• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.109-141
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• 2014

최근 기업의 사회적 책임 활동에 관한 소비자의 관심은 꾸준히 증가하고 있으며, 이러한 소비자 차원에서의 CSR 이행 여부는 기업의 제품 혹은 서비스에 대한 전반적인 이미지로 평가된다. 뿐만 아니라 이는 기업의 매출액에 직·간접적으로 영향을 미치기도 한다. 이와 더불어 기술력의 부재 등으로 인해 기업의 경쟁력 제고는 점차적으로 힘들어지고 있으며, 소비자들의 구매력 및 만족도 제고를 위한 CSR 수행 등과 같은 기업의 명성에 더욱 의존하는 구조로써 변화되고 있다. 이에 기업들은 여러 자선사업이나 기부활동, 각종 프로그램 지원, 환경 친화적 제품 개발 등과 같은 CSR 수행에 많은 비용을 지출하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 프랜차이즈 업계의 CSR을 통한 소비자의 기업 평판 및 인식 제고, 프랜차이즈 기업이 추구하는 자원(상품 및 서비스) 활용도를 높이고 효과적인 프랜차이즈 업계의 CSR 프로그램 구축방안 마련을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 기존 연구 및 국내외 CSR 사례를 통해 수준별 단계 모델을 제시하고, 국내 프랜차이즈 업계가 추구해야 할 CSR의 전반적인 방향성을 제시하였다. 기존연구 고찰 및 국내외 기업들의 CSR 현황 검토를 통한 본 연구 결과, CSR의 단계적 수준은 총 네 가지 형태로 제시되었다. 그러나 사례 검토를 통해 국내 프랜차이즈 기업의 CSR 수준은 1, 2단계의 수준으로 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.53-77
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• 2013

As advertising and promotions are categorized as operating expenses, managers tend to reduce marketing budget to improve their short term profitability. Gauging the value and accountability of marketing spending is therefore considered as a major research priority in marketing. To respond this call, recent studies have documented that financial market reacts positively to a firm's marketing activity or marketing related outcomes such as brand equity and customer satisfaction. However, prior studies focus on the relation of marketing variable and financial market variables. This study suggests a channel about how marketing activity increases firm valuation. Specifically, we propose that a firm's marketing activity increases the level of the firm's product market information and thereby the dispersion in financial analysts' earnings forecasts decreases. With less uncertainty about the firm's future prospect, the firm's managers and shareholders have less information asymmetry, which reduces the firm's cost of capital and thereby increases the valuation of the firm. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to examine how informational benefits can mediate the effect of marketing activity on firm value. To test whether marketing activity contributes to increase in firm value by mitigating information asymmetry, this study employs a longitudinal data which contains 12,824 firm-year observations with 2,337 distinct firms from 1981 to 2006. Firm value is measured by Tobin's Q and one-year-ahead buy-and-hold abnormal return (BHAR). Following prior literature, dispersion in analysts' earnings forecasts is used as a proxy for the information gap between management and shareholders. For model specification, to identify mediating effect, the three-step regression approach is adopted. All models are estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to test the statistical significance of the mediating effect. The analysis shows that marketing intensity has a significant negative relationship with dispersion in analysts' earnings forecasts. After including the mediator variable about analyst dispersion, the effect of marketing intensity on firm value drops from 1.199 (p < .01) to 1.130 (p < .01) in Tobin's Q model and the same effect drops from .192 (p < .01) to .188 (p < .01) in BHAR model. The results suggest that analysts' forecast dispersion partially accounts for the positive effect of marketing on firm valuation. Additionally, the same analysis was conducted with an alternative dependent variable (forecast accuracy) and a marketing metric (advertising intensity). The analysis supports the robustness of the main results. In sum, the results provide empirical evidence that marketing activity can increase shareholder value by mitigating problem of information asymmetry in the capital market. The findings have important implications for managers. First, managers should be cognizant of the role of marketing activity in providing information to the financial market as well as to the consumer market. Thus, managers should take into account investors' reaction when they design marketing communication messages for reducing the cost of capital. Second, this study shows a channel on how marketing creates shareholder value and highlights the accountability of marketing. In addition to the direct impact of marketing on firm value, an indirect channel by reducing information asymmetry should be considered. Potentially, marketing managers can justify their spending from the perspective of increasing long-term shareholder value.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.113-127
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• 2016

협업 필터링(Collaborative Filtering)은 유용성과 정교성 면에서 가장 성공적인 추천 알고리즘으로 평가받으며 산업계나 학계에서 많이 활용 및 연구되고 있지만, 기본적으로 사용자들이 평가한 점수에만 기반하여 추천결과를 생성하는 한계점이 있다. 이에 본 연구는 사용자가 상품을 구매할 때 자신이 신뢰하는 타인의 추천을 더 적극적으로 수용할 것이라는 점에 착안하여, 사용자의 평점 외에 사용자 간 신뢰관계를 소셜네트워크분석으로 분석한 결과를 추가로 반영하는 추천 알고리즘들을 제안하였다. 구체적으로 본 연구에서는 소셜네트워크분석에서 네트워크 내의 중심적 위치를 나타내는 척도인 내향 및 외향 중심성을 활용하여 사용자 간 유사도를 산출하는 알고리즘들과 사용자 신뢰 네트워크를 탐색하여 추천 대상이 되는 사용자가 직접 간접적으로 신뢰하는 사용자의 평가점수를 보다 높게 반영하는 알고리즘을 제안한 뒤 그 성능을 비교해 보았다. 실제 데이터에 적용하여 분석한 결과, 사용자 신뢰 네트워크의 내향 중심성 지수를 조건 없이 적용한 경우에는 오히려 정확도의 감소만을 야기하는 것으로 나타났고, 일정 임계치 이상의 외향 중심성을 갖는 사용자에 한해 내향 중심성 지수를 고려한 추천 알고리즘은 전통적인 협업 필터링에 비해 약간의 정확도 개선이 이루어짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 아울러, 사용자 신뢰 네트워크를 기반으로 탐색하는 알고리즘이 가장 우수한 성능을 보이는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 전통적인 협업 필터링과 비교해서도 통계적으로 유의한 수준의 정확도의 개선이 이루어짐을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.21-38
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• 2012

Until recently, successful implementation of ERP systems has been a popular topic among ERP researchers, who have attempted to identify its various contributing factors. None of these efforts, however, explicitly recognize the need to identify disparities that can exist between organizational information requirements and ERP systems. Since ERP systems are in fact "packages" -that is, software programs developed by independent software vendors for sale to organizations that use them-they are designed to meet the general needs of numerous organizations, rather than the unique needs of a particular organization, as is the case with custom-developed software. By adopting standard packages, organizations can substantially reduce many of the potential implementation risks commonly associated with custom-developed software. However, it is also true that the nature of the package itself could be a risk factor as the features and functions of the ERP systems may not completely comply with a particular organization's informational requirements. In this study, based on the organizational memory mismatch perspective that was derived from organizational memory theory and cognitive dissonance theory, we define the nature of disparities, which we call "mismatches," and propose that the mismatch between organizational information requirements and ERP systems is one of the primary determinants in the successful implementation of ERP systems. Furthermore, we suggest that customization efforts as a coping strategy for mismatches can play a significant role in increasing the possibilities of success. In order to examine the contention we propose in this study, we employed a survey-based field study of ERP project team members, resulting in a total of 77 responses. The results of this study show that, as anticipated from the organizational memory mismatch perspective, the mismatch between organizational information requirements and ERP systems makes a significantly negative impact on the implementation success of ERP systems. This finding confirms our hypothesis that the more mismatch there is, the more difficult successful ERP implementation is, and thus requires more attention to be drawn to mismatch as a major failure source in ERP implementation. This study also found that as a coping strategy on mismatch, the effects of customization are significant. In other words, utilizing the appropriate customization method could lead to the implementation success of ERP systems. This is somewhat interesting because it runs counter to the argument of some literature and ERP vendors that minimized customization (or even the lack thereof) is required for successful ERP implementation. In many ERP projects, there is a tendency among ERP developers to adopt default ERP functions without any customization, adhering to the slogan of "the introduction of best practices." However, this study asserts that we cannot expect successful implementation if we don't attempt to customize ERP systems when mismatches exist. For a more detailed analysis, we identified three types of mismatches-Non-ERP, Non-Procedure, and Hybrid. Among these, only Non-ERP mismatches (a situation in which ERP systems cannot support the existing information needs that are currently fulfilled) were found to have a direct influence on the implementation of ERP systems. Neither Non-Procedure nor Hybrid mismatches were found to have significant impact in the ERP context. These findings provide meaningful insights since they could serve as the basis for discussing how the ERP implementation process should be defined and what activities should be included in the implementation process. They show that ERP developers may not want to include organizational (or business processes) changes in the implementation process, suggesting that doing so could lead to failed implementation. And in fact, this suggestion eventually turned out to be true when we found that the application of process customization led to higher possibilities of failure. From these discussions, we are convinced that Non-ERP is the only type of mismatch we need to focus on during the implementation process, implying that organizational changes must be made before, rather than during, the implementation process. Finally, this study found that among the various customization approaches, bolt-on development methods in particular seemed to have significantly positive effects. Interestingly again, this finding is not in the same line of thought as that of the vendors in the ERP industry. The vendors' recommendations are to apply as many best practices as possible, thereby resulting in the minimization of customization and utilization of bolt-on development methods. They particularly advise against changing the source code and rather recommend employing, when necessary, the method of programming additional software code using the computer language of the vendor. As previously stated, however, our study found active customization, especially bolt-on development methods, to have positive effects on ERP, and found source code changes in particular to have the most significant effects. Moreover, our study found programming additional software to be ineffective, suggesting there is much difference between ERP developers and vendors in viewpoints and strategies toward ERP customization. In summary, mismatches are inherent in the ERP implementation context and play an important role in determining its success. Considering the significance of mismatches, this study proposes a new model for successful ERP implementation, developed from the organizational memory mismatch perspective, and provides many insights by empirically confirming the model's usefulness.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.99-124
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• 2009

Many firms in Korea have adopted and used advanced information technology in an effort to boost efficiency. The process of adapting to the new technology, at the same time, can vary from one firm to another. As such, this research focuses on several relevant factors, especially the roles of social interaction as a key variable that influences the technology adaptation process and the outcomes. Thus far, how a firm goes through the adaptation process to the new technology has not been yet fully explored. Previous studies on changes undergone by a firm or an organization due to information technology have been pursued from various theoretical points of views, evolved from technological and institutional views to an integrated social technology views. The technology adaptation process has been understood to be something that evolves over time and has been regarded as cycles between misalignments and alignments, gradually approaching the stable aligned state. The adaptation process of the new technology was defined as "appropriation" process according to Poole and DeSanctis (1994). They suggested that this process is not automatically determined by the technology design itself. Rather, people actively select how technology structures should be used; accordingly, adoption practices vary. But concepts of the appropriation process in these studies are not accurate while suggested propositions are not clear enough to apply in practice. Furthermore, these studies do not substantially suggest which factors are changed during the appropriation process and what should be done to bring about effective outcomes. Therefore, research objectives of this study lie in finding causes for the difference in ways in which advanced information technology has been used and adopted among organizations. The study also aims to explore how a firm's interaction with social as well as technological factors affects differently in resulting organizational changes. Detail objectives of this study are as follows. First, this paper primarily focuses on the appropriation process of advanced information technology in the long run, and we look into reasons for the diverse types of the usage. Second, this study is to categorize each phases in the appropriation process and make clear what changes occur and how they are evolved during each phase. Third, this study is to suggest the guidelines to determine which strategies are needed in an individual, group and organizational level. For this, a substantially grounded theory that can be applied to organizational practice has been developed from a longitudinal comparative case study. For these objectives, the technology appropriation process was explored based on Structuration Theory by Giddens (1984), Orlikoski and Robey (1991) and Adaptive Structuration Theory by Poole and DeSanctis (1994), which are examples of social technology views on organizational change by technology. Data have been obtained from interviews, observations of medical treatment task, and questionnaires administered to group members who use the technology. Data coding was executed in three steps following the grounded theory approach. First of all, concepts and categories were developed from interviews and observation data in open coding. Next, in axial coding, we related categories to subcategorize along the lines of their properties and dimensions through the paradigm model. Finally, the grounded theory about the appropriation process was developed through the conditional/consequential matrix in selective coding. In this study eight hypotheses about the adaptation process have been clearly articulated. Also, we found that the appropriation process involves through three phases, namely, "direct appropriation," "cooperate with related structures," and "interpret and make judgments." The higher phases of appropriation move, the more users represent various types of instrumental use and attitude. Moreover, the previous structures like "knowledge and experience," "belief that other members know and accept the use of technology," "horizontal communication," and "embodiment of opinion collection process" are evolved to higher degrees in their dimensions of property. Furthermore, users continuously create new spirits and structures, while removing some of the previous ones at the same time. Thus, from longitudinal view, faithful and unfaithful appropriation methods appear recursively, but gradually faithful appropriation takes over the other. In other words, the concept of spirits and structures has been changed in the adaptation process over time for the purpose of alignment between the task and other structures. These findings call for a revised or extended model of structural adaptation in IS (Information Systems) literature now that the vague adaptation process in previous studies has been clarified through the in-depth qualitative study, identifying each phrase with accuracy. In addition, based on these results some guidelines can be set up to help determine which strategies are needed in an individual, group, and organizational level for the purpose of effective technology appropriation. In practice, managers can focus on the changes of spirits and elevation of the structural dimension to achieve effective technology use.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.31-57
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• 1991

본 연구는 과잉투자(過剩投資)나 과당경쟁(過當競爭)이 발생할 수 있는 객관적인 기준과 경제적 조건들을 분석하고, 정부규제(政府規制)의 근거로서 제시되는 과잉투자(過剩投資)-과당경쟁(過當競爭)의 개념과 논리의 타당성 및 이에 대한 정책적(政策的) 대응방향(對應方向)을 검토하였다. 본고(本稿)에서 필자(筆者)들은 유지불가능한 자연독점의 경우를 제외하면 시장수요(市場需要)의 사전적(事前的) 불확실성(不確實性)으로 인해 발생하는 사후적(事後的) 설비부족(設備不足)이나 유휴설구(遊休設構)는 발생할 수 있지만, 투자시점에서의 과잉투자는 발생할 수 없음을 모형의 분석을 통해 보였다. 설비투자 완료후 생산(生産)-판매단계(販賣段階)에서 유휴설비가 발생하였을 경우에 정부(政府)가 경쟁을 제한할 수 있다는 예상이 오히려 과잉설비투자를 초래하는 중요한 원인임을 보이고, 일관성 있는 정부불개입정책(政府不介入政策)의 유지가 과잉설비투자를 억제하는 최선의 정책임을 보였다.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.246-259
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to assess the provided home health care services and to evaluate the patient's satisfaction level of received home health care services. Well trained two home health care nurses interviewed with 138 respondents who received home health care by Keimyung University Hospital from January 1st to August 31st 1999. The results were summarized as follows : 1) Among 138 respondents, $55.8\%$ were mail and $44.2\%$ were female and $70.3\%$ of them were over sixty years old. Respondents main family care givers were spouse$(53.6\%)$, daughters and sons$(36.2\%)$ and parents$(7.2\%)$. 2) $60.2\%$ of cancer patients received home health care services, $23.3\%$ of cerebral­cardiovascular patients, $7.5\%$ of endocrine disorder patients, $2.3\%$ of those who have indwelling foley catheter patients, $1.5\%$ of those who have respiratory problems and others$(5.2\%)$. 3) $88.1\%$ of respondents were satisfied with the number of home visits they received. $50.5\%$ of respondents' were received 1 to 3 times of home visits by home health care nurse per month. $48.6\%$ of respondents answered they were introduced by attending doctors or nurses to home health care services. $55.8\%$ of respondents answered registration to home health care services was simple and easy. $97.4\%$ of respondents answered home health care payment system was adequate. $64.9\%$ of respondents answered the cost of home health care per visit was adequate and comfortable. 4) Health education, counselling, physical assessment was provided to most of the patients. Those who suffered with cerebral-cardiovascular disease was needed hands on direct care most of all. The least home health care service provided was medication. 5) The satisfaction measurement tool was composed with 13 items and 3 score scale. The mean score of satisfaction on provided home health care services was 2.67 out of 3. Among 13 items. 'home health care service was kind enough' was highest(2.84). 'nurse use precise word to understand and communicate'. 'nurse gave home visiting notice ahead of time and kept the home visiting promise on time' was 2.83. 'whenever I need home health care nurse I can give a call and meet the nurse' was lowest 2.41. Special Home Health care programs such as comprehensive hospice care programs for elders over sixty years old should be organized. Adequate and standardized home health care payment system should be developed as soon as possible. In korean family situation. when family members are getting sick and stay at home. family members were taking care of the patients. special program such as counselling family members are needed.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.74-95
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• 2009

민속마을로 지정된 마을은 다른 마을에 비해 역사적 문화적 가치가 높은 마을로서 지금까지 전통적 요소가 상당히 많이 남아 있는 곳이다. 현재 민속마을로 지정된 곳은 7개로 문화재보호법에 의해서 마을 전체가 보호를 받고 있다. 민속 마을에 적용되는 문화재보호법은 개별적으로 지정되는 일반 유형문화재와 달리 마을 내 전체 주민이 실제 거주 사용하는 가옥과 부속건물 모두를 대상으로 한다. 문화재보호법이 마을 전체를 지정대상으로 하기 때문에 마을 안에 있는 건축물을 마음대로 개보수할 수 없다. 그 결과 민속마을 거주자들은 일상생활에 상당한 제약을 받게 되는데, 그 중에서 주거생활의 제약이 가장 크다. 민속마을 지정은 마을 보존의 측면에서 보면 긍정적이지만, 거주자의 입장에서 보면 법적으로 주거생활에 제약을 받기 때문에 부정적이다. 왜냐하면 현대사회의 첨단 기술이 주거생활에 도입되어 일반 사람들은 편리한 생활을 하고 있는데, 민속마을 주민들은 전통문화의 보존이라는 명목으로 그 혜택을 누리지 못하기 때문이다. 결국 민속마을 지정과 함께 주민들은 각종 건축규제를 받으며 직간접적으로 주거생활뿐 아니라 다양한 생활부문에까지 상당한 영향을 입게 된다. 그러므로 민속마을 주민들은 문화재보호법에 적지 않은 불만을 가지고 있다. 따라서 문화재보호법에 의거한 전통문화 보존을 추구하는 국가와 생활의 편리함을 추구하고자 하는 거주자 사이에는 충돌이 발생할 수밖에 없다. 하지만 민속마을 거주자들 역시 일상생활의 편리함을 추구하려는 욕구는 당연하다. 그래서 거주자들은 불법적으로 가옥 개조를 하고 있다. 이러한 사실은 국가기관에서도 일정부분 알고 있지만, 무조건 법의 잣대로 그들의 일상생활을 제약만 할 수 없다. 이런 불법 개조의 암묵적 허용은 거주자의 사유재산을 사용하는 권리와 국가의 문화재보호정책이 절충되면서 발생하는 것이다. 거주자들도 국가 기관에서 법적 제재를 가하지는 않는 범위 내에서 개조를 하려고 하고, 국가 역시 최소한의 범위 내에서 가옥 내 개조를 허용해준다. 이는 곧 국가와 거주자들이 가지고 있는 각자의 불만을 봉합하고 절충하려는 노력의 결과이다.