• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1999.07g
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• pp.3313-3315
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• 1999

Si direct bonding(SDB) technology is very attractive for both Si-on-insulator(SOI) electric devices and MEMS applications because of its stress free structure and stability. This paper presents on pre-bonding according to HF pre-treatment conditions in Si wafer direct bonding. The characteristics of bonded sample were measured under different bonding conditions of HF concentration, and applied pressure. The bonding strength was evaluated by tensile strength method. The bonded interface and the void were analyzed by using SEM and IR camera respectively. A bond characteristic on the interface was analyzed by using IT- IR. Si-F bonds on Si surface after HF pre-treatment are replaced by Si-OH during a DI water rinse. Consequently, hydrophobic wafer was bonded by hydrogen bonding of Si $OH{\cdots}(HOH{\cdots}HOH{\cdots}HOH){\cdots}OH-Si$. The bond strength depends on the HF pre-treatment condition before pre- bonding (Min:$2.4kgf/crn^2{\sim}Max:14.9kgf/crn^2$)

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.64-71
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• 2018

Background: The cultivation of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in greenhouses could reduce the use of pesticides and result in higher yield; however, construction costs are problematic. The adaptation of direct-sowing culture in greenhouses could reduce the cost of ginseng production. Methods and Results: To improve seedling establishment in direct-sowing culture, effects of sowing density (SD), number of seeds sown per hole (SN), and thinning (TH) treatment on the root yield were investigated after 3 years of seeding. The emergence rate was significantly influenced by SD, but not by SN or TH. Damping-off and rusty roots increased with an increase in SN with diminishing effects of SN on seedling establishment. Root weight and diameter were affected by SD, SN, and TH, however, there were no statistical significances. The total number of roots harvested per unit area increased with increasing SD and SN, and the weight of roots was affected by SD, but not by SN or TH. Conclusions: Multi-seed sowing per hole and/or thinning might not be an efficient method for the direct-sowing culture of ginseng. The SD for direct seeding culture in greenhouses should be approximately $33-42seeds/m^2$ for an optimum yield of 3-year-old ginseng.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.225-229
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• 1999

Unstable seedling stand establishment of wet direct seeding culture of rice is one of the major elements preventing the extension of its culture area. In order to develop methods of seedling stand improvement in direct seeded rice on flooded surfaces, three field experiments were conducted on silty loam soil using a cultivar 'Donjinbyeo' for three years, mainly focusing on water management after seeding and seed soaking with plant growth regulators (PGRs). Under the condition of shallow flooding after seeding, seedling stand rate increased and floating seedling rate decreased in both early and normal season seeding compared to deep flooding. With earlier draining time after seeding, there was a tendency towards preferential growth of the seminal root, increase of seedling stand and decrease of the floating seedling rate. Therefore the highest seedling numbers per unit area and the lowest floating seedling numbers were found upon drainage at 1 day after seeding (DAS), while a contrary tendency was shown upon conventional drainage at 7 DAS. Seed soaking with PGRs such as Metalaxyl or mixing of Metalaxyl with gibberellic acid (GA$_3$) significantly increased the seedling stand. In addition the effects of PGR treatment on seedling stand and the early growth of plants were greater under flooded conditions than under drained conditions after seeding, although draining of water after seeding improved the seedling establishment rate more when compared with the PGR treatment. These results suggest that draining management after seeding or maintaining of shallow flooding for a week is the most effective method to improve the seedling stand rate in wet direct seeding.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2018

Background: Related to escalating health care costs and the questionable effectiveness of multiple interventions including lumbar facet joint interventions, cost effectiveness or cost utility analysis has become the cornerstone of evidence-based medicine influencing coverage decisions. Methods: Cost utility of therapeutic lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in managing chronic low back pain was performed utilizing data from a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with a 2-year follow-up, with direct payment data from 2016. Based on the data from surgical interventions, utilizing the lowest proportion of direct procedural costs of 60%, total cost utility per quality adjusted life year (QALY) was determined by multiplying the derived direct cost at 1.67. Results: Patients in this trial on average received $5.6{\pm}2.6$ procedures over a period of 2 years, with average relief over a period of 2 years of $82.8{\pm}29.6$ weeks with $19{\pm}18.77$ weeks of improvement per procedure. Procedural cost for one-year improvement in quality of life showed USD $2,654.08. Estimated total costs, including indirect costs and drugs with multiplication of direct costs at 1.67, showed a cost of USD $4,432 per QALY. Conclusions: The analysis of therapeutic lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in the treatment of chronic low back pain shows clinical effectiveness and cost utility at USD $2,654.08 for the direct costs of the procedures, and USD $4,432 for the estimated overall cost per one year of QALY, in chronic persistent low back pain non-responsive to conservative management.

• Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
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• v.61 no.12
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• pp.686-691
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• 2018

Background and Objectives Previous studies have suggested the usefulness and importance of postoperative voice therapy, for which there are indirect and direct methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of treatment according to different voice therapy methods. Subjects and Method Patients with vocal polyp were divided into three groups. Group 1 received direct voice therapy after phonomicrosurgery and Group 2 indirect voice therapy after phonomicrosurgery. Group 3 did not receive any voice therapy. Results Perceptual, acoustic, aerodynamic voice outcome parameters differed significantly between pre and post-operative treatments. In almost all of the voice analysis, Group 1, who underwent direct voice therapy, improved more significantly compared with Group 2 and 3. Conclusion Postoperative voice therapy following phonomicrosurgery may be an effective adjuvant treatment in patients with vocal polyps. In particular, direct voice therapy can be effective for improving postoperative voice outcome.

• BMB Reports
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• v.57 no.8
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• pp.363-368
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• 2024

Parkinson's disease (PD), characterized by dopaminergic neuron degeneration in the substantia nigra, is caused by various genetic and environmental factors. Current treatment methods are medication and surgery; however, a primary therapy has not yet been proposed. In this study, we aimed to develop a new treatment for PD that induces direct reprogramming of dopaminergic neurons (iDAN). Achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1 (ASCL1) is a primary factor that initiates and regulates central nervous system development and induces neurogenesis. In addition, it interacts with BRN2 and MYT1L, which are crucial transcription factors for the direct conversion of fibroblasts into neurons. Overexpression of ASCL1 along with the transcription factors NURR1 and LMX1A can directly reprogram iDANs. Using a retrovirus, GFP-tagged ASCL1 was overexpressed in astrocytes. One week of culture in iDAN convertsion medium reprogrammed the astrocytes into iDANs. After 7 days of differentiation, TH+/TUJ1+ cells emerged. After 2 weeks, the number of mature TH+/TUJ1+ dopaminergic neurons increased. Only ventral midbrain (VM) astrocytes exhibited these results, not cortical astrocytes. Thus, VM astrocytes can undergo direct iDAN reprogramming with ASCL1 alone, in the absence of transcription factors that stimulate dopaminergic neurons development.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.189-193
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of floor heating system on housing environment and performance in broiler production. PVC heating pipes(in 25cm spacing) were covered with concrete under the litter. Floor heating system was compared with conventional direct heating system. Each treatment had two replicates of 110 birds each. Litter moisture content was significantly reduced in floor heating system than conventional direct heating system(P〈0.05). Dust concentration was higher in floor heating system because of low litter moisture content. CO$_2$concentration was 2,900ppm and 1,500ppm on the direct heating system and floor heating system, respectively at the age of 1 week. Body weight was significantly higher in floor heating system at 7 weeks of age(P〈0.05). The results of the trial show that floor heating was useful heating system for broiler production.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.29-43
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• 2012

Purpose : The goal of the present study is to provide the basic information to medical control which is the most important improving factor of pre-hospital medical treatment. Method : A total of 749 records of direct medical control were collected from 119 EMTs in emergency medical information center of Daejeon, Chungcheongnam-do and Chungcheongbuk-do from March 1, 2010 to February 28, 2011. Results : The 119 EMTs should record the level of qualification of EMT and general patient history taking precisely when they receive direct medical controls. The doctors should take medical controls within the task range of qualification of EMTs. Conclusion : It is necessary to establish the guideline of medical direction and protocol of prehospital emergency care. The quality improvement of pre-hospital emergency services will be possible by the guideline and protocol.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.187-196
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• 1995

TiN and AlN are ceramic materials with mechanical and chemical properties for use in structural applications at elevated temperature. The purpose of this research is to develop the technology for the synthesis of (Ti, Al)N power, which shows simultancously the excellent properties of TiN and AlN, from the mixed powder($Ti_{0.25}Al_{0.75}$, $Ti_{0.5}Al_{0.5}$ and $Ti_{0.75}Al_{0.25}$) by the direct nitriding method. The effects of variables such as temperature, mixing ratio of Al to Ti in raw material were investigated. The(Ti, Al)N powder can be easily synthesized from the mixed powder by the direct nitriding method. Among the mixed powdres, the nitriding behavior decreased with increasing the ratio of Al to Ti. This behavior is well explained by the nitriding mechanism presented in this research.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.257-264
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• 2011

This study discribes performance of DEFC (Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell) utilized bio-ethanol based on fruit wastes. To produce the bio-ethanol, fruit wastes were treated at temperature $120^{\circ}C$ and 90minutes in acid pre-treatment. After pre-treatment was done, alcohol fermentation process was running. Initial alcohol concentration was 5%. Using the multi coloumn distillation system, more than 95% ethanol was distilled and each component of bio-ethanol was analyzed. In DEFC performance test, it was revealed that cell performance was much higher than that of ethanol. Comparing ethanol with mixed fuel (bio-ethanol (10%) + ethanol (90%)), the performance of ethanol was higher than that of mixed fuel. Even though the bio-ethanol from the fruit wastes is corresponded with transport ethanol standards, it thought that organic matter in bio-ethanol could be negative effect on fuel cell.