• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.461-468
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• 2005

The major function of immune system is to protect infections. The immune systems are composed of innate and adaptive immunity. In adaptive immunity, the cellular and humoral components interact each other. Neonates and infants are infected frequently, because immune systems are naive and easy to expose to infectious agents. The complete history and physical examination is essential to evaluate the child with recurrent infections. The environmental risk factors of recurrent infections are day care center, cigarette smoke, and air pollution. The underlying diseases such as immunodeficiency, autoimmune diseases, allergy, and disorders of anatomy or physiology increase the susceptibility to infections. In immunodeficiency, infections are characterized by severe, chronic, recurrent, and unusual microbial agents infection. The defects of antibody production are susceptible to sinopulmonary bacterial infections. T cells defects are vulerable to numerous organisms such as virus, fungi, bacteria and etc. The screening tests for immune functions are the quantitative and qualitative measurements of each immune components. A complete blood count with white blood cell, differential, and platelet provide quantitative informations of immune components. Total complement and immunoglobulin levels represent the humoral component. Antibody levels of previously injected vaccines also provide informations of the antigen specific antibody immune responses. T cell and subsets count is quantitative measurement of cell mediated immunity. Delayed hypersensitivity skin test is a crude measurement of T cell function. The long term outcome of children with recurrent infections is completely dependent on the underlying diseases, the initial time of diagnosis and therapy, continued management, and genetic counscelling.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 1990

This study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect in vitro and the tissue response within the rat peritoneal cavity to high copper amalgam and glass ionomer-silver cement, suggested for use as a retrograde endodontic filling material. In the cytotoxicity experiment, the radioactively ($^{51}Cr$) labeled L929 mouse fibroblasts were employed to determine the relative cytotoxicity of two experimental materials. Those materials were evaluated immediately after set and after one and seven days setting. In the tissue response experiment, two experimental materials were to evaluate mean peritoneal cellular count, differential cell count and the content of silver and copper in pooled packed cells and eluate samples taken by peritoneal lavage technique, and compared with surgical control after one day. two, four and six weeks of implantation. The results were as following: 1. High copper amalgam exhibited significant cytotoxicity immediately after set but showed no sign of toxicity after one day and seven days setting materials. 2. Glass ionomer-silver cement showed no sign of toxicity immediately after set and after one day and seven days setting. 3. High copper amalgam and glass ionomer-silver cement groups produce no significant difference in the mean peritoneal cell count when compared with the surgical control group after one day, two and four weeks of implantation. Surgical control group exhibited significantly a greater cell count when compared with the High copper amalgam group after six weeks. 4. High copper amalgam group increased significantly in the percentage macrophages after four and six weeks of implantation when compared with surgical control group. 5. The trace metal analysis involved an increased silver content in the elutes and an increased copper content in the packed cells of high copper amalgam group, and an increased silver content in the packed cells and elutes of glass ionomer-silver cement group.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.99-109
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• 2006

Objectives : To investigate whether cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture at CV12 and/or ST25 has any immune-enhancing effect in normal rats. Methods : Effects of cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture at CV12 and/or ST25 on blood cell counts, cell composition, cytokine and plasma protein levels were investigated in normal rats. Results : Red blood cell count, hematocrit and hemoglobin levels significantly increased in cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture groups compared with those of the normal group. There was, however, no significant difference in white blood cell (WBC) count and WBC differential count between the normal group and the pharmacopuncture groups. Cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture groups had significantly higher levels of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$ and interleukin-6 (IL-6) than the normal group while no significant difference between groups was found in interleukin-$1{\beta}\;(IL-1{\beta})$ level. Total protein and albumin levels were not different between groups. Conclusions : The results suggest that cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture at CV12 and/or ST25 may have no immune-enhancing effect in normal rats.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2005

Anemia can be defined as a reduction in blood hemoglobin concentration or red cell mass relative to age matched normal values. Clinical presentation may range from obviously pale and lethargy to an incidental finding during screening of an otherwise well appearing child. The differential diagnosis of anemia in each instance is broad with numerous possible etiologies. A careful history and physical examination as well as complete blood count, peripheral blood smear and additional laboratory tests are necessary in defining underlying cause of the anemia and guide in further treatment plans. In addition, Iron deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation are common causes of mild to moderate anemia in children, but most pediatricians have some confusions to differentiate these two entities.

• Endocrinology and Metabolism
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.353-359
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• 2017

Background: Cushing syndrome is characterized by glucose intolerance, cardiovascular disease, and an enhanced systemic inflammatory response caused by chronic exposure to excess cortisol. Eosinopenia is frequently observed in patients with adrenal Cushing syndrome, but the relationship between the eosinophil count in peripheral blood and indicators of glucose level in patients with adrenal Cushing syndrome has not been determined. Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken of the clinical and laboratory findings of 40 patients diagnosed with adrenal Cushing syndrome at Chungnam National University Hospital from January 2006 to December 2016. Clinical characteristics, complete blood cell counts with white blood cell differential, measures of their endocrine function, description of imaging studies, and pathologic findings were obtained from their medical records. Results: Eosinophil composition and count were restored by surgical treatment of all of the patients with adrenal Cushing disease. The eosinophil count was inversely correlated with serum and urine cortisol, glycated hemoglobin, and inflammatory markers in the patients with adrenal Cushing syndrome. Conclusion: Smaller eosinophil populations in patients with adrenal Cushing syndrome tend to be correlated with higher levels of blood sugar and glycated hemoglobin. This study suggests that peripheral blood eosinophil composition or count may be associated with serum glucose levels in patients with adrenal Cushing syndrome.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2005

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. Neovastat, having significant antitumor and antimetastatic properties, is classified as a naturally occurring multifunctional antiangiogenic agent. We evaluated the therapeutic effect of Neovastat on airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with ovalbumin (OVA) on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 and challenged with inhaled OVA on days 26, 29, and 31. Neovastat was administrated by gavage (5 mg/kg body weight) three times with 12 h intervals, beginning 30 min before OVA inhalation. On day 32, mice were challenged with inhaled methacholine, and enhanced pause (Penh) was measured as an index of airway hyperresponsiveness. The severity of airway inflammation was determined by differential cell count of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The MMP-9 concentration in BAL fluid samples was measured by ELISA, and MMP-9 activity was measured by zymography. The untreated asthma group showed an increased inflammatory cell count in BAL fluid and Penh value compared with the normal control group. Mice treated with Neovastat had significantly reduced Penh values and inflammatory cell counts in BAL fluid compared with untreated asthmatic mice. Furthermore, mice treated with Neovastat showed significantly reduced MMP-9 concentrations and activity in BAL fluid. These results demonstrate that Neovastat might have new therapeutic potential for airway asthmatic inflammation.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.352-357
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• 1998

Effects of chicken egg white derivatives (EWD and EF-203) on the changes of blood cells and the neutrophil phagocytic activity were examined in the rats. Rats were administered orally with either EWD (200 mg/kg) or EF-203 (200 mg/kg) for 3 days. Thereafter, the changes of blood cell values (RBC, WBC, platelets, PCV, differential count of neutrophils) and the phagocytic activity of neutrophils were evaluated for 7 days. The numbers of WBC and the differential count of neutrophils of rats administered with either EWD or EF-203 were significantly increased (p

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 1991

Bronchoalveolar lavage had been done as the treatment of some diseases such as alveolar proteinsois, bronchiectasis, and severe asthma to remove excessive secretion or mucus. But in the recent decade it has been done as a diagnostic method and a tool to understand and evaluate the pathophysiology of diffuse interstitial lung diseases such as sarcoidosis, pneumoconiosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. To analyse the bronchoalveolar fluid, it might be useful to have a standard reference (especially cell counts and differetial count of the cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) of normal person. But it is difficult to study the normal volunteers. We investgated the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of 48 patients (28 nonsmokers, 20 smokers) who visited Severance Hospital because of minor pulmonary symptoms such as cough and sputum. They did neither complain of dyspnea nor cyanosis, and had normal or unilateral minor lesion on physical examination and chest X-ray. We analysed the recovery rate, viability, total cell count and differential count of the cells in fluid obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. The following results were obtained: 1) Age ranged from 17 to 72 years-old with the mean age of 36.7; there was no difference of age between the nonsmoker and the smoker gorup. Male to female ratio was 2.43:1 for total group, 1.15:1 for nonsmokers, and 19:1 for smokers. 2) The diagnoses of the patients were undetermined in 41.9%, healed pulmonary tuberculosis in 37.5%, laryngitis or pharyngitis in 10.4% and others in 10.4%. 3) Total cell number of the recovered fluid by bronchoalveolar lavage was significantly higher in male[$9.6{\pm}6.2({\times}10^6)$] than in female[$5.1{\pm}3.0({\times}10^6)$](p<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the total cell number between the smokers and nonsmokers [$9.3{\pm}5.8({\times}10^6)$ vs $7.5{\pm}5.8({\times}10^6)$]. 4) The differential count of the cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid had no difference between the nonsmokers and the smokers. 5) There was no correlation between the total cell count and smoking or age. 6) In the smoker group, there was no correlation between the amount of smoking and the total cell count of the bronchoalveolar fluid. In conclusion, it should be careful to regard the patients with symptoms or minor radiologic abnormalities as a control group in bronchoalveolar lavage study and further study of cell analysis in bronchoalveolar lavage will be needed between smoker and nonsmoker in the male and female healthy people.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.321-328
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• 2009

A total of fourteen, 1-wk-old male Holstein calves were allotted into two groups consisted of control (CON) and IGY which was orally administrated with immunoglobulin yolk (IgY) for 1wk. Calves in both groups were provided with milk replacer according to feeding program and had ad libitum access to timothy hay for the entire experimental period (7wks). At 0, 7 and 49 day of experiment, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of calves to investigate blood biochemical profiles and the differential count (%) of white blood cell (WBC). We also monitored growth performance and colony forming unit (CFU) of fecal microbial population in calves. The adminstration of IgY in calves did not affect body weight and weight gain during 49 days feeding trial compared with control group. The CFU of E. coli and Lactobacilli in the feces of calves were not significantly affected by IgY treatment, whereas the score of the calf scours during day 43 to 49 in IgY group showed a significant (P<0.05) solid type. There were no differences in plasma biochemical components including total protein, albumin, immunoglobulin and the other indicators. As for WBC differential count (%), there was no statistical difference in the percentages of neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil and basophil at 0, 7 and 49 days after the oral supplementation of IgY. In conclusion, the oral supplementation of IgY as an immunostimulant did not affect growth performance, fecal microbial population, blood biochemical profile and WBC differential count in Holstein calves.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.578-585
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• 1993

This study was performed to investigate effects of low fat diet and saturated fat supplementation on the function of the immune system. Forty male BALB/c mice average-weighing 15g were divided into two dietary groups: 0.7% safflower oil group and 4.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil group. Results are as follows; 1) Food intake, body weight, organ weight, agglutination test, differential white cell count and histological examination of spleen were not different in two dietary groups during the experimental period. 2) Delayed-type hypersensitive test of the mice fed 4.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil was significantly higher than that of the mice fed 0.7% safflower oil ($\alpha$=0.05). 3) Plaque forming cell was significantly reduced at 10th week compared to 7th week in both groups($\alpha$=0.05). Although there was no significant difference between two groups. 0.7% safflower oil groups showed slightly higher plaque forming cell than 4.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil group.