• 간호행정학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.211-222
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• 2017

Purpose: To develop staffing levels for nursing personnel (registered nurses and nursing assistants) to provide inpatients with integrated nursing care that includes, in addition to professional nursing care, personal care previously provided by patients' families or private caregivers. Methods: A time & motion study was conducted to observe nursing care activities and the time spent by nursing personnel, families, and private caregivers in 10 medical-surgical units. The Korean Patient Classification System-1 (KPCS-1) was used for the nurse manager survey conducted to measure staffing levels and patient needs for nursing care. Results: Current nurse to patient ratios from the time-motion study and the survey study were 1:10 and 1:11, respectively. Time spent in direct patient care by nursing personnel and family/private caregivers was 51 and 130 minutes per day, respectively. Direct nursing care hours correlated with KPCS-1 scores. Nursing personnel to patient ratio required to provide integrated inpatient care ranged from 1:3.9 to 1:6.1 in tertiary hospitals and from 1:4.4 to 1:6.0 in general hospitals. The functional nursing care delivery system had been implemented in 38.5% of the nursing units. Conclusion: Findings indicate that appropriate nurse staffing and efficient nursing care delivery systems are required to provide integrated inpatient nursing care.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1127-1137
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• 2010

As directly imported apparel brands are actively entering the domestic market, studies of the marketing aspects of these imported apparel products and their overall consumption trend have been done. However, studies of whether are not the directly imported apparel products provide Korean consumers with an appropriate fit are not as common. Therefore, this study investigates the satisfaction with and problems associated with the fit along with the recognition of and preference for directly imported US apparel brands. 100 female college students who purchased directly imported US apparel brands participated in a survey. The results of this survey showed that their recognition of, preference for, possession rate of and satisfaction with the directly imported US apparel brands tend to be high. The major purchasing motivations were the excellent 'design' and 'color' of the products. The subjects reported that they were satisfied with the quality of 'materials' and 'sewing condition'. However, they were not satisfied with the 'comfort' or the 'size'. Their level of satisfaction with the fit of these products differed depending on the specific item. Their level of satisfaction with the fit of T-shirts and knits was high, whereas the level for pants was relatively low. They complained mostly about the sleeve length and garment length of upper-body garments and coats. They were not satisfied with how the pants fit. The areas of dissatisfaction regarding the pants were the waist girth, the crotch length and the pants length.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.5-15
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• 1985

It has been a long tradition in the field of nutrition that the degree of malnutrition in a community used to be estimated by the degree of the adequacy of nutrients consumption in the households. The adequacy of nutrient consumption in the households then used to be applied to estimate the degree of malnutrition of the children. Such a practice is theoretically acceptable in the community where the food sharing within the household is individual serving style such as in European countries. However, the community where the dietary habit in the household is communal such as in Korea, the estimation of single serving portion from household consumption is quite uncertain. Because of such an uncertainty this study is intended to test the validity of the household food consumption level as an indication of nutritional status of the children in the rural farm households in Korea. The date from the household consumption survey in 1982 by the Korean Rural Nutrition Institute has been used for the analysis of food consumption levels of the households. The survey on the nutritional status of children of 127 preschool children from 78 farm households, has been conducted during May 1983. The nutritional status of the children has been directly measured by weight, height, skinfold thickness, haemoglobin, haematocrit and morbidity of influenza and diarrhoea. The analysis has been conducted to distinguish the differences in prevalence of malnutrition of children from the estimated of household consumption and that of from the direct measurement of nutritional status of children. The results show that the degree of malnutrition of the estimated by the household consumption level has not related with the prevalence of malnutrition by the direct measures of nutritional status of the children. Therefore, the validity of household consumption level as an indication of nutrional status in a same household is quite uncertain for the population studied.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.187-196
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• 2011

본 연구는 전시회 개최가 지역 경제에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자, 2011년 4월 1일부터 10일까지 일산 KINTEX에서 열린 '2011 서울모터쇼'의 참관객을 대상으로 지출액 조사를 실시하여 '2011 서울모터쇼' 참 관객들이 경기 지역 및 기타 지역에 미치는 경제적 파급효과를 지역산업연관모델을 통하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 지역경제에 파급시킨 총 생산 유발액은 약 531억 원이며, 총 소득유발액은 약 117억 원, 총 부가가치 유발액은 약 241억 원, 총 취업유발효과는 1,030명, 총 세수유발액은 약 26억 원 등으로 추정되었다. 이 밖에 전시산업의 생산유발승수는 다른 산업과 비슷한 것으로 나타났으나, 소득유발승수, 부가가치유발 승수, 취업유발승수는 상대적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과는 전시산업이 지역경제에 비교적 많은 소득, 부가가치와 고용을 창출시키고 있다는 점을 시사한다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.225-236
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• 2006

Seagrass meadows are considered as critical habitats for a wide variety of marine organisms in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. In many cases, studies on the spatial/temporal distribution of seagrass have depended on direct observations using SCUBA diving. As an alternative method fur studying seagrass distribution, an application of hydroacoustic technique has been assessed for mapping seagrass distribution in Dongdae Bay, on the south coast of Korea, in September 2005. Data were collected using high frequency transducer (420 kHz split-beam), which was installed with towed body system. The system was linked to DGPS to make goo-referenced data. Additionally, in situ seagrass distribution has been observed using underwater cameras and SCUBA diving at four stations in order to compare with acoustic data. Acoustic survey was conducted along 23 transects with 3-4 blot ship speed. Seagrass beds were vertically limited to depths less than 3.5m and seagrass height ranged between 55 and 90cm at the study sites. Dense seagmss beds were mainly found at the entrance of the bay and at a flat area around the center of the bay. Although the study area was a relatively small, the vertical and spatial distributions of the seagrass were highly variable with bathymetry and region. Considering dominant species, Zostera marina L., preliminary estimation of seagrass biomass with acoustic and direct sampling data was approximately $56.55g/m^2$, and total biomass of 104 tones (coefficient variation: 25.77%) was estimated at the study area. Hydroacoustic method provided valuable information to understand distribution pattern and to estimate seagrass biomass.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2018

Objective : Several earlier studies have reported similar symptoms in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who have been repeatedly exposed to relevant media after disasters and trauma. This study aimed to examine the effects of indirect trauma experience through media rather than direct traumatic events on an individual's social life. Methods : Five hundred and fifty-four individuals participated in our online, self-reported questionnaire survey. All subjects were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire, Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Korean version of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, Patient Health Questionnaire-15, Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. Participants were assessed in regards to their experience of violent media exposure within the past three months. Results : Data from our study indicates that the group exposed to violent media had significantly higher perceived stress, physical symptoms, insomnia, and suicide ideation in comparison to the control group. Among the major symptoms of PTSD, the proportion of intrusion symptoms was relatively high in the media exposed group. Conclusion : This suggests that indirect trauma caused by media exposure could cause post-traumatic stress symptoms. The PTSD caused by indirect trauma may have slight differences from the PTSD caused by direct trauma. Therefore, it is necessary to understand, prevent, and control the adverse effects of media.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.271-291
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• 1992

호남지방(湖南地方)에 있어서 직파재배(直播栽培)의 현황(現況)과 잡초방제(雜草防除)에 대한 문제점(問題點) 및 그 대책(對策)에 對(대)하여 조사연구(調査硏究)를 하였다. 호남지방(湖南地方)(전북(全北), 전남(全南), 충남(忠南) 및 광주시(光州市))에 있어서 92년(年) 현재(現在) 직파면적(直播面積)은 건답(乾畓)이 732.1ha 담수(湛水)가 918.7ha로 총(總)1,650ha 였다. 1. 건답직파(乾畓直播) 농가(農家)의 잡초방제(雜草防除) 현황(現況)을 보면 건답기간(乾畓期間)에는 파종(播種) 3-5일(日) 후(後)에 butachlor 유제(乳劑)나 입제(粒劑)를 처리(處理)하였으며 극(極)히 소수(少數)의 농가(農家)는 benthiocarb 나 chlornitrofen 유제(乳劑)도 사용(使用)하였다. 또 벼 발아전(發芽前) 10-14일(日) 후(後) butachlor에 praquat을 혼합(混合)(Tank Mixture) 하여 처리(處理)한 농가(農家)도 있었다. 그리고 이어서 파종(播種) 35~40 일(日) 사이 담수후(湛水後)에는 Sulfonyl-urea계(系) 합제(合劑)를 처리(處理)하는 체계처리(體系處理)를 택(擇)하고 있었고 상기(上記) 제초제(除草劑)를 처리(處理)하고도 방제(防除)되지 못한 잔초(殘草)는 Bentazon + quinclorac 수화제(水和劑)로 마무리 제초(除草)를 하고 있었다. 2. 대부분(大部分)의 농가(農家)는 담수직파(湛水直播)에 있어서 제초제처리(除草劑處理)를 할때는 각(各) 제초제(除草劑)에 대한 특성(特性)을 이해(理解)하지 못한 가운데 선택(選擇)을 했거나, 특히 제초제(除草劑)의 처리적기(處理適期)를 지나서 처리(處理)하여 실패(失敗)한 경우(境遇)가 많았다. 그 중(中) 제초제처리(除草劑處理)에 비교적(比較的) 성공(成功)한 농가(農家)의 사례(事例)는 다음 4종류(種類)로 요약(要約)된다. (1) 파종전(播種前) 처리(處理) : 파종(播種) 5-9 일(日) 前 써레질 직후(直後) oxadiazon, butachlor 또는 benthiocarb를 처리(處理)하고 이어서 파종(播種) 20일(日) 후(後)에 sulfonyl-urea계(系) 합제(合劑)를 처리(處理)한 체계처리(體系處理) (2) 써레질후(後) 10 일항(日項)에(피 2엽기(葉期) 이내(以內))에 bensulfuron-methyl + dimepiprate 또는 pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + Molinate, bensulfuron-methy1 + mefenacet + dymron 등을 처리(處理)한 체계(體系)(두 제초제(除草劑)는 초기(初期) 약간(若干)의 약해(藥害) - 그후(後) 회복(回復)) (3) 써레질 18-20 일(日) 후(後)(피 3.0 엽(葉))에 bensulfuron-methyl + quinclorac, Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + quinclorac, bentazon + quinclorac 입제(粒劑) 등(等)의 처리(處理)는 약해(藥害)도 없고 제한효과(制限效果)도 우수(優秀)하여 성공적(成功的)이었다. 그러나 그외(外)의 sulfunyl-urea계(系) 합제중(合劑中) 중기처리(中期處理) 제초제(除草劑)는 피에 대한 방제효과防除效果)가 불완전(不完全)하여 바로 이어서 bentazon+quinclorac 수화제(水和劑)의 추가처리(追加處理)가 필수적(必須的)이었다. 3. 직파재배(直播栽培)에 있어서 엽기(葉期)가 진행(進行)된 피에 대하여 우수(優秀)한 살초효과(殺草效果)를 나타낸 quinclorac합제(合劑) 대신 대체(代替) 가능(可能)한 제초제(除草劑)를 찾고자 우리나라에 등록(登錄)된 41종(種)의 논 제초제(除草劑)를 화합물(化合物) 계통별(系統別)로 분류(分類)하고 각각(各各)의 특징(特徵)과 처리적기(處理適期)를 분석(分析)한 결과(結果) 초기처리(初期處理)가 약(約)70% 였으며 그 외(外)에는 중기(中期) 및 후기처리(後期處理) 제초제(除草劑)였다. 담수직파재배(湛水直播栽培)에서는 파종후( 播種後) 벼가 완전(完全)히 착근(着根)하고 뜬묘나 누은묘가 없는 시기(時期)에 제초제(除草劑)를 처리(處理)하는 것이 완전(完全)하다. 그런데 이때에는 피가 2.5- 3.0엽기(葉期) 이상(以上) 되므로 처리적기폭(處理適期幅)이 넓은 除草劑가 절실(切實)히 필요(必要)하다. 따라서 일년생(一年生) 및 다년생(多年生) 잡초(雜草)를 동시(同時)에 방제(防除)할 수 있는 sulfonyl-urea 계합제중(系合劑中) 중기처리제(中期處理劑) 6종(種)과 bentazon + quinclorac 합제(合劑) 2종(種)을 공시(供試)하여 피 3.0엽기(葉期) 이상(以上)에서 담수조건(湛水條件)에서는 토양처리(土壤處理) 그리고 건답조건(乾畓條件)에서는 경엽처리(莖葉處理)하여 피 엽기별(葉期別) 살초(殺草) 스펙트램을 검정(檢定) 실시(實施)하였다. 그 결과(結果)(Table 9, 10, 11) 살초폭(殺草幅)이 넓은 순위(順位)는 bentazon + quinclorac WP>bentazon+quinclorac G>Bensulfuron-methyl + quinclorac G>pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + quinclorac G>pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + Molinate>bensulfuron-methyl + mefenacet +dymron G>bensulfuron-methyl + mefenacet G>bensulfuron-methyl + benthiocarb G로 나타났으며 농가포장(農家圃場)에서 직면(直面)한 결과(結果)와도 부합(符合)된다. 결론적(結論的)으로 건답직파(乾畓直播) 담수직파(湛水直播)를 막론(莫論)하고 피 엽기(葉期)가 3.0엽기(葉期) 이상(以上)으로 진행(進行)된 상태(狀態)에서는 bentazon + quinclorac합제(合劑)를 대체(代替)할 제초제(除草劑)는 아직 없다. 따라서 직파재배(直播栽培) 정착(定着)을 위해서는 quinclorac합제(合劑)는 농가(農家) 공급(供給)이 지속(持續)되어져야 된다. 직파재배(直播栽培)의 조속(早速)한 정착(定着)을 위하여 다음 사항(事項)을 제안(提案)한다. 1. 관(官), 농민(農民), 연구지도기관(硏究指導機關)이 일절(一切)가 된 가칭(假稱) 직파재배시험(直播栽培試驗) 연구위원회(硏究委員會)를 지방별(地方別)로 조직운영(組織運營)할 것. 2. 정밀(精密)한 세조파기(細條播機) 및 직파전용(直播專用) 품종개발연구(品種開發硏究) 3. 새 피해(被害) 방지연구(防止硏究) 4. 잡초방제기술(雜草防除技術)의 체계확립(體系確立)에 대한 다면적연구(多面的硏究) 5. 토지기반조성(土地基盤組成) 확충(擴充)과 정밀(精密)한 정지작업(整地作業) 기술연구(技術硏究) 및 항공산파법(航空散播法) 연구(硏究).

• 대한간호
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.66-77
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to develop a new nursing unit which can meet changing health care needs, enhance patients' satisfaction and nurses' job satisfaction, and finally guarantee quality nursing care with present manpower. For this, one medical unit was selected as a unit for quality care. And one medical unit which is similar in staffing and patients' characteristics was selected as a control unit. To assess present problems and identify the remedies to the problems a hospital-wide survey and a workshop were performed. According to the survey results, educational programs and improvement of the facilities and equipment supply system, managereal support for interdepartmental cooperation and intensification of bed-side nursing care were adopted as main principles for operating model unit, This model unit was operated for 3 months from Sep. 1, 1992 to Nov. 30, 1992. To evaluate the effectiveness of the model unit, derect/indirect nursing care hours, patients' satisfaction to nursing care, nurses' job satisfaction, and quality care index were measured. Direct/indirect nursing care hours were compared with that of the control unit, and patients' and nurses' satisfaction and quality care index were measured before and after operating model unit and compared with each other. The results of the study were as follows; 1. In the model unit mean direct nursing care hours per cach shift was 146.88 minutes and indirect nursing care hours was 354.72 minutes. The ratio of the direct nursing care hour to indirect nursing hour was 29.6 ; 70.4 and that of the control unit was 26.9 : 73.1. Direct nursing care hour in model unit was longer than that of the control unit. But, the difference was not significant. In subcategories of direct nursing care, the time spent in mobility and exercise, conservation of body temperature, hygiene, and communication and health education were longer than that of the con" trol unit. 2. Indirect nursing care hour in model unit was shorter than that of the control unit. But, the difference was not significant. In subcategories of indirect nursing care, the time spent in drug management and ward arrangement was shorter than that of the control unit. 3. Patients' satisfaction to nursing care was increased significantly after operating the model unit (T=-3.48, P=-0.002) and satisfaction to subcategories of physical comfort measure, psychological cate, and unit management components were significantly higher than before. 4. In the model unit, nurses' total job satisfaction was increased significantly after operating the model unit(Z=2.1004, P=.0357) and satisfaction to subcategory of satisfaction to administration was significantly higher than before (Z=-2.0732, P=.0382). 5. After operating the model unit, quality care index was increased from 89 to 93. With this results, it can be summarized that all the measures tried for quality care, such as educational programs, managereal support for interdepartmental cooperation, and improvement of the equipment and facility provision resulted in partial increase in direct nursing care hours, nurses satisfaction to their job and patients' satisfaction to nursing care. In can be postulated that managereal support and motivation without proper staff supplementation is not enough for increasing direct nursing care hours. And for the enhancement of the level in clinical nursing, and staff supplement must be considered sincerely and the measures for reducing indirect nursing care hours, such as computerization of nursing care activities, improvement of facilities and equipment and facilities supply system, must be instituted in addition.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.276-288
• /
• 1999

Objectives: This study was performed to determine the relationships among health concern, health practice and health status of the disabled. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire survey was carried out for 1,662 disabled persons in Taegu city from April to July, 1997. Results: Health concern had a significant and positive relationship with health practice(p<0.05) and health practice also had a significant and positive relationship with self-rated health status(p<0.05) in men and women. To determine the structural model of the Health concern, health practice, health status and sociodemographic variables, the covariance structural analysis was used. In men, age, economic status, medical security type, educational level and type of disability had significant direct effects on Health concern(T>2.0). Educational level and type of disability had significant direct effects on health practice(T>2.0). And Economic status, medical security type and job status had significant direct effects on health status(T>2.0). In women, economic status and educational level had significant direct effects on Health concern(T>2.0). However there was no variable which had a significant direct effect on health practice. Job status had a significant direct effect or health status(T>2.0). In men and women, health practice was significantly increased with increasing health concern and the more health practice, the higher health status(T>2.0). Conclusions: It is recommended that the institutional approach which improve the economic status of the disabled with understanding their behavior and attitude should be established to increase health status, in addition, the health policy for encouraging the disabled, such as health education, consulting and health promotion program, should be done.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.106-129
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• 2001

본 연구는 농산물 직거래에서 큰 비중을 차지하는 농협 상설매장에 대한 소비자의 이용실태와 평가에 대해서 분석해 보고, 농협 상설매장의 활성화 방안을 모색해 보고자 하였다. 농협 상설매장을 이용하는 소비자 257명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시한 결과 하나로마트는 근린 생식품 매장으로, 하나로클럽은 농산물 및 식품류 할인매장으로 고객들에게 인식되고 있었다. 전반적으로 도시의 소비자들은 거리가 가깝거나 농협이라는 이름이 주는 신뢰성 때문에 농협의 상설매장을 이용할 의사는 높은 편이었다. 농협 상설매장이 믿을 수 있는 농산물의 전문소매점으로서 확실히 자리잡을 수 있다면 경쟁력 있는 농산물 직거래의 경로가 될 수 있을 것이다. 그러나, 조사의 결과에서도 드러났듯이 다른 소매점에 비해 투자가 적고 전문인력이 부족하여 농협매장에 대한 고객만족도는 그리 높지는 않았다. 매장 속성별로 매장의 소프트웨어적인 면(예: 판매원의 친절, 영업시간, 점포의 명성 등)에서는 고객들이 만족하고 있지만 하드웨어적인 면(예: 주차, 편의/부대시설, 셔틀버스 등)에서는 상대적으로 고객만족도가 낮거나, 타 점포와의 비교 우위도가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 농협에서 이왕 소매사업에 뛰어들었다면 농협 상설매장의 활성화를 위해 많은 노력이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 본 연구에서는 농협 상설매장 활성화를 위한 전략적 시사점과 개선방안을 제시하였고, 연구의 한계와 향후 연구방향을 끝으로 제시하였다.