• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.293-300
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• 2018

Objectives: We investigated the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Pinus densiflora ethanol extracts (PDEE) treated with trypsine as a protease. Methods: Various antioxidant activities were evaluated by measuring total contents of polyphenol and flavonoid, DPPH electron-donating ability and $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activity of test material. To compare the antibacterial activity, paper disc diffusion assay was performed against two resident bacteria in human skin (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis). Results: As for the total contents of polyphenol and flavonoid, and the electron-donating ability and ABTS+ radical scavenging activity, both PDEE and trypsin-treated Pinus densiflora ethanol extract (T-PDEE) showed high antioxidant activity in dose-dependent manner. And the T-PDEE showed slightly higher activity than PDEE, which indicated protease treatment seemed to affect in antioxidant activity. In the result of paper disc diffusion assay, antibacterial activity was confirmed in all two types of skin resident bacteria. T-PDEE was more active than PDEE and it seems that treatment of protease may increase the antibacterial activity of PDEE. Conclusion: All of these results, we confirmed that treatment of protease to PDEE can increase the antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and it can be explained thought that this would be applicable as a cosmeceutical material in the future.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2020

Clostridial bacteria are zoonotic agents, which cause severe necrotizing enteritis, pseudo-membrane colitis, enterotoxemia to both humans and animals. The objective of this study was to monitor the antibiotic resistance of Clostridium isolates on clinical specimens from wild animals in Seoul zoo for 5 years. Clostridium isolates were verified by using Vitek2 compact machine. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed by antibiotic disc diffusion test, which was followed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test method. The frequency of Antimicrobial resistance of Clostridium isolate was the greatest in gentamicin (87%), then in order of amikacin (80%). There were 55.6% of Clostridium isolates showed multiple drug resistance (MDR). These results showed that a lot of Clostridial bacteria from wild animals in Seoul zoo were acquired antibiotic resistance. Because of the wild animal's aggressive manner, it has been hard to collect clinical samples from wild animals in a zoo to exam antibiotic susceptibility. For these reasons, empirical use of antibiotics has been performed in frequently. It may cause to increase the emergence of antibiotic resistance bacteria. In addition, the antibiotic resistance bacteria from zoo animals can be spread to other wild animals which inhabit around the zoo. Therefore, regular monitoring of antibiotic resistance Clostridial bacteria is important to protect animals and humans from Clostridial diseases.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.707-710
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• 2005

The antimicrobial activities of extracts from some of natural products and bacteriocins produced from lactic acid bacteria such as L. mesenteroides, L. citreum and P. pentosaceus have been investigated with using disc diffusion assay, challenge method and minimum inhibitory concentration method. The bacteriocin substances produced from L. mesenteroides, L. citreum and P, pentosaceus have shown strong antimicrobial activities against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aerugionosa, and B. subtillis while the extracts from phenonip and sandal wood have shown strong antimicrobial activities only against C. albicans. The bacteriocins produced from L. mesenteroides, L. citreum and P. pentosaceus could be a promising preservatives for cosmetics, pharmaceutical products and foods in future.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.111-122
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• 2017

Objectives: Coriolus versicolor is an edible mushroom with physiological activities that has been used in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from Coriolus versicolor against oral pathogens. Methods: The antimicrobial activities of various extracts of Coriolus versicolor were examined by disc diffusion assay, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these extracts were also was determined by broth dilution method. The growth inhibition effect of extracts was measured at 600 nm for 12 hrs against Streptococcus ratti, Streptococcus criceti, Aggregati--bacter actinomycetemcomitans, Actinomyces viscosus, and Actinomyces israelii. Results: Coriolus versicolor extracts showed antimicrobial activities against all nine oral pathogens through disc diffusion assay. The ethanol extract and ethyl acetate extract differed significantly compared with acetone extract against Streptococcus ratti, Streptococcus criceti, Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces israelii and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (p<0.05). These extracts exhibited MIC ranges of 2.63 to >10.50 mg/ml against the tested bacteria. The ethanol extract from Coriolus versicolor showed lower MIC values of 2.63 to 5.25 mg/ml. According to the obtained growth curve, the extracts of Coriolus versicolor were more effective against Actinomyces viscosus. Conclusions: The acetone, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts from Coriolus versicolor showed antimicrobial activities against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus ratti, Streptococcus criceti, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Actinomyces viscosus, and Actinomyces israeli.i Therefore, they could be considered as natural oral antimicrobial agents against oral pathogens.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.151-156
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• 2017

A phytochemical study of Alphonsea cylindrica King (unreported) has led to the isolation of six alkaloids. The compounds were identified as kinabaline (1; azafluorenone alkaloid), muniranine (2), O-methylmoschatoline (3; oxoaporphine alkaloid), lysicamine (4), atherospermidine (5) and N-methylouregidione (6; 4, 5-dioxoaporphine alkaloid). The structures of the isolated compounds were determined based on the spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data reported in the literature. Alkaloid 2 was isolated as a new derivative of azafluorenone while alkaloids 1, 3 - 6 were isolated for the first time from Alphonsea species. In addition, alkaloid 3 and 4 showed inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus in disc diffusion test. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of lysicamine (4) against S. aureus, B. cereus and P. aeruginosa were found to be smaller than O-methylmoschatoline (3). Therefore, the reported antibacterial activity showed the potential of this plant as natural antibacterial agent and supported the documented traditional use of Alphonsea sp. in the treatment of diarrhea and fever.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.200-204
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• 1991

Certain parts of 36 kinds of plant were extracted by 75% ethanol and water. The extracts were tested their microbial inhibition activities against several food spoilage microorganisms, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus cereus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ethanol extract of amur cork was shown inhibitory effect on all 6 species of the microorganisms tested. Chinese pepper, sesame cake, gromwell and oak were on 5 species except S. cerevisiae or P. fluorescens and bamboo leaves, lycopi herba, paulownia and rigida were on 4 species. In general amur cork exhibited the strongest inhibition with a few exceptions on certain species. By disc diffusion method, the ethanol extract of leaf mustard showed the highest inhibition effect on B. subtilis, amur cork on L.plantarum, L. mesenteroides and B. cereus, and amur cork and gallnut on P. fluorescens. Mostly the ethanol extracts in comparison with water extracts showed higher inhibition in most of plants but a few exhibited higher in water extracts.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.393-406
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• 1993

Antibacterial substances produced by Lactobacillus casei subsp. and Streptococcus faecium were examined for its antibacterial effects against some pathogenic bacteria. They were partially purified with ammonium sulfate precipitation, methanol-acetone extraction, G-50 gel filtration and examined its characteristics. When L casei subsp. and Str faecium were cultivated in MRS broth, stationary phase of L casei is until 24 hours and Str faecium is 20 hours. pH change of the cultured medium was both decreased after 12 hours and then constant at pH 4.5~4.6 after 28 hours. MRS broth culture fluids of L casei subsp. and Str faecium appeared the antibacterial effects by the spot-on-the-lawn method against ETEC, Sal pullorum and Sta aureus. Culture filtrates of L casei subsp. and Str faecium also appeared the antibacterial effects by the disc diffusion method. Culture filtrates of L casei sub. rhamnosus 7469 produced 0.032M of lactic acid and 0.01M of acetic acid. Str faecium 27273 also produced 0.027M of lactic acid and 0.01M of acetic acid. Protein concentrations of culture filtrates produced by L casei sub rhamnosus 7469 and Str faecium 27273 was $495{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $594{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, respectively. Antibacterial substances which are partially purified by ammonum sulfate precipitation, methanol-acetone extraction and G-50 gel filtration inhibit the growth of ETEC, Sal pullorum and Sta aureus. Characteristics of purified antibacterial substances was examined. Its molecular weight was about 31Kd, stabilized at $100^{\circ}C/20min.$ and some of proteolytic enzyme treatment.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.252-256
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• 2006

We monitored antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from healthy volunteers of community and hospital patients from February to July in 2006. From disc diffusion test on 4915 E. coli isolates from healthy volunteers of the community, the resistance rates were as follows; tetracycline resistant, 46.6%; ampicillin resistant, 41.1%; ticarcillin resistant,37.9%. From disc diffusion test on 120 E. coli isolates from hospital patients, the resistance rates were as follows: ampicillin resistant, 66.9%; ticarcillin resistant, 63.8%; tetracycline resistant, 47.2%. Extended spectrum $\beta$-lactamase producing E. coli were isolated 0.6% and 4.1% from healthy volunteers and hospital patients.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.311-315
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of various natural flavonoids against growth of psychotropic Bacillus cereus strains, which cause dairy food outbreaks. Flavonoids were first screened for their ability to inhibit growth of B. cereus strains using the paper-disc diffusion test. Second, the growth inhibitory effect of selected flavonoids was evaluated in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract, and the bactericidal effect of the flavonoids was measured in 0.8% (w/v) NaCl solution. Based on the paper-disc diffusion test, kaempferol was effectively active against B. cereus P14 and B. cereus KCCM 40935. Kaempferol had an antimicrobial effect at concentrations greater than 100 ${\mu}M$, and the numbers of B. cereus P14 and B. cereus KCCM 40935 decreased by 3.55 and 1.5 log cycles, respectively. The cell numbers of B. cereus P14 and B. cereus KCCM 40935 treated with 50 ${\mu}M$ kaempferol were reduced by 4.18 and 2.84 log cycles during a 24 h incubation to test the bactericidal effect of kaempferol (p<0.05). The results indicate that kaempferol had the greatest antimicrobial effect among the psychotropic B. cereus strains and the natural flavonoids tested.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.257-267
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish experimental evidence for the antimicrobial effects of 51 herbal formulae commonly used in traditional Korean medical institutions. Methods: The antimicrobial activities of herbal formulae were screened using the disc diffusion method against 10 pathogenic microorganisms (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli DH5α, E. coli O157, Salmonella enteritidis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella flexneri, and Helicobacter pylori). Of the 51 herbal formulae, 13 herbal formulae with antimicrobial activity were selected and their dose-dependency were confirmed. Results: Nine herbal formulae, including Gyeji-tang, Dangguisu-san, Saengmaek-san, Samul-tang, Ssanghwa-tang, Socheongryong-tang, Yukmijihwang-tang, Jakyakgamcho-tang, and Paljung-san, presented antibacterial activity against B. cereus. The effects of Saengmaek-san and Paljung-san was sustained for 48 hr. On L. monocytogenes, Dangguisu-san and Hyangsapyeongwi-san showed antimicrobial activity, but only Hyangsapyeongwi-san maintained the activity for 48 hr. Thirteen herbal formulae such as Galgeun-tang, Gyeji-tang, Dangguisu-san, Mahwang-tang, Banhasasim-tang, Saengmaek-san, Socheongryong-tang, Yukmijihwang-tang, Jakyakgamcho-tang, Cheonwangbosim-dan, Palmijihwang-tang, Paljung-san, and Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang showed antimicrobial activity against V. parahaemolyticus, and the activity was maintained for 48 hr. The 51 herbal formulae did not show any antimicrobial activity against seven strains such as E. coli DH5α, E. coli O157, S. aureus, S. enteritidis, Y. enterocolitica, S. flexneri, and H. pylori. Conclusions: Nine, two, and thirteen herbal formulae showed antimicrobial activities against B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, and V. parahaemolyticus in a dose-dependent manner, respectively. The results of antimicrobial activity of 51 herbal formulae against 10 microorganisms might be used as the basis for new application of herbal formulae.