• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.851-856
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• 2005

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the stability of anti-Helicobacter pylori IgY in water soluble fraction(WSF) of egg yolk according to the heat, pH and digestive enzyme treatment. Anti-H. pylori IgY content of WSF remained 76% after pasteurization(63$^{\circ}C$ for 30 min). The stability of anti-H. pylori IgY at different pH showed a tendency to diminish according to decreasing pH from 7.0 to 1.5(p＜0.05). Anti-H. pylori IgY content was 84.4% after treatment for 1 hour at 37$^{\circ}C$ in pH 5.0. There were significantly differences in IgY content between 1 hour and 2 hours at pH 2.0 in 200 units of pepsin treatment(p＜0.05). However, IgY was relatively stable at pH 4.0 regardless of the reaction time and the concentration of pepsin. The stability of IgY of egg yolk after the treatment of trypsin was significantly higher than that of water soluble fraction (p＜0.05). This results indicated that anti-H. pylori IgY showed relatively a good stability on heat, pH and digestive enzyme.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2008

The purpose of the study was to suggest the optimal lipid enrichment conditions used digestive enzyme activity of rotifer changing due to water temperature and salinity. The high population growth appeared at the experiment temperature more than 28 degrees highly on the culture temperature(maximum 32 degrees, 1,453 individual/mL). The fecundity was low at high temperature, and the egg ratio was high at low temperature. Population growth of 10 and 15 ppt appeared in most highly, but the fecundity and the egg ratio were high most significantly appeared in natural seawater(32 psu). The digestive enzyme activity by the culture environment mainly showed high activity in natural seawater(amylase exclusion, 15 psu). However, the TAP activity by the water temperature showed highly at the more high temperature, but the amylase and the lipase appeared at low temperature. We carried out the lipid enrichment at 20 degrees and 26 degrees in a condition of the natural seawater. Total protein, the total essential amino acids differed not significantly. The methionine content that was essential amino acids, a total lipid content, unsaturated index of fatty acids, DHA and the DHA/EPA ratio were high significantly each in $20^{\circ}C$ enrichment trial. Therefore, we could suggest the $20^{\circ}C$ and natural seawater for the optimal lipid enrichment condition in aquaculture, because methionine contents, several indexes by the lipid, TG-lipase activity, fecundity and egg ratio are high.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.136-145
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• 2013

Currently many studies aimed at enhancing efficacy of medicinal food on biological activity using bioconversion technology including fermentation process. In this study, the quality characteristics and antioxidative activity of fermented Crataegi fructus was investigated. The antioxidant activity of fermented Crataegi Fructus was assessed by various radical scavenging assays using DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power), Reducing power and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)). Moisture content of fermented Crataegi Fructus was $39.3{\pm}0.06%$. Contents of crude ash, crude protein, and crude fat were $0.20{\pm}0.01$, $1.77{\pm}0.04$, and $1.40{\pm}0.59%$, respectively. Moreover, the hunter's color values of fermented Crataegi Fructus were 79.24 (lightnees), 1.58 (redness), and 31.25 (yellowness), respectively. Total phenolic contents of fermented Crataegi Fructus were $3,015{\pm}250$ GAE ${\mu}g/g$. The antioxidative activities of fermented Crataegi Fructus significantly increased in a dose dependent manner. In addition, fermented Crataegi Fructus slightly (10.4%) inhibited ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity; however, there was no inhibitory activity against ${\alpha}$-amylase. In terms of proteolytic activity, fermented Crataegi Fructus showed a strong activity than pancreatin (used as a positive control). These results indicate that fermented Crataegi Fructus can be used as a natural resource for material aiding digestion.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.420-432
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and digestive enzyme activity in water extract (SAW) and 60% ethanol extract (SAE) from Stachys sieboldii. As the treatment concentration of each extract S. sieboldii extract increased, antibacterial and antioxidant activity increased. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of SAW were 106.25 ± 0.94 mgGAE/g, 24.4 ± 0.24 mgQE/g and SAE were 124.61 ± 1.11 mgGAE/g, 45.2 ± 3.52 mgQE/g, respectively. The 400 ㎍/mL of SAW and SAE performed more than 53% protective effects against oxidative stress in HepG2 cell lines. All extracts were not showed cytotoxicity to RAW 264.7 cell line at 100 ㎍/mL. NO production was reduced to 44.3 ± 1.4% for SAW and 45.1 ± 1.0% for SAE at a concentration of 100 ㎍/mL. The production of inflammatory cytokines each TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 was inhibited in a concentration-dependent. S. sieboldii extract did not showed Caco-2 cells cytotoxicity and inhibited NO production in concentration-dependent. As the concentration of the S. sieboldii extract increased of α-amylase and protease enzymes activity, which are digestive enzyme. As a result of the experiment, it is judged that it can be used as basic data for the development of health food using S. sieboldii.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1963-1973
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary energy and lipase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum profiles, intestinal morphology, small intestinal digestive enzyme activities, biochemical index of intestinal development and noxious gas emission in weaning pigs. Methods: A total of 240 weaning pigs ([Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace]${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of $7.3{\pm}0.12kg$ were used in this 28-d experiment. Weaning pigs were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement with 2 levels of energy (net energy = 2,470 kcal/kg for low energy diet and 2,545 kcal/kg for basal diet) and 2 levels of lipase (0 and 1.5 U/g of lipase) according to BW and sex. There were 6 replications (pens) per treatment and 10 pigs per pen (5 barrows and 5 gilts). Results: Weaning pigs fed the low energy diet had lower (p<0.05) gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) throughout the experiment, apparent digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, ether extract, and gross energy during d 0 to 14, average daily gain during d 15 to 28, lipase activity in duodenum and ileum and protein/DNA in jejunum (p<0.05), respectively. Lipase supplementation had no effect on growth performance but affected apparent nutrient digestibility (p<0.05) on d 14 and enhanced lipase activity in the duodenum and ileum and protease activity in duodenum and jejunum of pigs (p<0.05) fed the low energy diet. Lipase reduced serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG), $NH_3$ production (p<0.05) from the feces. Conclusion: The low energy diet decreased G:F throughout the experiment and nutrient digestibility during d 0 to 14 as well as lipase activity in duodenum and ileum. Lipase supplementation increased nutrient digestibility during d 0 to 14 and exerted beneficial effects on lipase activity in duodenum and ileum as well as protease activity in duodenum and jejunum, while reduced serum LDL-C, TG and fecal $NH_3$.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1575-1584
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• 2022

Objective: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with sunflower meal (SFM) with added exogenous multienzymes (MEs) on various biological parameters in broilers. Methods: One week-old, 400 broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatments (control, 3SFM, 6SFM, and 9SFM) with 5 replicates/treatment (20 chicks/replicate). Control diet was without SFM and MEs, while diets of 3SFM, 6SFM, and 9SFM treatments were prepared by replacing SBM with SFM at levels of 3%, 6%, and 9%, respectively, and were supplemented with MEs (100 mg/kg). Feeding trial was divided into grower (8 to 21 day) and finisher phases (22 to 35 day). External marker method was used to measure the nutrient digestibility. At the end of trial, twenty birds (one birds per replicate) with similar body weight were slaughtered for samples collection. Results: No significant effect of dietary treatments was found on all parameters of growth performance and carcass characteristics, except relative weight of bursa. Weight (25.0 g) and length (15.80 cm) of duodenum were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM than control. Lowest (p<0.05) villus height/crypt depth ratio was found in 3SFM and 9SFM than control. Most of meat quality parameters remained unaffected, however, highest pH of breast meat (6.16) and thigh meat (6.44) were observed in 9SFM and 3SFM, respectively. Lowest (p<0.05) cook loss of thigh meat was found in 6SFM (31.76%). Ileal digestibility of crude protein was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM (72.35%) than control (69.46%). In addition, amylase (16.87 U/mg) and protease (85.18 U/mg) activities were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM than control. However, cecal microbial count remained unaffected. Conclusion: Partial replacement (up to 9%) of SBM with SFM, with added MEs can help to improve the nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activities without affecting cecal microbial count and growth performance in broilers.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.513-518
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• 2017

Soybean, one of most widely used swine feed component in the world, contains non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). The digestive system of weaned pigs is not yet fully developed, and thus weaned pigs cannot easily digest diets based on corn and soybean meal. Dietary exogenous enzymes supplementation has been intensively investigated to assist digestion of anti-nutritional factors, such as NSP. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary enzyme cocktail on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. A total 36 weaned pigs ($5.92{\pm}0.48kg\;BW$; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (3 pigs/pen, 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were a typical diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.05% enzyme cocktail (Cocktail; mixture of xylanase, ${\alpha}-amylase$, protease, ${\beta}-glucanase$, and pectinase). Pigs were fed their respective diets for 6 wk. Growth performance, morphology of ileum, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, crude protein, and energy of weaned pigs were measured. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed for growth performance for the duration of the experimental period, and morphology of ileum, and nutrient digestibility between CON and Cocktail treatment groups. Therefore, the results from the current study indicated that enzyme cocktail supplementation in diets had no influence on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.363-373
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• 1986

This study was devised to elucidate whether soused shrimp exhibits a digestive action on boiled pork meats. and the mechanism by which sousing with a high concentration of sodium chloride preserves nutrients in foods for a prolonged pe\ulcornerriod. Protease was isolated from soused shrimp using a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation. DEAE - cellulose ion exchange chromatography and gel filtra\ulcornertion. The isolated protease had specific activity of 1.560 units. 210 purification fo\ulcornerld with an yield of 38%. Its optimum pH and temperature were 8.0 and $43^{\circ}C$ respectively. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 35.000. The Km value of the enzyme for casein was 1.6 x $10^{-6}$ M The e=yme required the presence of cu\ulcornerpric ion to exhibit its full activity. Eighty eight percent of the enzyme activity was in\ulcornerhibited by 3.5M NaCI showing a reversibly linear decrease of the enzyme activity as NaCI concentration increased. The nature of the inhibition by NaCl was rever\ulcornersible and noncompetitive. The protease activity in soused shrimp was well preser\ulcornerved with the elapse of time at least in part due to NaCI induced suppression of autodigestion. The enzyme was denatured by acid easily. i.e. 1% of the original activity remained after staying at pH 2 for 10 minutes. which is within the norm\ulcorneral range of pH of the human stomach. Soused shrimp was observed to be one of those containing the highest protease activity compared with the other soused foo\ulcornerds such as soused oyster. squid. clam. and Pollack intestine with respect to spec\ulcornerific activities of dialized 1:4 whole homogenates(w/v) in 5 mM sodium phospha\ulcornerte - 2.4 mM j3 - mercaptoethanol buffer. pH 8.0. Casein and boiled meats including pork, beef, and chicken appeared to be the good substrates for the protease. Casein was the best. Therefore. the ingestion of boiled meats including pork together with soused sh\ulcornerrimp would help digestion of boiled pork in human not only by increasing appe\ulcornertite also by the direct proteolytic digestion of boiled meats by soused shrimp to\ulcorner some extent. And a high concentration of sodium chloride inhibited the protease activity reversibly in a remarkable degree, which ensued in a significant retardat\ulcornerion of autodigestion of protein in foods by proteases, and hereby contributed to the preservation of foods for an extended period.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

The tryptic enzyme activities from hepatopancreas, foregut, midgut and feces were examined to optimize the feeding method in whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. The highest tryptic enzyme activity was found in hepatopancreas. The enzyme activities of hepatopancreas were 4 times higher than those of foregut per mg dry weight at 30 minutes feeding. Post feeding period, the activities of hepatopancreas increased continuously up to 30 hours after feeding. Trypsin activities of foregut showed about 3 times higher than did those of midgut. Average activity of foregut reached the pick with $303{\pm}68\;(mean{\pm}SE)$ nmol/mg/min at two hours after feeding and kept the activity up to 4 hours after feeding and thereafter the activity decreased. Average tryptic enzyme activity of midgut increased to $96{\pm}26nmol/mg/min$ up to two hours after feeding and it decreased to $52{\pm}17nmol/mg/min$ at five hours after feeding eventhough the gastric evacuation rate was still 50% by then. Foregut clearance occurred in 30 minutes after feeding and midgut weight increased up to 2 hours after feeding. Also we found that the maximal food ingestion in foregut was equivalent to the average 0.3% of its body weight by 30 minutes after feeding. Up to 5 hours after feeding, the weight ratio of midgut to body weight reduced, but still the weight ratio of foregut to body weight kept the similarity until then. These indicated that the tryptic enzyme activity and the clearance rate are different among the digestive organs and between forgot and midgut during the post feeding period in whiteleg shrimp.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.190-195
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• 2008

We investigated the changes in growth, digestive enzymes activities, nucleic acids contents and RNA/DNA ratio of flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae (C for Paracyclopina nana, A for Artemia, and M for Mix of C and A) for 14 to 28 DAH. Body length of flounder larvae showed the best in the C trial at 28 DAH. The change of nucleic acids contents showed faster in C and M trials than A trial. And RNA/DNA ratio showed the significantly faster changes in C trial than A trial. High metamorphosis rates were also observed in C and M trial. $\alpha$-amylase activities increased gradually up to 28 DAH in all trials. Total alkaline protease (TAP) activities of A trial showed the highest value to 9 mU/larvae at 26 DAH. But others trials showed lower to $5{\sim}6$ mU/larva than A trial. TAP:$\alpha$-amylase activity ratio did not significantly changed to $0.025{\sim}0.053$ in A trial during the experiments. But, C and M trials tended to gradually decrease from $0.078{\sim}0.083$ (initial) to $0.013{\sim}0.018$ (final). Therefore, it shown the ratio gradually decreased of TAP:$\alpha$-amylase activity, stability of TAP activity, and rapid change of nucleic acids in trials grown positively. Thus, because P. nana could continuously supply the optimal nutrients for flounder larvae, we suggested the supplement of the copepod to an efficient feed of the flounder larvae.