• 대한간호학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.276-286
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was done to examine actor and partner effect of dementia knowledge, self-efficacy and depression on dementia preventive behavior in elderly couples. Methods: Participants were 115 couples aged 60 years or over who met eligibility criteria. All measures were self-administered. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 program. Results: Dementia knowledge in elderly couples showed actor and partner effect on dementia preventive behavior. Self-efficacy in the wife did not have direct effects on dementia preventive behavior, but showed indirect effects through dementia knowledge. Self-efficacy in the husband showed direct effects on dementia preventive behavior and indirect effects through dementia knowledge. Wife's depression had direct actor effect on dementia preventive behavior and indirect effect through self-efficacy and dementia knowledge. Husband's depression did not have direct actor effect on dementia preventive behavior, but indirect effect through self-efficacy and dementia knowledge. Effect size of wives' dementia knowledge, self-efficacy and depression on dementia preventive behavior was larger than that of husbands'. Dementia preventive behavior, dementia knowledge and depression had a mutual effect. Conclusion: Results indicate that to promote dementia preventive activity in elderly couples, programs should be conducted for both of the couple, but focused differently for wife and husband.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.302-312
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• 2023

This paper describes the analysis of lightning strike zoning, the indirect lightning data simulation and the protection design for lightning indirect effects of equipment by lightning strike for unmanned aircraft consisting of composite wings. Through the analysis of lightning strike zoning according to the external shape of unmanned aerial vehicles, the structure areas that should be protected during lightning strike is derived, and the protection requirements of lightning indirect effects for flight critical equipments and equipment that must be operated upon lightning strike was derived. Lightning protection levels according to the location of mounting equipment and surrounding structure materials for each equipment was derived, and the protection design of the unmanned aerial vehicle with composite structures was also proposed from direct effect of lightning. Later, the lightning protection technology will be verified by the ground test of lightning direct and indirect effects.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.213-228
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• 2014

This study examined the effects of peer relationships, depression, and aggression on bullying and victimization among boys and girls. The subjects were 364 3rd grade students (boys, 218; girls, 146) and 368 6th grade students (boys, 186; girls, 182), that is, a total of 732 students from three elementary schools. Data were collected on bullying, victimization, peer relationships (mutual friendship, mutual antipathy, and peer popularity), depression, and aggression (overt aggression and relationship aggression) from July 12, 2012 to July 13, 2012. These data were analyzed by means of a chi-squared analysis, t-test, and a logistic regression analysis. The results revealed that there were differences by sex in the case of direct bullying and victimization but no differences in the case of indirect bullying and victimization. Among boys, the factors influencing direct bullying were depression and overt aggression, and the factor influencing direct/indirect victimization was depression. Among girls, the factors influencing direct bullying were mutual antipathy relations and relational aggression, the factors influencing indirect victimization were mutual antipathy relations and peer popularity, the factor influencing indirect bullying was mutual antipathy relations, and the factor influencing indirect victimization was peer popularity. The results of this study showed that the factors influencing bullying and victimization are differences in sex. Finally, the implications and methodology for developing bullying prevention education programs were discussed.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.211-221
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was done to develop and test a structural model on smoking cessation intention in technical high school men. The conceptual model was based on the theory of reasoned action and health promotion model. Methods: From May 29 to April 13, 2015, 413 technical high school students who smoked completed a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed to calculate the direct and indirect effects of factors affecting smoking cessation intention. The SPSS WIN 20.0 and AMOS 21.0 programs were used. Results: The hypothetical model was a good fit for the data. The model fit indices were $x^2/df=2.36$, GFI=.95, AGFI=.92, NFI=0.97, and RMSEA=.05. Self-esteem had direct and indirect effects on smoking cessation intention. Attitude, subjective norm, and self-efficacy had direct effects on smoking cessation intention. Smoking knowledge and environmental factor had indirect effects on smoking cessation intention. This model explained 87.0% of the variance in smoking cessation intention. Conclusion: These results indicate that technical high school students' intention to stop smoking can be improved through an increase in self-esteem, negative environmental factors, attitude toward smoking cessation, subjective norm about smoking cessation, and self-efficacy for smoking cessation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2005

Knowledge of the relationship between crop yield and yield-limiting factors is essential for precision farming. However, developing this knowledge is not easy because these yield-limiting factors are interrelated and affect crop yield in different ways. In this study, data for grain yield and yield-limiting factors, including crop chlorophyll content, soil chemical properties, and topography were collected for a small (0.3 ha) rice paddy field in Korea and a large (36 ha) upland corn field in the USA, and relationships were investigated with path analysis. Using this approach, the effects of limiting factors on crop yield could be separated into direct effects and indirect effects acting through other factors. Path analysis provided more insight into these complex relationships than did simple correlation or multiple linear regression analysis. Results of correlation analysis for the rice paddy field showed that EC, Ca, and $SiO_2$ had significant (P<0.1) correlations with rice yield, while pH, Ca, Mg, Na, $SiO_2,\;and\;P_2O_5$ had significant correlations with the SPAD chlorophyll reading. Path analysis provided additional information about the importance and contribution paths of soil variables to rice yield and growth. Ca had the highest direct effect (0.52) and indirect effect via Mg (-0.37) on rice yield. The indirect effect of Mg through Ca (0.51) was higher than the direct effect (-0.38). Path analysis also enabled more appropriate selection of important factors limiting crop yield by considering cause-and-effect relationships among predictor and response variables. For example, although pH showed a positive correlation (r=0.35) with SPAD readings, the correlation was mainly due to the indirect positive effects acting through Mg and $SiO_2$, while pH not only showed negative direct effects, but also negatively impacted indirect effects of other variables on SPAD readings. For the large upland Missouri corn field, two topographic factors, elevation and slope, had significant (P<0.1) direct effects on yield and highly significant (P<0.01) correlations with other limiting factors. Based on the correlation analysis alone, P and K were determined to be nutrients that would increase corn yield for this field. With the help of path analysis, however, increases in Mg could also be expected to increase corn yield in this case. In general, path analysis results were consistent with published optimum ranges of nutrients for rice and com production. We conclude that path analysis can be a useful tool to investigate interrelationships between crop yield and yield limiting factors on a site-specific basis.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.41-56
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• 2000

This study focused on the effects of family, individual characteristics of adolescents and coping behaviors on adolescent runaway. The major findings were as follows: 1. Adolescent who had higher level of family violence, lower level of communication with parent, family cohesion and adaptability, and resource adequacy perception reported higher scores in runaway. 2. Adolescents who had higher level of emotional distress, lower level of self-esteem and self-control tended to have higher scores in runaway. 3. There was a significant difference in adolescent runaway according to coping behavior styles. 4. Maladaptive coping behaviors were significantly associated with the runaway adolescent group. 5. Adaptive coping behaviors were not associated with both runaways and non-runaways group. 6. Communication with father had a direct effect on adolescent runaway and also indirect effects through emotional stress and maladaptive coping behavior. 7. Maladaptive coping behaviors had a direct effect on adolescent runaway but adaptive coping behavior had no effect. 8. Emotional stress had an indirect effect through maladaptive coping behavior on adolescent runaway. 9. Communication with father had a direct effect and an indirect effect through self-esteem of adolescents on the adaptive coping behavior. 10. Family adaptability had a direct effect on the adaptive coping behavior.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.813-821
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the actor and partner effects of daily stress and dyadic coping on marital satisfaction using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediational Model (APIeM). Methods: Participants were 314 couples who met the study's eligibility criteria. Data were collected from March to April 2016 through apartment and cooperative company communities in Seoul. Two APIeMs of positive and negative dyadic coping were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and Mplus 7.4. All measures were self-administered. Results: Daily stress and positive and negative dyadic coping in both spouses had direct actor effects on their marital satisfaction. Daily stress in both spouses had an indirect actor effect on marital satisfaction through their positive and negative dyadic coping. The husband's daily stress had an indirect partner effect on the wife's marital satisfaction through his positive dyadic coping, while the wife's positive dyadic coping had a direct partner effect on the husband's marital satisfaction. The husband's daily stress had an indirect partner effect on the wife's marital satisfaction through his negative dyadic coping, while the wife's negative dyadic coping had a direct partner effect on the husband's marital satisfaction. Conclusion: Dyadic coping is an effective way to deal with couple's daily hassles as it increase their satisfaction in marriage.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

The positions, attitudes, and internal orientation parameters of three line scanners are critical factors in order to acquire the accurate location of objects on the ground. Based on the assumption that positions and attitudes of the sensors are derived either from direct geo-referencing which of using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), or from indirect geo-referencing which of using Ground Control Points (GCPs), this paper describes on biased effects of Internal Orientation Parameter (IOP) on the ground. The research concentrated on geometrical explanations of effects from different focal length biases on the ground. The Synthetic data was collected by reasonable flight trajectories and attitudes of three line scanners. The result of experiments demonstrated that the focal length bias in case of indirect geo-referencing does not have critical influences on the quality of reconstructed ground space. Also, the relationships between IO parameters and EO parameters were found by the correlation analysis. In fact, the focal length bias in case of the direct geo-referencing caused significant errors on coordinates of reconstructed objects. The RMSE values along the vertical direction and the amount of focal length bias turned out to be almost perfect linear relationship.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.599-606
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• 1999

Water extracts of persimmon leaf tea(PLTE), green tea(GTE) and oolong tea(OTE), at the con centration used for human consumption, were examined for inhibitory effects on the mutagenicity of major classes of dietary and environmental mutagens including indirect acting mutagens, B[ ]P (benzo[ ]pyrene), IQ(2 amino 3 methylimidazo[4,5 f]quinoline), 2 AA(2 aminoanthracene) in the presence of S9 mix and direct acting mutagen, 4 NQO(4 nitroquinoline 1 oxide) without S9 mix, using the modified Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. PLTE, GTE and OTE showed very potent and concentration dependent antimutagenic effects against indirect acting mutagens B[ ]P and IQ. At the maximum concentration(16,200 g/plate) of each tea extract, number of colonies decreased in a dose dependent manner up to 82~100%. Similar inhibition of PLTE, GTE and OTE were seen at higher concentration in the mutagenicity of the 2 AA following an initial increase in the activity at lower concentration. However, the mutagenicity of the direct acting mutagen 4 NQO were not suppressed at lower concentration of the three tea extracts, and higher concentration of the tea extracts enhanced mutagenic activity of the mutagen. There were no differences in the mode of antimutagenesis between PLTE, GTE, and OTE, in both Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains against the same mutagen. In conclusion, the water extracts of persimmon leaf tea, green tea and oolong tea possess marked antimutagenic potential against a variety of important dietary and environmental indirect acting mutagens, but the activity was not observed against the direct acting mutagens. These results suggest that the mode of inhibitory action may not have resulted from direct interaction between tea extracts and the mutagens, but rather from indirect metabolic inactivation of mutagens by tea extracts.

• 경영과학
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.109-133
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• 2005

The exponential growth of the on-line shopping mall has been the advent of buying and selling products and services over the internet. In these circumstances, this paper presents the importance of understanding and managing the purchasing behavior of on-line shopping mall customers. The main purpose of this research is to find out the antecedents of customer trust and to conceptualize and investigate the relationship between endogenous mediating variables(such as customer trust, attitude, loyalty, relationship involvement) and purchasing and/or repurchasing intention in internet shopping mall. The empirical findings are as follows : First, the three antecedents of customer trust( EC system characteristics, psychological propensity, and trustworthiness) had the positive effects on the formation of site trust. Second, we found out that there were direct or indirect relationships between the mediating variables and on-line purchasing and/or repurchasing intention. In Particular, the direct effects of customer attitude on customer loyalty and buying intention were rejected, but the indirect effects through relationship involvement were accepted. This means that the relationship marketing is probably more important for the success of internet shopping mall Third, there were no direct relationship between the mediating variables and the repurchasing intention, but most researches in the brick and mortar, the proposition are supported. This implies that repurchasing intention was intensified by the indirect path, such as site trust $\longrightarroe$ attitude $\longrightarroe$ involvement $\longrightarroe$ loyalty $\longrightarroe$ purchasing intention $\longrightarroe$ repurchasing intention. So, the internet marketers must make an effort not only to strengthen the direct casual linkage between them but also to consolidate the indirect connections leading to boost purchasing and repurchasing intention.