• 교육시설
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2000

Microclimate of open spaces on campus tends to be important because it is related with people's comfort and it can influences their behaviors in outdoor during summer. Climatic components for 4 points, concrete paving, lawn, landscaped pergola and nearby forest on university campus were measured and evaluated. The results show that the air temperatures on paving such as concrete and lawn under the direct solar radiation were higher than the temperatures of canopied spaces such as pergora and nearby forest by up to $7^{\circ}C$ during summer. Characteristics of temperatures on lawn were similar to those on concrete paving. After evaluation, concrete surface was worst among 4 points, while landscaped pergola was the most effective facility in terms of thermal comfort during summer.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.78-85
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• 2011

In this study, an underfloor air distribution(UFAD) system installed on the S. office building was evaluated for its indoor environmental quality performance. Field measurement and survey were conducted for the overall POE(Post Occupied Evaluation). PMV(including temperature, humidity, air velocity and globe temperature) and several environmental components were measured while thermal comfort, thermal sensation, acoustical environment and others. were investigated through survey. Except for the direct upper part of the air supply diffuser on the floor, the indoor velocity was less than 0.25m/s, which has been suggested by ASHRAES tandard 55 as the limit for thermal comfort. MRT of the perimeter zone of the room showed a higher value than that in the interior because of the introduced solar radiation through the building envelope. PMV was generally maintained in the range of thermal comfort (from -0.5 to +0.5), though it weighted to the warm side. It was reported to have 61% positive response on thermal comfort and 55% on neutral thermal sensation. The results of each survey item showed some gender-based differences. Specifically, female respondents had higher degree of dissatisfaction with indoor air cleanness and acoustical privacy. The working surface showed more than 400 lux and the equivalent noise level showed less than 50 dB(A). In conclusion, the results of the measurement and survey showed good agreement. Indoor environmental quality of the subject office room where the UFAD system was installed showed an overall excellent performance.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2018

Purpose: The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the conical solar concentrator (CSC) system, whose design is focused on increasing its collecting efficiency by determining the optimal conical angle through a theoretical study. Methods: The design and thermal performance analysis of a solar concentrator system based on a $45^{\circ}$ conical concentrator were conducted utilizing different mass flow rates. For an accurate comparison of these flow rates, three equivalent systems were tested under the same operating conditions, such as the incident direct solar radiation, and ambient and inlet temperatures. In order to minimize heat loss, the optimal double tube absorber length was selected by considering the law of reflection. A series of experiments utilizing water as operating fluid and two-axis solar tracking systems were performed under a clear or cloudless sky. Results: The analysis results of the CSC system according to varying mass flow rates showed that the collecting efficiency tended to increase as the flow rate increased. However, the collecting efficiency decreased as the flow rate increased beyond the optimal value. In order to optimize the collecting efficiency, the conical angle, which is a design factor of CSC, was selected to be $45^{\circ}$ because its use theoretically yielded a low heat loss. The collecting efficiency was observed to be lowest at 0.03 kg/s and highest at 0.06 kg/s. All efficiencies were reduced over time because of variations in ambient and inlet temperatures throughout the day. The maximum efficiency calculated at an optimum flow rate of 0.06 kg/s was 85%, which is higher than those of the other flow rates. Conclusions: It was reasonable to set the conical angle and mass flow rate to achieve the maximum CSC system efficiency in this study at $45^{\circ}$ and 0.06 kg/s, respectively.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.11-15
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 헤테로 접합을 이용하여 누설전류를 저감 시키는 기술을 적용하여 Particle-In -Binder을 이용한 방사선 영상 센서의 변환 물질을 개발하였다. 이는 디지털 방사선 영상 검출기의 두 가지 방식 중 하나인 직접방식에 사용되는 핵심 소자로 기존의 비정질 셀레늄(Amorphous Selenium)을 대체하여 더욱 효율이 높은 후보 물질들이 연구되어지는 가운데 태양전지와 반도체 분야에서 이미 많이 사용되어온 이종접합(Hetero junction)을 이용해 누설 전류를 저감 시키는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구에서 사용되는 Particle-In -Binder 제작 방법은 검출 물질 제작이 용이하고 높은 수율과 대면적의 검출기 제작에 적합하나 높은 누설 전류가 의료 영상 시스템에 있어서 문제가 되어 오고 있다. 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해 다층 구조를 이용하여 누설 전류를 저감시킨다면 Particle-In -Binder을 이용하여 간편하게 향상된 효율의 디지털 방사선 검출기를 제작 할 수 있다고 사료 되어 진다. 본 연구에서는 누설전류 및 민감도, 그리고 선형성에 대한 전기적 신호를 측정하여 제작된 다층 구조의 방사선 검출 물질의 특성 평가가 이루어 졌다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.99-120
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• 1997

위성 탐사 지구 관측 자료, 특히 가시광선 영역의 자료는 태양광이 지구 대기계와 복잡 한 상호 작용을 거친후 위성센서에 의해서 감지되어 수집된 것이다. 따라서 가시광선 영역의 지 구 관측 위성 자료를 정량적으로 분석하기 위해서는 대기의 산란과 흡수에 의한 대기효과에 대한 정량적 보정이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 대기효과에 대한 정량적 보정을 위해서 복사 전달 모델 의 활용 가능성을 조사하였다. 이를 위해 위성 원격탐사 응용 분야에 이용되고 있는 복사 전달 모델 중의 하나인 LOWTRAN7의 복사 전달 모의 결과 중 단파 자료를 복사 관측 자료인 CAGEX 자료와 비교하였다. CAGEX 관측 자료는 대기복사 모델의 검정을 위하여 NASA Langley Research Center에서 수집한 자료로써, 1)대기 sounding, aerosols, 구름의 특성 자료, 2) 지구복사계, 직달일사계, 차광전천일사계에 의해 측정된 ARM(Aerosol Radiation Measurement) 자료, 3)Fu-Luio 모델에 의해 모의된 장파, 단파 flux 등의 자료로 구성되어 있다. 대기복사 전달 모의를 위하여 에어로졸의 광학적 특성은 CAGEX의 column optical depth, Spinhime의 산란 계 수 수직 분포와 D' Almeida의 에어로졸 복사 특성 값으로부터 도출되었다. LOWTRAN7의 복사 모의는 완전히 맑은 날에 해당하는 31개의 경우에 대하여 수행되었으며, 이 모의 결과 중 단파영 역에서의 지표면에서의 상향복사와 지표면으로의 하향직달복사 및 하향 확산 복사 그리고 대기 상단에서의 상향 복사를 CAGEX 관측 자료와 각각 비교 하였다. 비교 결과 CAGEX 자료에 대한 LOWTRAN7 결과의 표준 오차는 지표면에서의 하향 확산 복사(6.9%)를 제외한 모든 복사 항목 들이 5%이내였다. 이 결과로 보아 하향 확산 복사항의 오차가 가장 크며 이 오차가 관련된 나머 지 항목의 오차를 일으키는 역할을 하는 것으로 추측할 수 있다. 결론적으로 지표면에서의 하향 확산 복사 항목은 에어로졸에 의해 생기는 항목이므로 향후 복사 모델을 고려할 때 에어로졸의 산란에 의한 부분이 더 고려 된다면 복사 전달 모델을 이용하여 정량적으로 대기 효과를 보정하 는데 오차를 줄일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1057-1072
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• 2017

In order to investigate the effect of air temperature reduction on an urban neighborhood park, air temperature data from five inside locations (forest, pine tree, lawn, brick and pergola) depending on surface types and three outside locations (Suwon, Maetan and Kwonsun) depending on urban forms were collected during the summer 2016 and compared. The forest location had the lowest mean air temperature amongst all locations sampled, though the mean difference between this and the other four locations in the park was relatively small ($0.2-0.5^{\circ}C$). In the daytime, the greatest mean difference between the forest location and the two locations exposed to direct beam solar radiation (brick and lawn) was $0.5-0.8^{\circ}C$ (Max. $1.6-2.1^{\circ}C$). In the nighttime, the mean difference between the forest location and the other four locations in the park was small, though differences between the forest location and locations with grass cover (pine tree and lawn) reached a maximum of $0.9-1.7^{\circ}C$. Comparing air temperature between sunny and shaded locations, the shaded locations showed a maximum of $1.5^{\circ}C$ lower temperature in the daytime and $0.7^{\circ}C$ higher in the nighttime. Comparing the air temperature of the forest location with those of the residential (Kwonsun) and apartment (Maetan) locations, the mean air temperature difference was $0.8-1.0^{\circ}C$, higher than those measured between the forest location and the other park locations. The temperatures measured in the forest location were mean $0.9-1.3^{\circ}C$ (Max. $2.0-3.9^{\circ}C$) lower in the daytime than for the residential and apartment locations and mean $0.4-1.0^{\circ}C$ (Max. $1.3-3.1^{\circ}C$) lower in the nighttime. During the hottest period of each month, the difference was greater than the mean monthly differences, with temperatures in the residential and apartment locations mean $1.0-1.6^{\circ}C$ higher than those measured in the forest location. The effect of air temperature reduction on sampling locations within the park and a relatively high thermal environment on the urban sampling locations was clearly evident in the daytime, and the shading effect of trees in the forest location must be most effective. In the nighttime, areas with a high sky view factor and surface types with high evapotranspiration potential (e.g. grass) showed the maximum air temperature reduction. In the urban areas outside the park, the low-rise building area, with a high sky view factor, showed high air temperature due to the effect of solar (shortwave) radiation during the daytime, while in the nighttime the area with high-rise buildings, and hence a low sky view factor, showed high air temperature due to the effect of terrestrial (longwave) radiation emitted by surrounding high-rise building surfaces. The effect of air temperature reduction on the park with a high thermal environment in the city was clearly evident in the daytime, and the shading effect of trees in the forest location must be most effective. In the nighttime, areas with high sky view factor and surface types (e.g., grass) with evapotranspiration effect showed maximum air temperature reduction. In the urban areas outside the park, the high sky view factor area (low-rise building area) showed high air temperature due to the effect of solar (shortwave) radiation during the daytime, but in the nighttime the low sky view factor area (high-rise building area) showed high air temperature due to the effect of terrestrial (longwave) radiation emitted surrounding high-rise building surfaces.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 1980

韓國煙草硏究所, 大邱試驗場(北緯35$^{\circ}$49')에서 1979年 透明한 fiber glass로 지은 円柱型 greenhouse(4.50$\times$3.83$\times$2.80m)內에 乾燥室의 外壁 및 天井을 Polyurethan에 함석을 입혀 黑色 paint로 coating한 板을 heat absorber겸 斷熱板으로, 乾燥室 양편에 各各 4.5㎥의 자갈을 넣은 gravel heat storage system 그리고 greenhouse內의 加熱된 空氣를 練燒室로 誘導할 수 있는 air duct를 설치한 8.25㎥의 太陽熱 直接利用 方式의 Bulk 乾燥材와 同一한 크기의 Bulk 乾燥材를 比較 試驗하였다. 乾燥期間中 外溫 30.5~35.5$^{\circ}C$, 總日射量 1004.2~1436.2 cal/$\textrm{cm}^2$의 條件下에서 3回 乾燥 試驗한 結果, 天井 heat absorber의 最高溫度는 89$^{\circ}C$이였으며, 練燒室로 吸入되는 空氣의 最高溫度는 64$^{\circ}C$이며 평균 46$^{\circ}C$로서 外溫에 비하여 18$^{\circ}C$가 높았고, 慣行Bulk乾燥材에 비하여 25%의 燃料가 節減되였다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.620-628
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• 2005

The blinds in the intermediate space are installed to block the direct solar radiation. As the blind divide the airflow of intermediate space into two, thermal performance of Double-Skin Facade (DSF) are affected by the blind position. Therefore blind position should be planed with careful consideration in order to maximize the thermal performance of DSF. In this study, CFD was peformed to analyze the effect of blind position in multistory-type DSF in variation of other DSF elements. The simulation results showed that the case with narrow depth of intermediate space and outlet on upper side of outer-facade, it is profitable to place blind as close as possible to the outer-facade. In the other cases, the blind should maintain 0.15 m distance from outer-facade.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2006년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2006 PORSEC Volume I
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• pp.446-449
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• 2006

It is backscattering of solar radiation by water body that makes ocean color observable from above, either by airplanes or satellites. Given the very low direct contribution to backscattering by phytoplankton cells, it is curious why the retrieval of phytoplankton concentration from remotely observed ocean color is evidently successful. From semianalytical bio-optical models, a dataset is created of spectral absorption, scattering and backscattering coefficients as a function of chlorophyll concentration. Four scenarios are considered, 1) only molecular and no particle scattering, 2) random particle backscattering uncorrelated with chlorophyll concentration, 3) constrained random particle scattering with known backscattering ratio, and 4) constrained random scattering with random backscattering ratio. Scenario 1 only introduces moderate errors of -20% - 90%. And for scenarios 3 and 4, the errors are largely within 30% and 100%. Scenario 2 introduces the largest errors, with the retrieved chlorophyll concentration virtually uncorrelated with the true values, implying the backscattering must somehow be related to the trophic state. The results of the study suggested These 3 cases confirmed that while it is the absorption by phytoplankton that in large part decides the accuracy of chlorophyll concentration retrieval, for the success of monitoring of global ocean primary productivity we have to improve our knowledge on particle backscattering.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2007

At the moment, the reduction of building energy consumption is a unavoidable task of mankind for conserving global environment. Decreasing overall U-value of building envelope and air infiltration, especially in Korean climate condition with clear four seasons, are the obvious solutions for the objective. Thus low glazing ratio with small window openings are required for heating and cooling load reduction in buildings. Using larger window openings could provide better natural ventilation but it also increases the direct solar radiation penetration into indoor space, heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter. On the other hand, the ventilation rates decreasing problem with smaller window openings could be occurred. As a solution for it, the use of casement window can cause increasing natural ventilation rates by wing wall effect. This paper focuses on deduce the most efficient opening type of casement window in Korean climate. To estimate ventilation performance of each opening types, CFD simulation was used. The best performance of opening type in every wind direction is opening both windows to the center and the most appropriate opening type for Korean climate is also opening both windows to center.