• Title/Summary/Keyword: Direct Observation

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Small Bowel Hernia due to a Blunt Pelvic Injury

  • Gal, Min Jae;Kim, Jung Chul
    • Journal of Trauma and Injury
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.187-190
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    • 2021
  • A 91-year-old female presented to Chonnam National University Hospital Regional Trauma Center with a lateral compression type III fracture of the pelvis. She was managed non-operatively for a week in the intensive care unit under close observation and had an emergency operation due to delayed onset of an acute obstructed direct inguinal hernia. Traumatic abdominal wall hernias are rare. However, trauma surgeons should always be aware of the possibility of such injuries because of their critical consequences.

A Study on the Test Results of 32 Gbps Observing System for Wideband VLBI Observation (광대역 VLBI 관측을 위한 32Gbps 관측장비의 시험결과 고찰)

  • Oh, Se-Jin;Yeom, Jae-Hwan;Roh, Duk-Gyoo;Jung, Dong-Kyu;Harada, Kenichi;Takezawa, Kosuke
    • Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.13-20
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    • 2017
  • In this paper, we evaluate the basic test results of the 32 Gbps observational equipment introduced as the back-end system for the wideband VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) observation of KVN (Korean VLBI Network). Radio astronomers want to make a large radio telescope that has excellent performance in order to observe the superfine structure of a celestial body, but a lot of money is needed. Therefore, in order to increase the sensitivity, the performance improvement of the receiving system and the method of observing the wide frequency bandwidth are introduced. To do this, we adopted a wideband sampling method for converting analog signals to digital with ultra-fast speeds and a wideband sampler for performing digital filtering in order to observe a wide observational frequency bandwidth. The wideband sampler (OCTAD-K) supports up to 16 Gsps-2bits sampling and supports a variety of observational bandwidth using digital filtering techniques. In particular, it is designed to support KVN's 4-frequency simultaneous observation system and VERA(VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry)'s 2-beam observation system. It can also support polKVN(Korean VLBI Network), KaVA(KVN and VERA Array), 32Gbps Direct Sampler, Digital Filter, Widebandarization observations and supports the standard VDIF(VLBI Data Interchange Format) format of observed data. In this paper, the performance of the system and the problem solving are described in detail after performing the factory inspection and field test before the system is introduced.

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Direct observation of delocalized exciton state in Ta2 NiSe5: direct evidence of the excitonic insulator state

  • Lee, Jin-Won;Gang, Chang-Jong;Eom, Man-Jin;Kim, Jun-Seong;Min, Byeong-Il;Yeom, Han-Ung
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2016.02a
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    • pp.125.1-125.1
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    • 2016
  • The excitonic insulator (EI), which is one of fundamental insulators, was theoretically proposed in 1967 but its material realization has not been established well. Only a few materials were proposed as EIs but their experimental evidences were indirect such as the renormalization of band dispersions or an anomaly in electrical resistivity. We conducted scanning tunneling microscopy / spectroscopy measurements and found out that $Ta_2$ $NiSe_5$, which was the most recently proposed as an EI, had a metal-insulator phase transition with the energy gap of 700 meV at 78 K. Moreover, the spatially delocalized excitonic energy level was observed within the energy gap, which could be the direct evidence of the EI ground state. Our theoretical model calculation with the order parameter of 150 meV reproduces the spectral function and the excitonic energy gap very well. In addition, experimental data shows that the band character is inverted at the valence and conduction band edges by the exciton formation, indicating that the mechanism of exciton condensation is similar to the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) mechanism of cooper pairs in superconductors.

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Study on Effects of Direct Laser Melting Process Parameters on Deposition Characteristics of AlSi12 powders (AlSi12 분말의 직접 레이저 용융 적층 시 공정 조건에 따른 적층 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Seo, J.Y.;Yoon, H.S.;Lee, K.Y.;Shim, D.S.
    • Transactions of Materials Processing
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    • v.27 no.5
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    • pp.314-322
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    • 2018
  • AlSi12 is a heat-resistant aluminum alloy that is lightweight, corrosion-resistant, machinable and attracting attention as a functional material in aerospace and automotive industries. For that reason, AlSi12 powder has been used for high performance parts through 3D printing technology. The purpose of this study is to observe deposition characteristics of AlSi12 powder in a direct energy deposition (DED) process (one of the metal 3D printing technologies). In this study, deposition characteristics were investigated according to various process parameters such as laser power, powder feed rate, scan speed, and slicing layer thickness. In the single track deposition experiment, an irregular bead shape and balling or humping of molten metal were formed below a laser power of 1,000 W, and the good-shaped bead was obtained at 1.0 g/min powder feed rate. Similar results were observed in multi-layer deposition. Observation of deposited height after multi-layer deposition revealed that over-deposition occurred at all conditions. To prevent over-deposition, slicing layer thickness was experimentally determined at given conditions. From these results, this study presented practical conditions for good surface quality and accurate geometry of deposits.

Joint Interface Observation of V and 17-4PH Stainless Steel Dissimilar Materials Manufactured by Direct Energy Deposition (직접 에너지 적층방식으로 제조된 V과 17-4PH 스테인리스강 이종재료의 접합계면 분석)

  • Lee, Se-Hwan;Kim, Hobeom;Kim, Jeoung Han
    • Journal of Powder Materials
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.8-13
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    • 2022
  • In this study, we have prepared a Ti-6Al-4V/V/17-4 PH composite structure via a direct energy deposition process, and analyzed the interfaces using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The joint interfaces comprise two zones, one being a mixed zone in which V and 17-4PH are partially mixed and another being a fusion zone in the 17-4PH region which consists of Fe+FeV. It is observed that the power of the laser used in the deposition process affects the thickness of the mixed zone. When a 210 W laser is used, the thickness of the mixed zone is wider than that obtained using a 150 W laser, and the interface resembles a serrated shape. Moreover, irrespective of the laser power used, the expected σ phase is found to be absent in the V/17-4 PH stainless steel joint; however, many VN precipitates are observed.

A Study for Formulating Criteria of Patient Classification System Based OR the Analysis of Direct Nursing Activities (직접 간호활동 분석을 기초로 한 환자분류체계의 기준 설정을 위한 연구)

  • 김조자;박지원
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.9-23
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    • 1987
  • Nursing service, as the largest user of labor resources, has become concerned about appropriate allocation of staffing resources. Therefore, this project was designed to measure quantitatively the direct nursing care provided to patients and to develop a new patient classification system based on the direct nursing care activities. The initial step in the development of the classification instrument was to identify the content of direct nursing activities. The frequency with which these activities were carried out, the total time spent in carrying them out and the average time for one performance of each of the nursing activities was calculated. The next step was to select the items for the classification instrument taking into account these direct nursing activities. A list of 40 items was prepared. These items were then classified into 8 major categories: personal hygiene, moving & exercise, nutrition & elimination, observation, medication, treatment, collecting specimens and other care activities for severity ill patients. Each item was assigned a value unit based on the average time required by the nursing staff to complete the specific item. The third step was to determine the practicality of the items and value units, so an attempt was made to establish content validity for these items and units by obtaing a consensus from 8 head nurses, representing eight different departments. The 4th step was to conducted a pilot study to establish the score range for the classification boundaries. For this purpose an instrument was designed using the list of items and value units and a prepared classification criteria as a guideline to validate the patient classification. A judgment group consisting of 52 supervisory nurses and head nurses were asked to select the proper patient to fit each classification criteria and to fill out the instrument for each patient. The total value unit and the frequency for each classification group was calculated. According to the frequency distribution, the score range for the classification group was determined as follows : 0~15 for groupI, 16~30 for group II, 31~50 for group III, and above 51 for group IV. Finally a patient classification form was developed.

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Estimation of Nurse Staffing Based on Nursing Workload with Reference to a Patient Classification System for a Intensive Care Unit (중환자의 중증도에 따른 적정 간호인력 수요 산정)

  • Park, Young Sun;Song, Rhayun
    • Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.1-12
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    • 2017
  • Purpose: This study aimed to estimate the appropriate nurse staffing ratio in intensive care units (ICUs) by measuring nursing workload based on patient's severity and needs, using the Korean Patient Classification System for critical care nurses. Methods: The data were collected from January 18 to February 29, 2016 using a standardized checklist by observation or self-report. During the study period, 723 patients were included to be categorized from I to IV using the patient classification system. Measurement of total nursing workload on a shift was calculated in terms of hours based on the time and motion method by using tools for surveying nursing activities. The nursing activities were categorized as direct nursing care, indirect nursing care, and personal time. Total of 127 cases were included in measuring direct nursing time and 18 nurses participated in measuring indirect and personal time. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Two patients were classified into Class I (11.1%), 5 into Class II (27.8%), 9 into Class III (50%), and two into Class IV (11.1%). The amount of direct nursing care required for Class IV (513.7 min) was significantly more than that required for Class I (135.4 min). Direct and indirect nursing care was provided more often during the day shift as compared to the evening or night shifts. These findings provided the rationale for determining the appropriate ratio for nursing staff per shift based on the nursing workload in each shift. Conclusions: An appropriate ratio of nurse staffing should be ensured in ICUs to re-arrange the workload of nurses to help them provide essential direct care for patients.

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The Observation and a Quantitative Evaluation of Viable but Non-Culturable Bacteria in Potable Groundwater Using Epifluorescence Microscopy (형광현미경을 이용한 음용 지하수내 배양불능 세균의 관찰 및 정량적 평가)

  • ;Takashi Someya
    • Korean Journal of Microbiology
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.180-185
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    • 2002
  • The direct viable count (DVC) and plate count (PC) methods was used to measure the number of bacteria in potable groundwater samples collected from bottled water from the market, mineral water, and edible groundwater near the urban areas and the stock farming congested areas. As a result, the number of living bacteria by DVC was comprised 30~80% of the total direct count (TDC), whereas the number of living bacteria by PC was around l~30% of DVC. Such results show that viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria exist in the potable groundwater with high percentages. On the other hand, upon measuring the value from the conventional nutrient broth (NB), $10^-2$ fold diluted nutrient broth (DNB), and R2A broth, the values from the DNB and R2A showed 2~50 times higher than the conventional NB medium. These results indicate that oligotrophic bacterial groups which can multiply in the low nutrient broth abundantly exist in the oligotrophic environment like potable groundwater.

3D Indoor Modeling Based on Terrestrial Laser Scanning (지상레이저스캐닝 기반 3차원 실내 모델링)

  • Hong, Seung Hwan;Cho, Hyoung Sig;Kim, Nam Hoon;Sohn, Hong Gyoo
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.35 no.2
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    • pp.525-531
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    • 2015
  • According to the increasing demand for 3D indoor spatial information, the utilization of a terrestrial laser scanner comes to the fore. However, the research for the comparison between a terrestrial laser scanning method and a traditional surveying method is insufficient. The paper evaluated the time-efficiency and the locational accuracy of an AMCW type and a direct TOF type of terrestrial laser scanning methods in comparison with the observation using a total station. As a result, an AMCW type showed higher time-efficiency than a direct TOF type and the RMSE between the two types of data was ${\pm}1mm$. Moreover, the terrestrial laser scanning method showed twice higher time-efficiency than the observation using a total station and the RMSE between the two data was ${\pm}3.4cm$. The results indicate that the terrestrial laser scanning method has better profitability and performance for 3D indoor modeling than the traditional survey using a total station. In the future, a terrestrial laser scanner can be efficiently utilized in the construction of 3D indoor spatial information.

Prescription, Transcription and Administration Errors in Out-Patient Day Care Unit of a Regional Cancer Centre in South India

  • Mathaiyan, Jayanthi;Jain, Tanvi;Dubashi, Biswajit;Batmanabane, Gitanjali
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.17 no.5
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    • pp.2611-2617
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    • 2016
  • Background: Medication errors are common but most often preventable events in any health care setup. Studies on medication errors involving chemotherapeutic drugs are limited. Objective: We studied three aspects of medication errors - prescription, transcription and administration errors in 500 cancer patients who received ambulatory cancer chemotherapy at a resource limited setting government hospital attached cancer centre in South India. The frequency of medication errors, their types and the possible reasons for their occurrence were analysed. Design and Methods: Cross-sectional study using direct observation and chart review in anmbulatory day care unit of a Regional Cancer Centre in South India. Prescription charts of 500 patients during a three month time period were studied and errors analysed. Transcription errors were estimated from the nurses records for these 500 patients who were prescribed anticancer medications or premedication to be administered in the day care centre, direct observations were made during drug administration and administration errors analysed. Medical oncologists prescribing anticancer medications and nurses administering medications also participated. Results: A total of 500 patient observations were made and 41.6% medication errors were detected. Among the total observed errors, 114 (54.8%) were prescription errors, 51(24.5%) were transcribing errors and 43 (20.7%) were administration errors. The majority of the prescription errors were due to missing information (45.5%) and administration errors were mainly due to errors in drug reconstitution (55.8%). There were no life threatening events during the observation period since most of the errors were either intercepted before reaching the patient or were trivial. Conclusions: A high rate of potentially harmful medication errors were intercepted at the ambulatory day care unit of our regional cancer centre. Suggestions have been made to reduce errors in the future by adoption of computerised prescriptions and periodic sensitisation of the responsible health personnel.