• Journal of Public Diplomacy
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.97-115
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• 2022

What is the relationship between city diplomacy and public diplomacy in the United States? Whilst this question is often raised among scholars and practitioners of public diplomacy, a concrete and systematic response to it seems difficult to locate. This paper addresses the question by relying on earlier research based on empirical analysis of data from semi-structured interviews with city officials with international purview in the United States as well as with current and former officials at the U.S. Department of State who have worked on topics related to city diplomacy. The research and analysis that informs this paper and the diagrams it offers are hinged on design principles and adopt an architecture studio style approach to data analysis. Further, multidimensional scaling and correspondence analysis are used to visualize the convergence and divergence between the functions of public diplomacy, as introduced by Nicholas Cull, and the functions of city diplomacy that this paper introduces. This is done to first, provide a framework for understanding the dynamics between city diplomacy and public diplomacy; and second, uncover the policy intervention space that could guide policies for making U.S. city diplomacy and public diplomacy more strategically aligned.

• Journal of Public Diplomacy
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2022

Throughout the six decades evolution of the public diplomacy concept, international relations approaches have remained at the margins of the field. An important international relations theory that has been virtually non-existent in the public diplomacy literature is the English School of international relations. This theory has been the centerpiece of literature in diplomatic studies, but curiously, has not been applied to public diplomacy. In this editorial, I outline a public diplomacy framework for global governance issues that builds on the English School and Pamment's framework on the intersection of international development and public diplomacy.

• Journal of Public Diplomacy
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.27-48
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• 2021

Remarkably, despite the growing frequency and severity of global problems such as climate change, earthquakes and health pandemics, public diplomacy has remained largely focused on the goals of state actors and threats from other actors. The Covid-19 pandemic exposed the consequences of focusing on individual actors of public diplomacy, including their competitive quest for soft power, over the more pressing needs of humanity and public diplomacy's global mandate. The aim of this piece is to expand the vision of soft power from a competitive state-centric perspective to a broader and more collaborative, humanity-centered perspective. Although public diplomacy's link to power may appear recent and linked to Nye's (2004) concept of soft power, research suggests that it may stem from the traditional diplomacy's "diplomacy of imperialism" (Langer, 1935) that immediately preceded public diplomacy's rise. While this diplomatic heritage may currently dominate public diplomacy perspectives, humankind's global heritages and evolutionary capacity for cooperation suggest another vision is possible. The paper draws upon Alexander Vuving's (2009) explanation of how soft power works in a comparative analysis with Nye's original works to sketch out a new humanity-centered perspective of soft power. The paper concludes with implications of a humanity-centered perspective of soft power for public diplomacy's global mandate.

• Journal of Public Diplomacy
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.136-142
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• 2022

• Journal of Public Diplomacy
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.36-56
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• 2021

The Amazon fires in summer 2019 triggered an incendiary Twitter debate between French president Emmanuel Macron and Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro that engaged political leaders, celebrities, and audiences worldwide. Currently, diplomats-in-chief connect to the global public through completely open debates, often without proper advice from foreign-affairs ministers, which may result in misunderstandings and conflicts among world leaders. Hence, this study argues that these interactions must be supported by Nicholas Cull's seven lessons in public diplomacy. The main topic on hand is presidential public diplomacy performed through digital means in cyberspace. Thus, after distinguishing cyberspace, digital diplomacy, and cyberdiplomacy, the literature review focuses on presidential public diplomacy, presidential diplomacy on Twitter, and Cull's seven lessons. Subsequently, the case study method provides a snapshot of the debate between Macron and Bolsonaro over the Amazon fires. This study concludes by answering the research question and indicating grist for the mill with regard to future developments.

• 수완나부미
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.145-164
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• 2017

In the 21^st century, the growing use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and social media platforms has influenced our way of life, including international diplomacy. With the use of new interactive communication technologies such as WhatsApp, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, video sharing website, blogs, and other social media networks, digital diplomacy has become an active diplomatic mode in modern society and plays an increasing important role in international relations. Although Indonesia has gradually realized the pivotal role of internet diplomacy and recently put it into practice, it is still lagging far behind. This paper will examine how Indonesia conducts its diplomacy in the new era of digital world. How far and in what ways does the Indonesian government make use of digital technology to conduct its diplomacy? What opportunities and challenges are confronted to develop digital diplomacy? How does it navigate diplomacy in the digital age? Unless Indonesia embraces new channels and methods of diplomacy, its foreign policy implementation may not run optimally to support its aim of attaining its objectives in the international stage.

• STI Policy Review
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.85-110
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• 2015

Science and technology diplomacy has become an important policy agenda because of its diplomatic utility and enhancing of international science networks. However, different countries possess different objectives and governance of S&T diplomacy. In this context, this paper seeks to answer the following questions: what are the similarities and differences of S&T diplomacy in countries and what shapes these characteristics? To answer these questions, this paper conducts a comparative case study with five countries - Switzerland, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States - whose S&T diplomatic programs are highly recognized and benchmarked by other countries. A useful typology is devised to conduct a systematic comparison. For S&T diplomatic objectives, this paper suggests five types by elaborating concepts from the previous literature: access diplomacy, promotion diplomacy, public aid diplomacy, functional diplomacy, and global leadership diplomacy. Also, in terms of a governance model for S&T diplomacy, three models - a sciencecentered model, a science-outsourcing model and a top-down coordinating model - are suggested based on leadership organization. This paper reveals the different characteristics of the selected countries in S&T diplomacy. While the selected countries pursue almost every type of S&T diplomatic objective, the US and the UK tend to conduct influence-based diplomacy more than other countries do. In addition, different countries each have unique governance models for S&T diplomacy. While more research is necessary for vigorously testing the causes of different objectives and their relationship with governance models, this paper suggests more general policy implications throughout. The strength of the country's S&T base is fundamentally important for the success of S&T diplomacy. However, domestic S&T assets need to be transferred to its diplomatic capabilities. In this sense, the appropriate governance that fits best with the country's S&T mission should be established, while S&T communities should increasingly play a leadership role in evolving global S&T networks.

• Journal of Public Diplomacy
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.116-135
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• 2022

Public diplomacy activities can benefit from social capital theory, when its social dynamics is elucidated in the investment of complex social networks and in the establishment and management of relationships with foreign publics. Social capital theory explains that actors can produce purposive actions to mobilize resources in social structures, which thus explains the dynamics of social interactions. In response to the lack of conceptual frameworks for understanding public diplomacy activities within social capital theory, we conducted a narrative literature review that intends to identify the means through which international actors, such as governments, engage with foreign publics through the dynamics of social networks and the resources embedded in them. In addition, we explored the multidimensional characteristics of social capital to enhance the comprehension of the manner in which actors access, share, and maintain resources in target communities, institutions, or organizations through public diplomacy activities. In summary, we highlight the importance of new theoretical explorations on the application of social capital theory to public diplomacy and the need for a research agenda in the field.

• 공공외교: 이론과 실천
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.53-68
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• 2023

최근 국제정세는 신냉전으로 불릴 만큼 극심한 진영 간 대립의 양상을 보여주고 있다. 진영을 구분하는 요소로 가치와 규범이 강조되고 있지만 실제 갈등은 단순하게 이념과 가치에만 기반을 두기 보다는 훨씬 복잡하고 다층적인 양상을 나타내고 있다. 이러한 상황 속에서 우리 정부는 제2차 공공외교 기본계획(2023~2027)을 수립했다. 본 연구는 제1차 공공외교 기본계획과 제2차 기본계획을 비교하고 있으며, 이를 통해 바람직한 한국 공공외교의 방향에 대해 논의하고 있다. 제2차 기본계획은 지식공공외교와 정책공공외교 측면에서 더욱 확장된 내용을 포함하고 있으며, 공공외교의 수단으로서 디지털 공공외교를 강조하는 등 발전적인 내용들을 담고 있지만, 정책공공외교의 일부인 가치와 규범에 대해 명확한 내용을 제시하지 못하고 있다. 가치와 규범은 최근 국제정치의 주요 요인이지만 우리에게 중요한 국가들을 배제할 수도 있기 때문에, 글로벌 보편 가치를 설정하고 이를 추구하는 것이 정책공공외교의 주요 목표가 되어야 한다. 대립하고 갈등하는 국제정세 속에서 우리의 공공외교가 바람직한 방향으로 추진될 수 있도록 더욱 정교하고 세심한 계획 수립이 필요하다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2020

ICT기반의 인프라가 구축되면서 세계 많은 국가들의 네트워크가 활발하게 이어지는 가운데 외교 활동도 이전까지의 전통외교와는 차별화된 다양한 외교양식으로 진화되고 있다. 특히 그 과정에서 정부 이외의 주체와 새로운 외교영역을 중심으로 하는 공공외교의 활동이 가속화되는 양상을 보이고 있다. 본 연구는 새로운 외교양식의 대표적 유형으로 등장한 공공외교의 현황을 파악하고 글로벌 거버넌스의 활성화를 위한 정책적 함의를 도출하였다. 각 주체별 다양한 외교활동의 주요 내용을 중심으로 생성된 데이터를 통해 현황 분석을 시도하고 공공외교의 트랜드를 토대로 방향성을 모색하였다. 외교의 주체가 더욱 더 다양해지고 있고, 무엇보다 외교 수단의 변화로 인해 세계무대를 토대로 다각적인 활동들이 이어지고 있다. 무엇보다 국민들 모두가 민간외교의 역할을 수행하는 모습을 보이고 있고, 지방정부 차원의 역할과 역량도 더 강해지고 있음을 파악하였다. 공공외교의 활성화를 위해 글로벌 거버넌스구축이 필요하며, 공공외교의 역할과 다양한 주제로 확장하여 지원정책이 지속될 필요가 있다.