• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.201-211
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• 2010

We present a highly effective T-DNA inserted gene screening method as part of a reverse genetics model system using the Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. spp. pekinensis). Three-step two-dimensional (2D) matrix strategies are potentially accurate and useful for the identification of specific T-DNA inserted mutants from a large population. To construct our Chinese cabbage model, we utilized a forward genetics screening approach for the abnormal phenotypes that were obtained from transgenic plants of Brassica rapa generated with Agrobacteria tumefaciens containing the pRCV2 vector. From one transgenic plant with an abnormal phenotype, we observed that the st1 gene (which is related to senescence-associated process proteins) contained a T-DNA fragment, and that its expression level was decreased. This T-DNA insert was then used as a control to construct an effective screening pool. As a result, the optimum template concentration was found to be 0.1-1 ng in our PCR strategy. For other conditions, positive changes to the Gibbs free energy prevented the formation of oligo dimers and hairpin loop structures, and autosegment extension gave better results for long fragment amplification. Using this effective reverse genetics screening method, only 23 PCR reactions were necessary to select a target gene from a pool of 100 individual DNAs. Finally, we also confirmed that the sequence we obtained from the above method was identical to the flanking sequence isolated by rescue cloning.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.622-627
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• 2012

The processes to determine the composition, dynamics, and activity of infection mechanisms by the rhizosphere microflora have attracted the interest of scientists from multiple disciplines although considerable progress of the infection pathways and plant-pathogen interactions by soil borne fungal pathogens have been made. Soilborne pathogens are confined within a three-dimensional matrix of mineral soil particles, pores, organic matter in various stages of decomposition and a biological component. Among the physical and chemical properties of soils soil texture and matric water potential may be the two most important factors that determine spread exudates by soil borne fungal pathogens, based on the size of the soil pores. Pathogenic invasion of plant roots involves complex molecular mechanisms which occur in the diffuse interface between the root and the soil created by root exudates. The initial infection by soilborne pathogens can be caused by enzymes which breakdown cell wall layers to penetrate the plant cell wall for the fungus. However, the fate and mobility of the exudates are less well understood. Therefore, it needs to develop methods to control disease caused by enzymes produced by the soilborne pathogens by verifying many other possible pathways and mechanisms of infection processes occurring in soils.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.825-834
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• 2008

Nose chine shape optimization study has been performed to maximize the directional stability at high angle of attack supersonic flow. Various chine shapes are generated using super ellipse equation. By numerically investigating the directional stability characteristics of those shapes, the baseline configuration for the shape optimization has been selected using the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. The configuration is represented by the NURBS curves which can adjust the surface geometry by the control points. The response surfaces are constructed to obtain optimum shape which has high directional stability characteristics and lift-to-drag ratio. From this study, an efficient configuration design and optimization process which utilizes the parameter-based configuration generation techniques and approximation method has been established, then 29% improvement of the directional stability by strong vortexes from chine nose is accomplished.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.421-430
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• 2017

In this paper, research results on the change of music emotion are described. Our gaol was to provide a method of changing music emotion by a human user. Then we tried to find a way of transforming the contents of the original music into the music whose emotion is similar with the changed emotion. For the purpose, a method of changing the emotion of playing music on two-dimensional plan was describe. Then the original music should be transformed into the music which emotion would be equal to the changed emotion. As the first step a method of deciding which music factors and how much should be changed was presented. Finally the experimental method of editing by sound editor for changing the emotion was described. There are so many research results on the recognition of music emotion. But the try of changing the music emotion is very rare. So this paper would open another way of doing research on music emotion field.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.731-744
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• 2007

A method for dynamic analysis and design calculation of a Powertrain Mounting System(PMS) including Hydraulic Engine Mounts(HEM) is developed with the aim of controlling powertrain motion and reducing low-frequency vibration in pitch and bounce modes. Here the pitch mode of the powertrain is defined as the mode rotating around the crankshaft of an engine for a transversely mounted powertrain. The powertrain is modeled as a rigid body connected to rigid ground by rubber mounts and/or HEMs. A mount is simplified as a three-dimensional spring with damping elements in its Local Coordinate System(LCS). The relation between force and displacement of each mount in its LCS is usually nonlinear and is simplified as piecewise linear in five ranges in this paper. An equation for estimating displacements of the powertrain center of gravity(C.G.) under static or quasi-static load is developed using Newton's second law, and an iterative algorithm is presented to calculate the displacements. Also an equation for analyzing the dynamic response of the powertrain under ground and engine shake excitations is derived using Newton's second law. Formulae for calculating reaction forces and displacements at each mount are presented. A generic PMS with four rubber mounts or two rubber mounts and two HEMs are used to validate the dynamic analysis and design calculation methods. Calculated displacements of the powertrain C.G. under static or quasi-static loads show that a powertrain motion can meet the displacement limits by properly selecting the stiffness and coordinates of the tuning points of each mount in its LCS using the calculation methods developed in this paper. Simulation results of the dynamic responses of a powertrain C.G. and the reaction forces at mounts demonstrate that resonance peaks can be reduced effectively with HEMs designed on the basis of the proposed methods.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.228-234
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• 2015

The balance ability significantly decreased in the elderly because of deterioration of the neural musculature regulatory mechanisms. Several studies have investigated methods of improving balance ability using real-time systems, but it is limited by the expensive test equipment and specialized resources. Recently, Kinect system based on depth data has been applied to address these limitations. Little information about accuracy/inaccuracy of Kinect system is, however, available, particular in motion analysis for evaluation of effectiveness in rehabilitation training. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate accuracy/inaccuracy of Kinect system in specific rotational movement for balance rehabilitation training. Six healthy male adults with no musculoskeletal disorder were selected to participate in the experiment. Movements of the participants were induced by controlling the base plane of the balance training equipment in directions of AP (anterior-posterior), ML (medial-lateral), right and left diagonal direction. The dynamic motions of the subjects were measured using two Kinect depth sensor systems and a three-dimensional motion capture system with eight infrared cameras for comparative evaluation. The results of the error rate for hip and knee joint alteration of Kinect system comparison with infrared camera based motion capture system occurred smaller values in the ML direction (Hip joint: 10.9~57.3%, Knee joint: 26.0~74.8%). Therefore, the accuracy of Kinect system for measuring balance rehabilitation traning could improve by using adapted algorithm which is based on hip joint movement in medial-lateral direction.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.186-194
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• 2016

In this study, a co-axial flow induced microfluidic chip to fabricate pure collagen type I microfiber via the control of collagen type I and Na-alginate gelation process. The pure collagen type I microfiber was generated by selective degradation of Ca-alginate from 'Core-Shell' structured hydrogel microfiber. To make 'Core-Shell' structure, collagen type I solution was introduced into core channel and 1.5% Na-alginate solution was injected into side channel in microfluidic chip. To evaluatethe 'Core-Shell' structure, the red and green fluorescence substances were mixed into collagen type I and Na-alginate solution, respectively. The fluorescence substances were uniformly loaded into each fiber, and the different fluorescence images were dependent on their location. By immoblizing EpH4-Ras and C6 cells within collagen type I and Na-alginate solution, we sucessfully demonstrated the co-culture of EpH4-Ras and C6 cells with 'Core-Shell' like hydrogel microfiber for 5 days. Only to produce pure collagen type I hydrogel fiber, tri-sodium citrate solution was used to dissolve the shell-like Ca-alginate hydrogel fiber from 'Core-Shell' structured hydrogel microfiber, which is an excellent advantage when the fiber is employed in three-dimensional scaffold. This novel method could apply various application in tissue engineering and biomedical engineering.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.41-54
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Sa-am acupuncture with Pericardium jung-gyuck (SA-acu-PC) and Triple Energizer jung-gyuck (SA-acu-TE) on the radial pulse in healthy human subjects. Methods: Sixty healthy subjects participated in this study and divided into three groups randomly: Control group(C), Pericardium jung-gyuck group(PC), Triple Energizer jung-gyuck group(TE). Radial pulse was measured by 3 dimensional pulse imaging system (DMP-3000) before, right after, 30 minutes after, and 60 minutes after acupuncture. Results: 1. The changes observed in periodic parameters are considered as the common effects of both SA-acu-TE and SA-acu-PC. SA-acu-TE was more effective than SA-acu-PC in these effects. 2. The effects of SA-acu-PC appeared in the pulse amplitude, pulse area, and pulse power volume mainly at the left chon position, and 3. The effects of SA-acu-TE appeared in the radial augmentation index and main peak angle mainly at the right gwan position. Conclusions: The effects of SA-acu-PC and SA-acu-TE can be observed in the radial pulse. The increases in pulse amplitude, pulse area, and pulse power volume at the left chon may imply the effects of SA-acu-PC. And the decrease in the pulse power volume, the increases in radial augmentation index and main peak angle may imply the effects of SA-acu-TE.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1368-1376
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• 2008

In our previous study, the expression of active H-ferritins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found to reduce cell growth and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon exposure to oxidative stress; such expression enhanced that of high-affinity iron transport genes (FET3 and FTR1). The results suggested that the recombinant cells expressing H-ferritins induced cytosolic iron depletion. The present study analyzes metabolic changes under these circumstances via proteomic methods. The YGH2 yeast strain expressing A-ferritin, the YGH2-KG (E62K and H65G) mutant strain, and the YGT control strain were used. Comparative proteomic analysis showed that the synthesis of 34 proteins was at least stimulated in YGH2, whereas the other 37 proteins were repressed. Among these, the 31 major protein spots were analyzed via nano-LC/MS/MS. The increased proteins included major heat-shock proteins and proteins related to endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). On the other hand, the proteins involved with folate metabolism, purine and methionine biosynthesis, and translation were reduced. In addition, we analyzed the insoluble protein fractions and identified the fragments of Idh1p and Pgk1p, as well as several ribosomal assembly-related proteins. This suggests that intracellular iron depletion induces imperfect translation of proteins. Although the proteins identified above result from changes in iron metabolism (i.e., iron deficiency), definitive evidence for iron-related proteins remains insufficient. Nevertheless, this study is the first to present a molecular model for iron deficiency, and the results may provide valuable information on the regulatory network of iron metabolism.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.869-878
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• 2014

In this study, we performed two-dimensional electrophoresis with protein extracts from lizard tails, and analyzed the protein expression profiles during the tissue regeneration to identify the dedifferentiation factor. As a result, we identified 18 protein spots among total of 292 spots, of which proteins were specifically expressed during blastema formation. We selected lactoferrin as a candidate because it is the mammalian homolog of leech-derived tryptase inhibitor, which showed the highest frequency among the 18 proteins. Lactoferrin was specifically expressed in various stem cell lines, and enhanced the efficiency of iPSC generation upto approximately 7-fold relative to the control. Furthermore, lactoferrin increased the efficiency by 2-fold without enforced expression of Klf4. These results suggest that lactoferrin may induce dedifferentiation, at least partly by increasing the expression of Klf4.