• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제41권4호
• /
• pp.280-286
• /
• 2021

The objective of this study was to prove the effect of pig slurry application with charcoal on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), feed value and ammonia (NH₃) emission from maize forage. The four treatments were applied: 1) non-pig slurry (only water as a control), 2) only pig slurry application (PS), 3) pig slurry application with large particle charcoal (LC), 4) pig slurry application with small particle charcoal (SC). The pig slurry was applied at a rate of 150 kg N ha^-1, and the charcoal was applied at a rate of 300 kg ha-1 regardless of the size. To determine the feed value of maize, crude protein, dry matter intake, digestible dry matter, total digestible nutrient, and relative feed value were investigated. All feed value was increased by charcoal treatment compared to water and PS treatment. Also, the NUE for plant N was significantly higher in charcoal treatments (LC and SC) compared to PS treatment. On the other hand, there is no significant difference for feed value and NUE between LC and SC. The NH₃ emission was significantly reduced 15.2% and 27.9% by LC and SC, respectively, compared to PS. Especially, SC significantly decreased NH₃ emission by 15% compared to LC. The present study clearly showed that charcoal application exhibited positive potential in nitrogen use efficiency, feed value and reducing N losses through NH₃ emission.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.373-377
• /
• 2007

Alfalfa silage and corn silage are the major dairy feeds in most dairy operations in Michigan, USA. In recent years, the need to improve digestible fiber and dry matter intake of forages to meet the nutrient requirements of high yielding dairy cows and the willingness to plant corn specifically for silage has led plant breeders to focus on the brown mid-rib (BMR) trait. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different ratio of alfalfa to BMR corn silage and ration level of forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on animal performance of lactating cows in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. This study was conducted at the Upper Peninsula Experiment Station of Michigan State University in Chatham, Michigan, USA. Two different ratios of forage type (high alfalfa silage/low BMR corn silage, AS, and high BMR corn silage/low alfalfa silage, BMRCS) and two different dietary NDF contents (27% NDF, 27 = low forage/high grain feeding, and 33% NDF, 33 = high forage/low grain feeding) were used. The experimental design was a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square with 20 milking cows (12 multiparous and 8 primiparous). This trial had four 21-day periods with 14 d adaptation and 7 d data collection. Milk yield and body condition score (BCS) on the AS-27, BMRCS-27 and BMRCS-33 treatments were significantly (p<0.05) higher than on the AS-33 treatment. Dry matter intake of the AS-27 and BMRCS-27 treatments was significantly (p<0.05) higher than for the AS-33 and BMRCS-33 treatments. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) on the AS-33 treatment was significantly (p<0.05) higher than on the other diet treatments. A key finding of this study was that the BMRCS-33 (higher amounts of brown mid-rib corn silage than alfalfa silage, high forage and low grain feeding diet at 33% NDF) led to the equal highest milk production whilst having the equal lowest dry matter intake. This study demonstrated that the diet with higher ratio of highly digestible NDF forage such as brown mid-rib corn silage to alfalfa silage could lower grain feeding in the ration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.263-270
• /
• 2004

A repeated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design was conducted with eight ileal cannulated castrates to examine the effect of source of starch and fiber on nutrient balance and energy metabolism. Pigs were fed on one of the four experimental diets: Control diet (C) mainly based on cooked rice; and diets P, S and W with the inclusion of either raw potato starch, sugar beet pulp or wheat bran supplementation, respectively. With the exception of an increased (p<0.05) energy loss from methane production with diet S observed, no significant differences (p>0.05) in the ratio of metabolizable energy (ME)/digestible energy, the utilization of ME for fat deposition and for protein deposition, energy loss as hydrogen and urinary energy were found between diets. The efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was lower (p<0.05) with diets P and S than with diet C. The inclusion of fiber sources (sugar beet pulp or wheat bran) or potato starch reduced the maintenance energy requirement. The fecal energy excretion was increased (p<0.05) with either sugar beet pulp or wheat bran supplementation, while it was unaffected (p>0.05) by addition of potato starch. In comparison with diets C and P, a lowered ileal or fecal digestibility of energy with diets S and W was observed (p<0.05). Feeding sugar beet pulp caused increased (p<0.05) daily production of methane and carbon dioxide and consequently increased energy losses from methane and carbon dioxide production, while it did not influence the daily hydrogen production (p>0.05). An increased (p<0.05) proportion of NSP excreted in feces was seen by the supplementation of wheat bran. Higher NSP intake caused an increased daily amount of NSP in the ileum, but the ileal NSP proportion as a percentage of NSP intake was unaffected by diets. Feeding potato starch resulted in increased daily amount of starch measured in the ileum and the proportion of ileal starch as a percentage of starch intake, while no significant influence on fecal starch was found. Higher (p<0.05) daily amount of fecal starch and the proportion of fecal starch as a percentage of starch intake were found with fiber sources supplementation compared with diets C and P. By increasing the dietary NSP content the fecal amount of starch increased (p<0.01).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.715-722
• /
• 1999

On a urea-molasses-straw (3:15:82, UMS) based diet, effect of graded levels of mustard oil cake (MOC) supplementation on the performances of native bulls has been studied. Four cannulated adult Bos indicus bulls of $415({\pm}44.6)kg$ live weight and 80 months old, were given daily either of 0, 200, 400 or 800 g of MOC in four periods in a $4{\times}4$ latin square design. Besides, each animal also received 200 g of each of molasses and wheat bran and a mineral mixture. For unit (1 g) increase in MOC intake, total DM intake increased by 0.8 g/d ($r^2=0.88$) but no change in the straw DM intake. With the increasing levels of MOC, crude protein (CP) digestibility increased exponentially with an asymptotic value of 72%. However, MOC level had no effect on the digestibilities of DM, OM and ADF. Similarly, rumen degradability of rice straw was also not affected by the level of dietary MOC, and mean straw DM degradabilities were 15, 21. 28, 37, 47 and 51% at 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of incubation respectively. Microbial N yield per kg digestible organic matter apparently fermented in the rumen were 7.46, 8.77, 6.88 and 5.96 g respectively for 0, 200, 400 or 800 g of dietary MOC. For each gram increase in dietary MOC, N intake and N balance increased by 0.054 g/d ($r^2=0.998$) and $0.59mg\;N/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$ ($r^2=0.99$) respectively. Nitrogen balance was estimated to be attained at the N intakes of $246mg\;N/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$. Thus, on a UMS-based diet supplementation of MOC up to 800 g (10% of total intake) of the dietary intake had little or no effect on intake, digestibility, rumen parameters, and microbial N yield but slightly increased the N balance. However marginal response to MOC supplementation is probably due to the high degradability of MOC protein in the rumen. Thus, any substantial positive response of MOC supplementation on a UMS-based diet can probably be achieved by reducing its protein degradability in the rumen.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.413-424
• /
• 2007

본 연구는 흑염소의 합리적 사료 급여체계를 모색하기 위하여 관행사료(A: 볏짚+시판 배합사료)구, 시판 TMR 급여(B: 볏짚+시판 TMR)구, 30% 총체보리 사일리지 함유 TMR 급여(C: 볏짚+30% 총체보리 사일리지+유기곡류)구 그리고 60% 총체보리 사일리지 함유 TMR 급여(D: 60% 총체보리 사일리지+유기곡류)구로 나누어 각각의 사료를 급여하였을 때 흑염소의 사료섭취량, 영양소 소화율, 질소 축적 및 혈액 성상에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 결과를 살펴보면, 건물섭취량, 분 배설량, 가소화건물, 대사체중당 건물섭취량 및 건물 섭취비율은 공히 A구, B구, C구의 순으로 낮아졌고 D구는 이들보다 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 영양소 소화율은 D구가 유의하게 높았고(p<0.05), 조단백질 소화율은 C와 D구가 유의하게 높았으며(p<0.01), NFC 소화율은 처리구 간에 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, B구가 가장 높았다. 질소 섭취량은 처리구 간에 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 D구가 가장 낮았고, 분 중 질소 배설량은 A와 B구가 D구에 비하여 높았으나 질소 축적율은 B>C>D>A구 순으로 낮아졌다. 혈액성상에서 HDL cholesterol과 Immunoglobulin G는 C구와 D구가 유의하게 높았다(p>0.05). 이상의 결과에서, 관행사료(볏짚+시판 배합사료)구와 시판 TMR 급여구에 비해 총체보리 사일리지를 30% 혼입하여 자가 TMR을 조제 급여한 구에서 흑염소의 건물섭취량, 영양소 소화율 및 질소축적율 등이 크게 감소하지 않았고, 특히 혈액 성상에서는 HDL cholesterol 및 Immunoglobulin G는 증가함을 나타내 어 기호성과 섭취량만 개선된다면 흑염소에 있어서도 총체보리 사일리지 이용에 의한 기능성 및 안전 축산물 생산이 가능할 것으로 사료된다. 차이를 보이지 않았다. 모든 실험구에서 플러그 묘의 생존율은 90% 이상으로 나타나 자연강우 조건에서도 높은 생존율을 보였다. 상기결과로 볼 때 종자파종으로 만든 플러그 묘 식재는 한국잔디 조성 시 파종의 단점을 극복할 수 있는 안전하고 효율적인 방법으로 나타났다. 방법은 재현성 있는 안정적 분석조건을 제공한다는 점에서 두 약제의 잔류분석에 유용하게 적용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.로 작용하였다.> dS $m^{-1}$이었고, 평균은 1.15 dS $m^{-1}$이었다. $NO_3-N$, $PO_4-P$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ 및 $Na^+$ 의 분포범위는 각각 $10\sim212$, $0.56\sim26.1$, $10\sim295$, $16\sim215$, $9\sim54$ 및 $10\sim53$ mg $L^{-1}$이었다. 평균 농도 값은 $NO_3-N$ 100, $PO_4-P$ 12.15, $K^+$ 99, $Ca^{2+}$ 78, $Mg^{2+}$ 26 및 $Na^+$ 26 mg $L^{-1}$이었다. 양액 재배 후 버려지는 폐양액 중의 무기성분 함량은 양액재배에 이용되는 원수에 비해 상당히 높아졌다.료로서 응용 가능성이 있음을 시사한다.약재료인 약초류 등을 이용하였는데 오랫동안 푹 삶아 그물에 곡류 등을 넣어 죽이나 밥으로 조리하였으며 면으로도

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.145-151
• /
• 1998

The possibility of using rice gruel compared to that of the cane molasses as a source of readily fermentable energy for a urea supplemented straw diet has been studied. Twelve native growing bulls of $237{\pm}8.7kg $ live weight and months old were randomly allocated to three treatments fed solely rice straw enriched with : (1) 3% urea (US), (2) 3% urea + 15% molasses (UMS) and (3) 3% urea + 30% rice gruel (UGS). The feeding trial continued for sixty days. Organic matter (OM) intake was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the UMS ( $64g/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$) followed by UGS ($53g/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$) and US ($49g/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$). Estimated (from digestible OM intake) metabolizable energy (ME) intake were 396, 348 and $301kJ/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$ for UMS, UGS and US respectively. The maintenance (i.e., no change in live weight) ME intake calculated to be $308{\pm}7.4kJ/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$. Urinary purine derivatives excretion was nonsignificantly higher in the UMS (51.73 mmol/d), followed by UGS (42.53 mmol/d) and US (35.26 mmol/d). The estimated microbial N (MN) yield were 21.10, 14.00 and 11.60 g/d for UMS, UGS and US respectively. For each MJ increase in ME intade, MN yield increased by $1.29{\pm}0.134g$. Observed live weight changes during the experimental period were 292, 125 and -19 g/d respectively for UMS, UGS and US. It was concluded that supplementation of readily fermentable N (urea) alone was not enough to optimize the rumen function and a source of readily fermentable energy was required. Rice gruel was less effective than molasses as fermentable energy source to remove a restriction on voluntary intake and provide less amino acids of microbial origin for absorption from the small intestine, Thus more substrate for protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis were available for growth in the molasses than the rice gruel supplemented animals. However, in situation where molasses is not available or costly, rice gruel does appear to have a place as readily fermentable energy source on a urea supplemented straw diet.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.389-398
• /
• 2009

본 연구는 동계사료작물 사일리지를 첨가한 TMR을 급여하였을 때, 흑염소의 사료 섭취량, 일당 증체량, 영양소 소화율 및 질소 축적율에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 흑염소에 대한 동계사료작물의 사료가치 평가의 자료로 이용하고자 실시하였다. 공시가축은 흑염소 12두(♂)를 4처리구(T1: 청보리 사일리지 첨가구, T2: 유채사일리지 첨가구, T3: 호밀 사일리지 첨가구 및 T4: 이탈리안 라이그라스 사일리지 첨가구)로 나누어 처리구당 3두씩 개체별 대사케이지 에 라틴방각법으로 실시하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1일 두당 건물, 유기물 및 조단백질 섭취량은 유채 사일리지 첨가구가 가장 높았고, 청보리 사일리지 첨가구가 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 조단백질 및 ADF 가소화 섭취량 또한 유채 사일리지 첨가구가 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 1일 증체량은 유채 사일리지 첨가구, 호밀 사일리지 첨가구 및 이탈리안 라이그라스 사일리지 첨가구가 청보리 사일리지 첨가구 보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 건물, 조단백질 및 섬유소 소화율은 청보리 사일리지 첨가구가 가장 높았으며, 유채 사일리지 첨가구가 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 질소섭취량과 질소축적율은 유채 사일리지 첨가구가 유의하게 높았으며, 청보리 사일리지 첨가구가 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 이러한 결과를 종합적으로 고려할 때 동계사료작물 중 유채 사일리지 첨가시 사료 섭취량 및 질소 축적율 증가로 인해 흑염소의 생산성이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제58권6호
• /
• pp.19.1-19.7
• /
• 2016

Background: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.]) is a legume cultivated throughout most tropical countries and is valued as food and feed for human and livestock respectively. The search for an improved cowpea variety has been on-going with the aim of improving traits such as grain yield, drought and pest resistance. But no information exist on the feeding value of these improved varieties. Phosphate (P) fertilizer application is recommended to augment grain yield in grain legumes but data on the effect of P fertilizer on haulm quality is limited. Results: Two separate experiments were conducted to determine the effect of P fertilizer dose on the nutritive value of haulms from different cowpea varieties (V). In experiment 1, effect of three P doses (30, 60 and 90 kg $P_2O_5/ha$) on in vitro gas production (IVGP) characteristics, concentrations of digestible organic matter (DOM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of haulms from five cowpea varieties (Zaayura-SARC 4-75, Songotra-IT97K-499-35, Hewale-IT93K-192-4, IT99K 573-1-1 and Asomdwe-IT94K-410-2) were investigated using the $3(P){\times}5(V)$ factorial treatment arrangements in a completely randomized design. In experiment 2, the effects of two P doses (30 and 90 kg $P_2O_5/ha$) and two varieties (Zaayura-SARC 4-75 and Hewale-IT93K-192-4) on the voluntary feed intake, live weight, haematology and carcass characteristics of Djallonke lambs were also assessed using a $2(P){\times}2(V)$ factorial treatment arrangement. The $V{\times}P$ interaction significantly affected CP, NDF and ADF with CP concentration increasing with increase in P doses in Zaayura-SARC 4-75 and Asomdwe-IT94K-410-2. Whilst an increase (P < 0.05) in NDF was observed in Songotra-IT97K-499-35and Asomdwe-IT94K-410-2 as P doses increased, the other V only increased from P dose 30 to 60 kg/ha and declined at P dose 90 kg/ha. The ADF decreased (P < 0.05) with increase in P dose for all V with the exception of Songotra-IT97K-499-35. There was a significant V effect on DOM with the highest reported in Zaayura-SARC 4-75 (43.44 %). Daily DM intake, carcass length and blood urea nitrogen of the lambs were significantly affected by the V x P interaction. There was a significant V effect on globulin and P effect on live weight at slaughter, dressed weight, chuck, leg, loin, rib and flank and liver and lungs. Conclusion: It can be concluded that nutrient concentrations of cowpea haulms were positively influenced by different P dose and varieties with favorable effects on growth, haematology and carcass composition of lambs. Varieties Zaayura-SARC 4-75 and Hewale-IT93K-192-4 at P dose at 90 kg/ha are recommended to enhance growth performance and carcass yield of Djallonke lambs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권11호
• /
• pp.1623-1631
• /
• 2006

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of protein and energy on goats fed oil palm fronds (OPF) as roughages. Twenty-four male Saanen goats aged between 7 and 8 months and weighing $23.4{\pm}1.6kg$ were used in a $2{\times}3$ factorial design. Factors were three levels of urea (3%, 4% or 5%) and two levels of energy (low energy (LE) or high energy (HE)). On average, all parameters measured, including dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestibility, digestible nutrient intakes, ruminal ammonia-N ($NH_3$-N), ruminal total volatile fatty acid (total VFA) and individual VFA concentrations (mM/L), microbial N supply, P/E ratio and N retention were higher for HE compared to LE diets. Significant (p<0.05) interactions were found between levels of urea and energy for nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) and energy (DE) digestibilities, ruminal $NH_3$-N and total VFA concentrations. HE diets had higher N absorption and retention than LE diets. Interactions between urea and energy for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), heat production (HP), and urine and faeces N excretion were significantly lower (p<0.05) for the HE diets than those recorded for the LE diets. The results indicated that supplementation of energy enhanced utilization of urea and resulted in higher animal performance as a consequence of improved ruminal fermentation, microbial yield and N balance. However, the optimal level of urea supplementation remained at 3% in the HE diet.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.129-138
• /
• 2013

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of origins of soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance, nutrients and energy retention and fecal microflora in broilers. The SBM originating from Korea, Brazil and India were used. A total of 480 broiler chicks (average initial BW, 41.8 g) were randomly allotted to 6 treatments. Each treatment had 4 replicate pens with 20 chicks per pen. Birds were fed diets containing SBM originated from Korea (domestic SBM), Brazil or India (imported SBM) and the diets were based on the total amino acid (TAA) or true digestible amino acid (TDAA). Experimental diets were fed in two phases, starter (d 0~21) and finisher (d 22~35). The overall weight gain, feed intake and FCR were better (P<0.05) in birds fed Korean SBM. During starter and finisher periods, birds fed diets containing Korean SBM had greater (P<0.05) retention of GE, DM, and CP (P<0.05) as compared with Birds fed diets containing SBM from India. In addition, diets formulated on TDAA basis had grater (P<0.05) CP retention during starter period and DM, GE and CP retention during finisher period. There were no differences (P>0.05) in the excreta microflora and overall feed cost per kg body weight gain in birds fed SBM from different origins; however, diets formulated on TDAA basis had lesser (P<0.05) feed cost per kg body weight gain in birds when compared with diets formulated on TAA basis. These results indicate that Korean SBM has better nutrients digestibility than SMB originated from Brazil and India, which contributes to the improved performance of broilers. In addition, better performance was obtained when diets were formulated on TIDAA basis.