• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.23 no.4 s.61
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• pp.221-232
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• 1984

A series of experiments were carried out in the laboratory and fields to reevaluate the effects of Padan (cartap) to the brown planthopper (BPH). Nilapanata lugens. The $LD_{50}\;land\;LC_{50}$ values for the female and male BPH were determined by the topical application and seedling- dipping/root -soaking methods. The values were differed with the sex and test methods, and the BPH mortality was greatly increased with a rise in temperatures $(25-35^{\circ}C)$. In a viewpoint of honeydew excretion and offsprings produced, there was no any possibility in BPH resurgence at the sublethal exposures of Padan. The BPH mortality to Padan 4 G was greatly low in the pot tests compared with those to diazinon and carbofuran, but in the paddy fields the efficacy of Padan 4G was nearly reversed. A single application of Padan 4G at the rate of 4kg/10a dramatically suppressed the BPH populations in the paddy fields, and the control effect was much more accelerated in the drained paddy field than in the submerged paddy field.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of repeated firings on the color of zirconia restoration with different shading method. Materials and methods: Three different types of zirconia frameworks (adding metallic pigments to the initial zirconia powder before sintering (Group NM), dipping the milled frameworks in dissolved coloring agents (Group KI), or application of liner material to the sintered white frameworks (Group KW) were used to support A3 shade dentin porcelain. Repeated firings (3, 5, or 7) were performed, color differences among ceramic specimens were measured using a colorimeter. Repeated measurements analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data for significant difference. The Tukey Honestly Significant Different (HSD) test was used to perform multiple comparisons (${\alpha}$ = .05). Results: 1. $L^*a^*b^*$ values of the ceramic systems were affected by the number of firings (1, 3, 5 or 7 firings) (P < .001) and shading methods (P < .001). 2. As the number of firings increased, the $L^*$ (for all groups) and $a^*$ value (for KW and NM groups) decreased and the $b^*$ value(for all groups) increased. 3. The mean color differences caused by repeated firings were perceptible (${\Delta}E$ > 1) for group KW and KI fired after 3 times, except for group NM fired after 7 times. 4. In order of decreasing ${\Delta}E$ value fired after 7 times, the values were group KI(${\Delta}E$ = 2.26) > group KW (${\Delta}E$ = 1.47) > group NM (${\Delta}E$ = 1.08) (P < .001). Conclusion: Repeated firings influenced the color of the zirconium-oxide all-ceramic specimens with different shading methods.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.97-113
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• 2014

An actual proof experiment was carried out to establish the production of high quality organic rice at farm household in Gwangjin, Junnam, Korea 2011. Experimental plot was designed with conventional organic cultivation and manual organic cultivation in both Hopeongbyeo and Onnuri varities. Experimental field was consisted with suitable drainage loam soil, anryong series, and normal paddy field. Chemical characteristics of the soil were investigated from initial soil and soil after harvest in experimental sites. Seed disinfection was treated with hot water dipping method at $60^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. Rice transplanting was carried out at 17 June with 25 days seedling using machine transplanting. Golden apple snail was used to prevent weed growth as middle size (1.5~1.7 kg/10a) at one week after rice transplanting. Amount of applied fertilizer in experimental plot was supplied with organic fertilizer for the shortage after harvest of hairy vetch (1,100 kg/10a). Bordeaux mixture was used to control of sheath blight and neck blast disease in all experimental plot at 19 Aug. Application of chitin culture solution was treated in manual organic cultivation at 2 and 15 Aug. At late growth stage, incidence rate of neck blast was the highest level at Hopyeongbyeo in conventional organic cultivation. Incidence rate of sheath blight in both Hopyeongbyeo and Onnuri was higher in conventional organic cultivation than in manual organic cultivation. Incidence of rice leaf folder was the highest level at Onnuri in conventional organic cultivation. Yield index in manual organic cultivation was increased by 13% and 38% at Onnuri and Hopyeongbyeo, respectively, compared with conventional organic cultivation. Head rice percentage in both Hopyeongbyeo and Onnuri was slightly increased in manual organic cultivation. These results indicate that high quality production of rice organic cultivation could be depending on management of safe fertilization with nutrient content in soil.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.171-179
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• 2003

In order to investigate the effects of pickle carrier on physico-chemical characteristics of seasoning chicken products, chicken were cured in seasoning containing 100 ppm germanium water, green tea, water soluble mineral and mixtures(100 ppm germanium water+green tea+water soluble mineral) after addition of 0.1% concentration to the weight of chicken. The determination of pH, salt and sugar contents were carried out, according to curing time. The salt content showed 1.11 %, 1.21 % in cured at 24 hours in control of breast and leg, irrespective of chicken parts, in which showed 19.94 brix, 18.89 brix in sugar content, respectively. These results mean that breast and leg meat added with natural extracts and functional water showed higher sugar content than that of control, in which revealed shortening of curing time by increasing penetrating velocity of salt and sugar content. Thus, salt and sugar content tended to be increased as the curing time of pickle carrier were extended in seasoning chicken after dipping in pickle containing water soluble mineral ions for 6 hours. The seasoning chicken treated with natural extracts and functional water showed a lower than that of control in hardness, irrespective of chicken parts. Overall, the seasoning chicken treated with natural extracts and functional water showed a low TBARS value and Log CFU/g, in which revealed antioxidative and antimicrobial activity. The sensory evaluations of seasoning chicken added with natural extracts and functional water containing water-soluble mineral ions were not significantly different(P<0.05). The glutamic acid among free amino acid contents showed a high in seasoning chicken treated with green tea, compared to control. This amino acid played a important role in taste of seasoning meat. The doneness appearance in seasoning chicken added with natural extracts and functional water containing water-soluble mineral ions tended to not be different, compared to those of control. These results revealed that seasoning chicken added with natural extracts and functional water containing water-soluble mineral ions would be attractive in fast food market on the basis of improvement of tenderness, shortening of curing time and uniformity of roasting appearance in seasoning chicken.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2002

To develop commercial semi-solid apple baby food, the physicochemical characteristics of apple puree in relation to different preparing methods and the effect of the addition methods of ascorbic acid on browning reaction were investigated. The preparing methods were classified into 3 groups by initial heating treatment: no heating (A), steaming at $120^{\circ}C$ (B), and blancing at $100^{\circ}C$ (C). The viscosity of tested apple puree was $2,600{\sim}5,856\;cp$, and contents of anhydrogalaturonic acid (AGA) and neutral sugar ranged $4.15{\sim}11.92\;mg%$ and $6.18{\sim}10.65\;mg%$, respectively. Among free sugars tested, level of fructose was the highest $(5.43{\sim}8.87%)$, followed by glucose $(2.11{\sim}4.23%)$, sucrose $(1.64{\sim}2.94%)$, in that order. Since small amounts of ascorbic acid were detected $(1.54{\sim}1.83\;mg%)$, it seemed to be lost by heating process in preparing of apple puree. For apple puree A, its lightness was lower and redness was higher than those of apple puree B and C. Its degree of browning of apple puree was so high that sodium ascorbic acid was added as a antibrowning agent. Puree had low sensory score and nutrient quality. The adding methods of ascorbic acid were classified into 4 groups by adding time: dipping, blending (2), heating (3), and blending + heating (4). Considering color and preference evaluation, preparing method B and adding method 2 showed the highest inhibitory activity on apple puree browning and desirable color for retort baby food. After retort sterilization, the viscosity of apple baby food was decreased from 3,477 cp to 2,294 cp, thiamin was destroyed completely, and the contents of riboflavin and ascorbic acid were decreased 41% and 21%, respectively. However, contents of free sugar and free amino acid and sensory parameter were not influenced by retort sterilization. In overall, the preparing method B-adding method 2 was a good processing condition for the retort apple baby food.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.145-155
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• 2005

A two-dimensional (2-D) interpretation of MT data has been performed for the purpose of fracture detection for geothermal development. Remote stations have been operated in Kyushu, Japan (480 km apart) as well as in Korea (60 km and 165 km apart in 2002 and 2003 data set, respectively). Apparent resistivity and phase curves calculated by remote processing with the Japan remote data showed enough quality for 2-D inversion for the whole frequency range. Remote reference processing with Korea remote reference data also showed quite good continuity in apparent resistivity and phase curves except some noisy frequency bands; around the power frequency, 60 Hz, and around the dead band $10^{-1}Hz\;Hz\;\~1\;Hz$, where the natural EM signal is known to be very weak. Even though the subsurface showed severe three-dimensional (3-D) characteristics in the survey area so that 2-D inversion by itself could not give enough information for deep geological structures, the 2-D inversion for the 5 survey lines showed several common features. The conductive semi-consolidate mudstone layer is dipping from north to south (about 500 m depth on the south and 200 m on the north most part of the survey area). The boundary between the low (L-2) and high (H-2) resistivity anomalies can be thought as a major fault with strike $N15^{\circ}E$, passing through the sites 206, 112 and 414. The shallow (< 1 km) conductive anomalies (L-4) seem to be fracture zones having strike E-W (at site 105) and $N60^{\circ}W$ (at site 434). And there exists a conductive layer in the western and west-southern part of the survey area in the depth below $2\~3\;km$, for which further investigation is to be needed.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.151-165
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• 1997

The Kyemyeongsan area of Chungju in the NE part of the Ogcheon metamorphic zone, Koera, consists mainly of the Ogcheon Supergroup(Taehyangsan Quartzite, Hyangsanri Dolomite and Kyemyeogsan Formation) and the MeSozoic Chungju granite. The Kyemyeongsan Formation is composed mainly of metamorphic rocks of various grades derived from conglomeratic, basic, acidic, pelitic and psammitic rocks. The basic and acidic rocks show alternated or interfingered appearence, indicating that they were derived form bimodal type of magmatism in rift environment. Conglomeratic rocks overlie acidic volcanic rocks in geneal, but are underlain by both acidic plutonic and volcanic rocks. This indicaties that the acidic magmatism before the formation of conglomeratic rocks was different from that during or after the formation of conglomeratic rocks in its occurrence mode. The geological structure of the Ogcheon metamorphic zone in the Kyemyeongsan area, Chungju was formed at least by three phases of deormation. The first phase deformation(D1) formed a regional-scale sheath-type fold(F1) closed into the east. Its axial phane(S1) strikes NNW to NW and dips WSW to SW. The stetching lineation(L1), related to the sheath-type fold, plunges westward. The second phase deformation (D2) formed asymmetric fold(F2) of ESE-to SE-vergence with NNE to NE striking axial plane(S2) and $20~45^{\circ}/210~230^{\circ}$ plunging axis(L2). The F2 fold reoriented the original westward plunging L1 into northwestward plunging L1 in its lower limb(overturned limb). The third phase of deformation(D3) was recognized as chevron-type fold(F3) with $45^{\circ}/265$^{\circ}$ plunging axis. The F3 fold was formed by the compression of N-S direction, resulting in the reorientation of the original $20-45^{\circ}/210~230^{\circ}$ plunging L2 into mainly $35~45^{\circ}/260~280^{\circ}$ and subsidiarily $30~45^{\circ}/135~165^{\circ}$ plunging L2. After this deformation, open fold with NS striking and steeply E or W dipping axial plane is formed by the compression of E-W direction.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.212-228
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• 1993

A chenier, about 860 m long, 30 to 60 m wide and 0.6∼1.6 m high, occurs on the upper muddy tidal flat in the Gomso bay, western coast of Korea, It consists of medium to fine sands and shells with small amounts of subangular gravels. Vertical sections across the chenier show gently landward dipping stratifications which include small-scale cross-bedded sets. the most probable source of the chenier is considered to be the intertidal sandy sediments. Vibracores taken along a line transversing the tidal flat reveal that the intertidal sand deposits are more than 5 m thick near the low-water line and become thinner toward the chenier. The most sand deposits are undertrain by tidal muds which occur behind the chenier as salt marsh deposits. C-14 age dating suggests that the sand deposits and the chenier are younger than about 1,800 years B.P. The chenier has originated from the intertidal sand shoals at the lower to mid sand flat, and has continuously moved landward. A series of aerial photographs (1967∼1989) reveal that intertidal sand shoals (predecessor of the western part of chenier) on the mid flat have continuously moved landward during the past two decades and ultimately attached to the eastern part of the chenier already anchored at the present position in the late 1960s. Repeated measurements (four times between 1991 and 1992) of morphological changes of the chenier indicate that the eastern two thirds of the chenier, mostly above the mean high water, has rarely moved whereas the western remainder below the mean high water, has moved continuously at a rate of 0.5 m/mo during the last two years (1991∼1992). This displacement rate has been considerably accelerated up to 1.0 m/mo in winter, and during a few days of typhoon in the summer of 1992 the displacement amounted to about 8∼11 m/mo for the entire chenier. these facts suggest that macro-tidal currents, coupled with winter-storm waves and infrequent strong typhoons, should play a major role for the formation and migration of chenier after 1,800 B.P., when the sea level already rose to the present position and thereafter remained constant.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 1973

The purpose of this studies is to improve the cohesion of raw silk through various analyses on cocoon drying, cooking, reeling, re-reeling, and on the properties of water. Also we investigated the correlation between silk testing items which we have reached to the following results. 1. Drying of cocoon When cocoons were slowly dried with 100$^{\circ}C$, the results of cohesion became much better. On the other hand, the results were considerably decreased in case the temperature with 115$^{\circ}C$. 2. Cooking of cocoon In case of the cooking of cocoon, we found that the result of cohesion was best with incomplete cooking, that of the control was next, while in over cooking, the results were very low. Also the results of cohesion were much better when using the method of over cooking with sericin arrestive agent than that of incomplete cooking with sericin agglutinating agent. 3. Reeling of cocoon A) When the temperature of reeling bath was 25-45$^{\circ}C$, the results of cohesion test were much better, but at the temperature below 25$^{\circ}C$ or above 45$^{\circ}C$, the results became worse. B) With out the process of croissieur, the results of cohesion were too bad, but in case of croissieur more than 1cm, cohesion became better rapidly. Further more, we understood that the results of cohesion were improving slightly with longer length of croissieur. C) When the velocity of reeling was increased, the results of cohesion also improved. The best results were shown when reeling velocity was 180-220 r.p.m. But when the velocity was increased more than 220 r.p.m., the results of cohesion got worse more or less. D) When the temperature of the drying pipe in reeling machine was raised, the results of cohesion also showed a tendency to improve. 4. Re-reeling A) We could net reach a conclusion as to have correlation between the number of dipping repeat in vacuum tank and the results of cohesion before re-reeling process. B) When we used Seracol 500 as an agglutination protective agent with l/1000 to l/2000 of water, the results of cohesion test were better. C) When we used Pearl-lite as an agglutination protective agent with 1/1000 to 1/2000 of water, the results of cohesion were considerably better. D) We gained tile best results when used Cohesion Improving Chemical, A-80, with 500-1500 times diluted. 1) Results of cohesion was improved when humidity was low or temperature was high in the rereeling machine. 5. Filature water A) The water pH near the isoelectric point of protein showed the best cohesion, but the farther water pH, the worser results were obtained. B) With the increasing of M-alkalinity in filature water, the results of cohesion were worse. Above all, we understood the tendency of the results of cohesion get worse when the M-alkalinity is increased above 200 ppm. C) By increasing the total hardness of the filature water, it improved the results of cohesion. Especially, when the total hardness was above 300ppm, the results were extremely high. 6. Effects combination of each results A) The result of effects combination in filature processes with the obtained best conditions was distinctively improved. But the results could not reach in mathematicaly double effect. When reelied under worse conditions, the results of cohesion test were too bad. There was "effect limit" for the promotion. B) Generally the results of cohesion were bad when the filature conditions(the temperature, pressure and the properties of water, etc) are processed as sericin loss to be high. On the other hand, the results were very good when lower sericin loss was controlled in filature conditions. C) When filature conditions such as reeling velocity and croissieur length provide pysical cohesion ability and when raw silk dry fast during reeling and re-reeling, we found the result of cohesion was better. 7. Correlation of silk testing items. A) A negative correlation exists between the results of cohesion test and cleanness defect. Another word, the result of cohesion test was found to be worse as cleanness defect increased. B) In cleanness, cohesion has negative correlation against the number of slugs, but we could not find any correlation against long loops, loose ends. C) Cohesion has negative correlation against average neatness and low neatness defect. The better the results of neatness respectively, the better the results of cohesion found. D) There is no correlation between tenacity and the results of cohesion test, but there was high positive correlation between the results of elongation and those of cohesion test. The more elongation, the better the results of cohesion was found.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.109-119
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• 1987

This Study was conducted to provide fundamental data necessary for the improvement of milk quality. Milk quality was evaluated by 3 methods; milk fat percent measurement, methylene blue reduction test (MBRT), and somatic cell count measurement. At the same time, condition of hygienic management of dairy facilities and cows was investigated in each of 234 dairy farms located in Gyunggi area from May, 1986 to April, 1987. The results were as follows 1. Average milk fat percents among farms were 3.67%, 3.64%, 3.43%, 3.48% in January, April, July and October, respectively. The diUerences of milk fat percent from month to month were statistically significant (p<0.005). and the seasonal average was 3.56%. 2. Numbers of farms which produced bulk milk of first grade by MBRT were 153(65.4%), 157(67.1%), 76(32.5%) and 141(60.2%) in January, April, July and October, respectively. The diUerences among months were statistically significant (p<0.005). Also, significant diUerences of grade by milking quantity (p<0.05), presence of milk cooler (p<0.01), and collection means (p<0.05) were demonstrated. 3. Number8 of farms which produced bulk milk of fir8t grade in somatic cell count measurement were 227(97.0%), 226(96.6%), 218(93.2%) and 223(95.3%) in January, April, July and October, respectively. And diUerences of grade by the pratice of teat dipping, dry cow therapy and manner in which udder washing towel was used statisticaJJy 8ignificant (p<0.01).