경망, 의사결정모형을 이용하였다. 모형평가는 AUC(Area Under Curve)를 이용하였다. 로지스틱회귀모형이 AUC가 0.81로 가장 우수하게 나옴에 따라 본 연구에서는 로지스틱 회귀모형을 최종 재입원 예측 모형으로 선정을 하였다. 로지스틱회귀모형에서 선정된 재입원에 영향을 끼치는 주요한 변수는 성별, 연령, 지역, 주진단군, Charlson 동반질환지수, 퇴원과, 응급실 경유 여부, 수술여부, 재원일수, 총비용, 보험종류 등이었다. 본 연구에서 개발한 모형은 1개병원의 2년치 자료이므로 일반화하기에는 제한점이 있다. 추후에 여러 병원 장기간의 데이터를 수집하여 일반화 할 수 있는 모형을 개발하는 것이 필요하다. 더 나아가 계획에 없던 재입원 까지 예측을 할 수 있는 모형을 개발하는 것이 필요하다.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.162-169
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• 2011

Branchial cleft anomalies are the second most common head and neck congenital lesions seen in children. Amongst the branchial cleft malformations, second cleft lesions account for 95 % of the branchial anomalies. This article analyzes all the cases of second branchial cleft anomalies operated on at Seoul National University Hospital from September 1995 to February 2011. We analyzed sex, age, symptom and sign, accompanied anomaly, diagnosis, treatment, pathologic report and outcome via retrospective review of medical records. In this series, we had 61 patients (27 female and 34 male). The mean age at the time of operation was 38 months. 31 lesions were on the right, 20 were on the left and 10 were bilateral. The most frequent chief complaints at presentation were non-tender mass and cervical opening without any discharge. According to anatomic type, 29 patients had branchial cleft sinuses, 14 had cysts, 14 had fistulas and 4 had skin tags. Complete excision was attempted if possible and antibiotics challenged when infection was suspected. Complete excision was achieved in 96.7 % of cases. Incision and drainage was done in 2 cases due to severe inflammation, and both recurred. Postoperative complications included wound infection in 2 cases. Microscopic examonation revealed squamous epithelium in 90.2 % and squamous metaplasia in one case in the branchial cleft cyst wall. In summary, second branchial anomaly is found more frequently on right side of neck. Fistulas are diagnosed earlier than cystic forms. Most cases could be diagnosed by physical examination. The definitive treatment is complete excision and sufficient antibiotics coverage for cases with inflammation. After drainage of infected lesions, follow up excision after 1 year might be beneficial for preventing recurrence.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제58권3호
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• pp.213-229
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• 2005

The first and the longest criminal indictment case of Korean medico-legal battle, so called BORAMAE Hospital Incident, was finally on its end by Korean Supreme Court's decision on June 24, 2004, after 7 years long legal dispute via Seoul District Court and Seoul Superior Appeal Court's decision. Boramae Hospital case was the first Korean legal case of Withdrawing Life-sustaining treatment of mechanical respirator on 58 years old Extradural Hematoma victim who was on Respirator under Coma after multi-organ failure postoperatively(APACHE II score: 34-39). Two physicians who have involved patient's care and had helped to make discharge the Near-death patient to home after repeated demand of patient's wife, due to economic reason, were sentenced as homicidal crime. This review article will discuss the following items with the review of US cases, Quinlan(1976), Nancy Cruzan(1990), Barber (1983), Helen Wanglie(1990), Baby K (1994) and Baby L cases, along with Official Statement of ATS and other Academic dignitaries of US and World.: [1] Details of Boramae Hospital incident, medical facts description and legal language of homicidal crime sentence. [2] The medical dispute about the legal misinterpretation of patient's clinical status, regarding the severity of the victim with multi-organs failure on Respirator under coma with least chance of recovery, less than 10% probability. [3] Case study of US, of similar situation. [4] Introduction of ATS official Statement on Withdrawing/ Withholding Life sustaining treatment. [5] Patient Autonomy as basic principle. [6] The procedural formality in Medical practise for keeping the legitimacy. [7] The definition of Medical Futility and its dispute. [8] Dying in Dignity and PAS(Physician Assisted Suicide)/and/or Euthanasia [9] The Korean version of "Dying in Dignity", based on the Supreme Court's decision of Boramae Hospital incident (2004.6.24.) [10] Summary and Author's Note for future prospects.