• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.179-184
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• 2002

We investigated the morphological changes and TUNEL reaction of apoptotic cells in the liver of D-galactosamine (20 mg/mouse) and lipopolysaccharide (5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mouse)-treated 30 mice (BALB/c), and in additioa also of apoptotic cells in kidney and spleen. The livers and other some organs of mice at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hrs after treatment were collected and were fixed with 10% neutral formalin and paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin or terminal deoxynucleotidly transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. Morphological changes in apoptotic hepatocytes were chondensation of nuclei and density of cytoplasms, then the margination and pyknosis of chromatin, the formation of half-moon- or horse-shoe- or ship-like shapes of condensed chromatin mass, lastly formation of apoptotic bodies, disappearance of nuclear envelopes, decrease of stainability, then lysis and disappearance of apoptotic bodies. TUNEL positive reactions of hepatocytes were appeared first moderate in uncondensed hepatocytes, severe in condensed hepatocytes, moderate in chromatin-marginated hepatocytes. These reactions also were appeared moderate in hepatocytes with half-moon- or horse-shoe- or ship-like pyknotic chromatin mass or apoptotic bodies, and mild or negative in hepatocytes with lysed apoptotic bodies or with disappeared nuclear envelopes. Consequently these results suggested that TUNEL positive reactions of hepatocytes appeared at more early stages than appearance of chromatin condensation and disappeared at more early stage than disappearance of histological findings of apoptosis. We also confirmed that the differentiation of apoptotic cells from normal healthy cells of Kupffer cells and vascular endothelial cells in liver, reticular cells and lymphocytes in spleen and epithelial cells of tubules and ducts in kidney was impossible in H-E preparations but was possible in TUNEL preparations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 1990

An experiment was conducted with three ruminally and intestinally cannulated non-lactating cows of Finnish Ayrshire breed, to assess the ruminal degradation characteristics of oat (Avena sativa), rye (Secale cereale) and rice (Oryza sativa) straw by the nylon bag technique, and the subsequent post-ruminal degradation of their rumen-undegraded residues by using the mobile bag technique, respectively. The straw samples were untreated or treated with aqueous $NH_3$ or with urea solution in cold or hot water. The untreated straw samples were milled or chopped, and the treated straw samples were chopped. The constant values a, b, and c were computed according to the exponential equation, where a = intercept of degradation curve at time 0, b = potentially degradable material, c = rate of degradation of band (a+b) = maximum potential degradability (asymptote). It was found that nitrogen contents of chemically treated straw were markedly increased by both $NH_3$ and urea treatments. Milling the samples attributed to a remarkable loss at 0 h incubation time as compared to chopping of the respective samples. However, chemical treatment markedly improved the b value and the subsequent (a+b) values for dry matter, organic matter, neutral-detergent fiber, and acid-detergent fiber of the samples. Furthermore, temperature of the water used in the urea solutions was considered essential, since urea in hot water rather than in cold water seemed to enhance the overall degradability. The disappearance of rumen-incubated straw residues from the mobile bags ranged from 4.5 to 9.6% for the parameters measured. On average, the OM disappearance from bags was clearly higher for the residues of urea treated straw compared to those of ammonia treated straw, but the disappearance of NDF tended, however, to be higher on the ammonia treatment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.137-144
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• 2001

The quality including in situ degradability in the rumen of Holstein of the orchardgrass silage added with apple pomace was investigated in this study. The amount of apple pomace added in different treatments were 0, 20, 40 and 60% respectively. With higher amount of addition of apple pomace to orchardgrass, ADF, NDF and crude ash contents decreased significantly (p<0.05). Crude protein contents in the silages (11.8- 12.9%) were similar to that of 100% orchardgrass silage. Moisture contents increased according to the higher proportion of apple pomace in the silages. On the contrary to moisture content, pH was lower in 40-60% addition of apple pomace (3.7-3.9) than that of 100% orchardgrass silage (4.7). However the contents of lactic acid (1.7-2.5%), acetic acid (1.3- 1.7%) and total organic acid (2.9-4.2%) significantly increased according to higher levels of addition of apple pomace compared to the respective values of 100% orchardgrass silage (1.1%, 0.6% 1.7%). In siru disappearance rates of dry matter and NDF in the rumen were significantly higher at the stages of incubation after 24h in 40-60% addition of apple pomace than in 100% orchardgrass silage. No statistical differences were observed with quickly degradable fraction (a) and slowly degradable fraction (b) in the disappearance rates of dry matter and NDF. However, fractional rate of disappearance (c) and effective degradability (ED, k=0.08) for dry matter and NDF were significantly higher in 20-60% addition of apple pomace as 0.0076-0.0079 and 0.0099-0.0130. and 39.3-41.7% and 18.4- 20.6% respectively than the respective values of 0.0054 and 0.0064, and 36.8 and 16.5% of 100% orchardgrass silage. (Key words : Orchardgrass silage. Apple pomace. Lactic acid, In Situ Degradability. Effective degradability)

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.25-37
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• 1985

Four points on the basal body temperature (B.B.T.) curve was correlated with the estimated time of ovulation, as determined by serial ultrasound in 50 induced menstrual cycles from 22 subjects. The time of ovulation was estimated by measuring the maximal diameter of follicles and observing the morphologic changes within the ovary from follicle to corpus luteum. The results were as following; 1. The diameter of the follicle measured at the day before disappearance was 21.1 mm on an average (S.D.: 2.14). The average follicular growth for 4 days before ovulation was measured at a rate of 2.8 mm/day, and rapid growth of follicle was observed 3.1 mm/day at the day before. 2. The changes associated with rupture of the follicles were the followings, in order of frequency; decrease in size(94%), disappearance of follicles(64%), fluid in the Cul-de-Sac(26%) and increased internal echoes(16%). 3. Only 20 of 50 cycles, exhibited a BBT dip and correlated with the estimated time of ovulation by ultrasound in 2 of which cases(10%). BBT nadir, 30 of 50 cycles, correlated in 5(16.7%). The first day of hyperthermic plateau(FDHP) and BBT coverline was exhibited in all cycles, correlated in 41(82%) and 35(70%) cases. 4. The relationship between the diameter of dominant dominant follicle, measured by ultrasound, and the basal body temperature curve were as following. During cycles in which dip was observed on the BBT curve, the follicular diameter were 10.5${\pm}$2.12 mm on 4 days prior to the point (D-4), and 12.5${\pm}$2.12 mm (D-3), 15.5${\pm$2.12 mm (D-2), 17.0${\pm}$1.41 mm (D-1) and 21.5${\pm}$2.12 mm just prior to the dip (D-0). In the nadir; 9.6${\pm}$1.67 mm (N-4), 12.8${\pm}$1.79 mm (N-3), 16.2${\pm}$1.92 mm (N-2), 18.2${\pm}$2.17 mm (N-1) and 21.4${\pm}$2.61 mm (N-0). In the First day of Hyperthemic Plateau (FDHP); 9.8${\pm}$1.36 mm (F-4), 12.4${\pm}$1.41 mm (F-3),15.1${\pm}$1.57 mm (F-2), 18.1${\pm}$1.67 mm (F-1) and 21.2${\pm}$2.25 mm (F-0). In the BBT coverline endopint; 9.9${\pm}$.39 mm (C-4), 12.5 ${\pm}$1.44 mm (C-3), 15.2${\pm}$1.64 mm (C-2), 18.0 ${\pm}$1.69 mm (C-1), and 21.2${\pm}$2.31 mm (C-0). 5. The relationship between the ultrasonographic signs of ovulation and the basal body temperature curve were as following. The BBT dip correlated with the ovulation in 2 cases, which revealed decrease in follicular diameter (100%), fluid pattem in the Cul-de-Sac (1 case, 50%) and complete disappearance of follicle (1 case, 50%). In the nadir (5 cases); the ultrasonographic signs of ovulation were decrease in follicular diameter (5 cases, 100%), fluid pattern in the Cul-de-Sac (1 case, 20%) and complete disappearance of follicle (3 cases, 60%). In the First day of Hyperthermic Plateau (41 cases); decrease in follicular diameter (40 cases, 97.6%), fluid pattern in the Cul-de-Sac (11 cases, 26.8%), appearance of internal echo and thickening of the wall (6 cases, 14.6%) and com plete disappearance of follicle (28 cases, 68.3%). In the BBT coverline endpoint (35 cases); decrease in follicular diameter (33 cases, 94.3%), fluid pattern in the Cul-de Sac (9 cases, 25.7%), appearance of internal echo and thickening of the wall (5 cases 14.3%) and complete disappearance of follicle (20 cases, 57.1%).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.355-372
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• 2004

In vitro experiments were conducted to determine the formation of fatty acid soaps (FAS) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance rate. The substrates were a basal alfalfa hay containing 1) no oil, 2) 10% soybean oil, 3) 10% com oil, on a weight basis. All the substrates were incubated in triplicate for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48h in each experiment. After the incubation in the first experiment serum bottles (6oml) were analyzed for nonesterified, esterifed and fatty acid soaps contents. The serum bottles (120mI) from the second experiment were analyzed for pH, $NH_3-N$ and VFA concentration, and dry matter and NDF disappearance rate. pH decreased and the concentration of NH3-N increased significantly with longer incubation time (P<0.0001). The disappearance rates of dry matter and NDF significantly varied with feed, incubation time and oils (P<0.05). The molar concentration of total VFA increased and proportion of acetate significantly decreased with incubation time (P<0.0001), but the proportion of propionate significantly increased with longer incubation time (P<0.0001). Addition of oils to diet lowered the ratio of acetate:propionate (P<0.05). The esterified fatty acids (EFA) decreased with increasing incubation time (P<0.0001), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased due to lipolysis of EFA, NEFA then reacted with cations to increase formation of FAS. The formation of FAS increased significantly at 48h of incubation time (P<0.0001). Especially, formation of stearic acid soaps was 27.5 and 32.5 folds with soybean oil and com oil supplements, respectively, by 48h of incubation time (P<0.0001). Alfalfa hay had higher cation contents, particularly Ca, which react with NEFA and FAS can be formed with longer incubation time. Saturated fatty acids had a higher proportion of FAS than did unsaturated fatty acids, suggesting that the former may react more extensively with cations. FAS contents increased with increasing chain length of the fatty acids. Since added vegetable oils fonned FAS, it might decrease negative effects on in vitro fermentation characteristics and NDF disappearance rate.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1967

Disappearance rate of injected $D_2O$ from the arterial blood as well as the effect of histamine on the rate were studied in rabbits. The concentrations of $D_2O$ in the serial arterial samples obtained through a Polyethylene tubing inserted into the carotid artery were assayed by the freezing point elevation method of Reaser. At zero time 3 ml of isotonic $D_2O$ in normal saline was injected into the jugular vein and at the same time serial sampling of arterial blood started. The serial sampling interval was either 7.7 sec or 12.3 sec. In the histamine treated animals histamine diphosphate (0,5 mg of histamine base) was injected intravenously 30 minutes prior to the zero time. The following results were obtained. 1. $D_2O$ concentration in arterial plasma water, x, was empirically obtained by the sum of 2 exponential terms of time, $x=Ae^{-k1t}+Be^{-k2t},$ and its theoretical basis was sought. The first term of the right member of the equation was regarded to be attributable to the compartment P which possessed instantaneous exchange of water with plasma. The second term was postulated to represent the poorly exchangeable compartment. 2. The constant A of the equation was evaluated as 4,37% and 14.3% in the control and histamine treated groups, respectively. B was 1.19% in the control and 0.849% in histamine treated animals. 3. The disappearance rates determined were; $k_1=0.0519{\pm}0.0221\;sec^{-1}\;K_2=0.00454{\pm}0.00247\;sec^{-1}$ in the control group. $k_1=0.1137{\pm}0.0290\;sec^{-1}\;K_2=0.00499{\pm}0.00204\;sec^{-1}$ in the histamine group. 4. In the histamine treated animals the disappearance rate of the first term was larger than that of the control animals, suggesting an enlarged size of the rapidly exchangeable compartment with regard to the plasma water. On the other hand the constant B was decreased by histamine administration, suggesting a distribution of $D_2O$ in an enlarged volume. This view was also made clear by comparing the apparent asymptotes to which the concentration curves of $D_2O$ approached in respective groups. The asymptotes in the histamine treated group showed lower values.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.721-728
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was conducted to determine the differences in the apparent ileal (AID) and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and indispensable amino acids (IAA) in high-fiber diets with wheat middlings, rice bran or alfalfa meal fed to Duroc${\times}$(Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) (DLY) and Duroc${\times}$ (Berkshire${\times}$Jiaxing) (DBJ) growing barrows. Methods: Eighteen DLY and 18 DBJ growing barrows were randomly allotted to a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement involving 2 crossbreeds and 3 high-fiber diets. The experiment lasted 15 d with 10 d for diets adaptation, 3 d for feces collection and 2 d for digesta collection. Three diets were based on corn and soybean meal with 25% wheat middlings, rice bran and alfalfa meal respectively. Results: DBJ had a greater (p<0.05) AID of isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine and valine and a lower (p<0.05) AID of methionine than DLY. The hindgut disappearance of acid detergent fiber for DBJ was greater (p<0.05) than DLY. The ATTD of gross energy, dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in wheat middlings diet were greater (p<0.05) than in rice bran and alfalfa meal diets. The hindgut disappearance of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in wheat middlings diet or rice bran diet were the highest or lowest (p<0.05), and those of alfalfa meal diet were the middle. Barrows fed rice bran diet had a greater (p<0.05) hindgut disappearance of gross energy, dry matter and organic matter and lower hindgut disappearance of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber than barrows fed alfalfa meal diet Conclusion: DBJ growing barrows showed a significant higher digestibility of fiber in the hindgut and most IAA in the small intestine compared with DLY barrows. The digestibilities of chemical constituents and IAA were affected by the diets formulated with different fiber sources.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1997

It is not long since treatment of food waste became a social problem. However, it is a fact that there have been a lot of debates on the treatment of food waste since several years ago. At present, two ways of disposing food waste are under great interest in Korea and Japan. One is drying of food waste at high temperature. The other is disappearance type, in which analysis by microorganism takes place with continuous supply of a bulking agent for a certain period of time that was stored in a reactor. In our laboratory, Disappearance type Food Waste Disposer is under interest, and experiments regarding condition establishment for efficient analysis of food waste were conducted. As preceding experimentation, experiments were done with regard to the selection of a substance to be used as a bulking agent, improvement by addition of a substance which maximizes initial growth of microorganism, and a concentration change in rank odors generated by reaction with deodorizer (absorbent). The results turned out to be satisfactory.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.371-377
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• 2009

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of different dietary ratios of whole-crop corn silage and alfalfa hay on nitrogen (N) digestion, duodenal flow and metabolism across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) of growing beef steers, and to elucidate their relationships. Four steers (236${\pm}$7 kg BW) fitted with duodenal cannulae and chronic indwelling catheters into the portal and mesenteric veins and abdominal aorta were used in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design. Animals were fed (at 12-h intervals) the 4 diets consisting of whole-crop corn silage (C) and alfalfa hay (A) in 80:20 (C8A2), 60:40 (C6A4), 40:60 (C4A6) and 20:80 (C2A8) ratios of which dietary crude protein (CP) was 10.5, 12.0, 13.5 and 15.0% of dry matter (DM), respectively. Feeding level was restricted to 95% of ad libitum intake to measure N digestion, blood flow and net flux of N across the PDV. Digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber and digestible energy intake linearly increased as the ratio of alfalfa hay increased. The N intake, duodenal flow and intestinal disappearance increased linearly with increasing alfalfa hay. Arterial and portal concentrations of ${\alpha}$-amino N showed a quadratic response to increasing levels of alfalfa hay and were the highest in steers fed the C6A4 diet. The net PDV release of ${\alpha}$-amino N and ammonia N increased linearly with increasing alfalfa hay, but urea N uptake by PDV did not differ among diets. As a percentage of apparently digested N in the total gut, net PDV release of ${\alpha}$-amino N linearly decreased from 66 to 48% with increasing alfalfa hay. Conversely, net PDV recovery of ${\alpha}$-amino N to intestinal N disappearance varied with increasing alfalfa hay accounting for 49, 50, 58 and 61% on C8A2, C6A4, C4A6 and C2A8 diets, respectively. Net PDV uptake of urea N, relative to apparently digested N, linearly decreased from 81 to 25% as alfalfa hay increased from 20 to 80% of DM intake. Considering PDV uptake of urea N, microbial efficiency and conversion of total tract digested N to PDV ${\alpha}$-amino N net supply, a diet consisting of 80% whole-crop corn silage and 20% alfalfa hay (10.5% CP) was the best, while considering the quantities of intestinal N disappearance and ${\alpha}$-amino N absorption, a diet of 20% whole-crop corn silage and 80% alfalfa hay (15% CP) would be preferred. The proportion of ${\alpha}$-amino N recovered by PDV relative to the intestinal N disappearance may vary with energy intake level of mixed forage diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.479-485
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• 2017

Objective: The effects of particle size of processed barley grain, enzyme addition and microwave treatment on in vitro dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD), gas production and fermentation pH were investigated for feedlot cattle. Methods: Rumen fluid from four fistulated feedlot cattle fed a diet of 860 dry-rolled barley grain, 90 maize silage and 50 supplement g/kg DM was used as inoculum in 3 batch culture in vitro studies. In Experiment 1, dry-rolled barley and barley ground through a 1-, 2-, or 4-mm screen were used to obtain four substrates differing in particle size. In Experiment 2, cellulase enzyme (ENZ) from Acremonium cellulolyticus Y-94 was added to dry-rolled and ground barley (2-mm) at 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/g, while Experiment 3 examined the interactions between microwaving (0, 30, and 60 s microwaving) and ENZ addition (0, 1, and 2 mg/g) using dry-rolled barley and 2-mm ground barley. Results: In Experiment 1, decreasing particle size increased DMD and gas production, and decreased fermentation pH (p<0.01). The DMD (g/kg DM) of the dry-rolled barley after 24 h incubation was considerably lower (p<0.05) than that of the ground barley (119.1 dry-rolled barley versus 284.8 for 4-mm, 341.7 for 2-mm; and 358.6 for 1-mm). In Experiment 2, addition of ENZ to dry-rolled barley increased DMD (p<0.01) and tended to increase (p = 0.09) gas production and decreased (p<0.01) fermentation pH, but these variables were not affected by ENZ addition to ground barley. In Experiment 3, there were no interactions between microwaving and ENZ addition after microwaving for any of the variables. Microwaving had minimal effects (except decreased fermentation pH), but consistent with Experiment 2, ENZ addition increased (p<0.01) DMD and gas production, and decreased (p<0.05) fermentation pH of dry-rolled barley, but not ground barley. Conclusion: We conclude that cellulase enzymes can be used to increase the rumen disappearance of barley grain when it is coarsely processed as in the case of dry-rolled barley. However, microwaving of barley grain offered no further improvements in ruminal fermentation of barley grain.