• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.71-85
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• 2018

A recent topic of interest within ecology is ecosystem services that are importantly connected with biodiversity. Biodiversity is a fundamental component of ecological studies and has been the subject of many studies worldwide. However, studies on the diversity and distribution of freshwater fish were not undertaken in earnest until 2000, and the number of internationally available studies is therefore still limited. In this study, we used data from "The Survey and Evaluation of Aquatic Ecosystem Health (hereafter SEAEH)" within the framework of which whole water systems on the Korean peninsula are annually monitored to investigate and determine the current status of the diversity and distribution of freshwater fish, as well as to elucidate major factors impacting freshwater fish. A total of 130 species from 28 families were identified at around 953 sites in the SEAEH investigation of 2014. The species Zacco platypus (relative abundance: 28.2%) and Z. koreanus (19.3%) were identified as the most abundant species on the Korean peninsula, and besides these 20 endangered species, 51 endemic species and 4 exotic species were also collected. Highest (96 species) and lowest (72 species) diversity were identified in the Han River Watershed and the Yeongsan/Seomjin River Watershed, respectively. The mean endemic rate was 32.7%, which is higher than the previous rate determined in 1995. The exotic species Micropterus salmoides, Lepomis macrochirus and Carassius cuvieri were found in the whole river system except north Yeongdong, whereas Oreochromis niloticus occurred only at three sites due to the cold water temperatures in winter. Totally, 28 species were found to be translocated to different water systems not connected with known original habitats, most translocations occurring in the Nakdong River and the Yeongdong region. Among the translocated species, Opsariichthys uncirostris amurensis, and Erythroculter erythropterus were dominantly distributed in the mid- to lower reaches of Nakdong River where they may be harmful to the native fish assemblages due to their strong predation. The construction of weirs in connection with the "4 River Project" generated changes in fish assemblages before, during and after the project, resulting in altered habitat condition. Especially, a decrease in the number of endemic species and an increase in the abundance of lentic species were seen. Human-induced global warming will allow exotic species requiring high water temperatures to adapt to the environmental conditions of the Korean peninsula, which may enhance the diversity of native fishes and create changes in distribution. For the establishment of realistic and efficient management and protection strategies for Korean freshwater fish, SEAEH, which produces fundamental and quantitative data for Korean streams, is an important and necessary tool.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2005.12a
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• pp.38-45
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• 2005

The egg bags of Korean salamander(Hynobius leechii) were collected from farmlands in Gyeongsangnam-do area. The assumed breeding time, numerical variation of embryos in each egg bag, mortality and the rates of abnormalities were investigated. The toxicity of benomyl, the metabolite carbendazim and BIC which were frequently spread in agricultural area and caused spontaneous embryonic malformation was investigated. The assumed breeding time between the end of February and the end of March has the difference about a month because of a habitat and it takes about 2 or 3 weeks from laying eggs to hatching. The length of each egg bag and the number of embryos were very varied in each area. It is due to geographical variation. Among egg bags in total study area, only 406 of egg bags(17.70% of total egg bags) developed all of embryos to normal larvae, and 78.49% of total embryos were normally developed. The patterns of spontaneous embryonic malformation were 26 species from A to Z and the abnormal patterns in individual were 8 species and above. the geographical differences about the abnormal pattern were identified and 11 habitats categorized 4 groups. The most frequent abnormality in Gyeongsangnam-do area is the dysplasia of external gill. The caudal dysplasia, abdominal blister and dysplasia of fin were also frequently observed. Individuals showing severe external defect were histologically studied and they showed retinal hypo-pigmentation, thyroid carcinoma, somatic muscular dysplasia, degeneration of cephalic neuron and various organ dysplasia. Benomyl and carbendazim were treated by 10pM$^{\sim}$10uM and BIC was treated by 1$^{\sim}$40ppm to know the effect of toxicity about toxic substance of salamander. After benomyl was treated, a survival rate was sharply dropped from 2 to 8 days. $LC_{100}$ identified in $1{\mu}M$, $LC_{50}$ identified between 100nM and $1{\mu}M$. $EC_{50}$ was assumed between 10nM and 100nM. The prevalent external malformation was abdomen swelled abnormally and histo-pathological effects were abdomen, neural tube and lens hernia. This suggests that benomyl is the toxicitic substance which inhibits the development of digestive system and nervous system. The result of treated carbendazim was similar to that of the treated benomyl. The survival rate is sharply dropped between 2 and 6 days. $LC_{100}$ was identified $1{\mu}M$ and $LC_{50}$ was identified between 10nM and 100nM. This shows that cabendazim has stronger lethal toxicity than benomyl. Ventral blister, eye dysplasia and cephalic dysplasia in the individual of external malformation mean that cabendazim affected nervous system much more than benomyl. Because the toxicity of BIC affected less in the beginning but affected more in the near hatching period, the period causing toxicity is somewhat different. $LC_{100}$ identified near 40ppm and $LC_{50}$ identified near 25ppm. The external defect shows mainly ventral blister and histo-pathological results show intestinal deformities. This result suggests the BIC inhibited strongly the development of digestive system. These abnormal developments may be caused by antimitotic action, inhibition of tubulin complex, destruction of microtubule, inhibitions of neurulation and closing of neural fold, and by the inhibition of movement of neural crest cells of benomyl. These abnormal developments may be caused by the rupture of epithelium, the loss of microtubule, the reduction of spindle size, the inhibition of spindle assembly formation, the destruction of spindle poles of carbendazim. These abnormal developments may be caused cytotoxicity by inhibition of the synthesis of a number of macromolecules and similar reaction the inhibition of benomyl.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 1996

This study investigated the enzyme histochemical localization and characteristics of lactate (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) related with the oxidation-reduction metabolism in the sparganum and adult of 5. erinacei. By enzyme histochemical assay, activity of LDH was strong in the tegument and subtegumental muscle layers of the adult and sparganum. Activity of MDH was strong in the tegument of the sparganum and subtegumental muscle layers of the adult. However it was weak in the tegument of the adult. By electrophoresis, 45 kDa band was major and common in LDH of adults and spargana. The 150 kDa molecule was the major and common band in MDH of adults and r -spargana (from experimentally infected rats) . By isoelectrofocusing, isoelectric points (Pl) or 4 MDH isogyme from adult worm were 6.0.6.5, 6.7 and 7.1, respectively. Pl 6.0 was the major band. The active range of pH for MDH was about pH 6-8 and the optimum pH was pH 7 The effective temperature on the MDH was about $30^{\circ}C$∼$50^{\circ}C$ and the optimum temperature was about 40℃ in spargana md adult worm. In the stability against heat, when MDH was heated at 85℃ for 10 seconds, the activity was denatured perfectly. Maximum activity or MDH was 19.4 unit in the s-sparganum (from snakes), 24.5 unit in the r-sparganum (from rats) and 108.0 unit in the adult worm. The maximum activity was higher in adults than in spargana. The present result showed us that the nutrients absorbed through the tegument were transferred into inner tissues and were utilized as the source of metabolism. According to the habitat of the parasite, the isozymes of LDH and MDH are activated differently, and by this different activation the sparganum and adult can adapt themselves to parasitic circumstances.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.146-154
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• 2016

In this study, understanding the habitats on spot-billed duck that wintering-breed in the korea, which using the GPS-Mobile based Telemtry (WT-200), I tried to take advantage as the basic data of the protection and management of the habitats of the waterbirds of Korea. Study area is Gyeonggi-do Bokhacheon, Chonmichon, Chungcheongnam-do Gokugyochon, Chungcheongbuk-do Byeongcheoncheon, Jeollabuk-do Mangyunggang, which Five rivers and Jeju Island reservoir, I have attached the tracking of the location(WT -200) to the twenty-five spot-billed ducks. among twenty five ducks, twelve ducks moved to overseas countries, the arrival site was China, North Korea, Russia. Moving average distance was 683km, the largest distance was 1,238km. The average northbound starting date was April 26. The average daily movement distance of thirteen ducks remaining in the domestic country is $1.0{\pm}0.89km$, maximum travel distance was 23.8km. The average daily movement distance of wintering prior to average going north dating is a 0.9km, is the largest 14.6km, the breeding season is an average 1.3km, maximum was 14.4km. Spot-billed duck used the rivers in domestic country most frequently, following was rice field, a filed, reservoir. It used the river most frequently during the wintering period, in the breeding season it used paddy paddies most frequently. While wintering, during the day and night's utilization rate was the highest in the river, but utilization rate was incleased on filed, paddy filed at night. During breeding season, daytime and night's utilization rate was the highest but, utilization rate was increased on river and utilization rate was decreased on river. In accordance with time change, spot-billed duck showed different tendency in paddy fields, and they utilized the filed adjacent to rivers mostly.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.391-400
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• 2015

In order to investigate the distribution and species composition of fish in shallow wetlands that might be affected by environmental factors, we investigated the physicochemical parameters, macrophytes biomass, and fish assemblage in 24 shallow wetlands in South Korea from May to June, 2012. In this study, a total of 20 fish species were identified, and Cypinidae were found to be the most dominant species. Physicochemical parameters and macrophyte biomass were different in the survey sites, and macrophytes biomass, in particular, showed a positive relationship with fish abundance in stepwise multiple regression (df=1, F=32.00, P=0.001). According to the result of the cluster analysis between survey sites, the survey sites were divided into three groups in accordance with species composition of fish in relation to macrophytes biomass. In the wetlands of the first group, Lepomis macrochirus which belongs to Centrarchidae was found to be dominant and other fish assemblages were hardly seen. In the second group, unlike the first group, Carassius auratus that belongs to Cypinidae was found to be dominant. In the third group, Lepomis macrochirus was found to be as dominant as the first group but various other fish species appeared. Where there was abundance of the main food sources (i. e. zooplankton) of fish in the survey sites, there were more diverse macrophyte biomass. Consequently, it is proven that macrophytes strongly affect the species composition and abundance of fish, and high biomass of macrophytes support high assemblage of fish. Based on these results, we recommend establishing diverse aquatic macrophytes communities when restoring or creating wetlands to assure high diversity of fish species that use macrophytes as their habitat.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.13-25
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• 2016

This study aims to analyze the change process in order to set the improvement strategies for the zoo in the Seoul Children's Grand Park. The zoo can be reviewed through three significant time periods with noticeable changes. As a framework to analyze the major changes that happened in the zoo, this study looks at the changes in terms of the planning aspect as well as the animal welfare and program operation aspect. The findings are as follows: first, the era of general theme park turned out to have focused on exhibiting animals to meet visitor demands by expanding the zoo area of the zoo without enlarging stockyards for the animals. Second, the environmental park era created a zoo having entertaining and educational functions by arranging animal houses with the concept of zoological taxonomy and introducing animal behavioral enrichment, animal welfare programs and visitor participatory programs. The era of the zoo as an Urban Cultural Park improved old animal houses and facilities for the welfare of the animals and increased educational programs to preserve species and provide environmental education. The current status of the zoo turns out not to meet the conditions for creating an ecological zoo, which is the overall goal for contemporary zoos. The improvement strategies based on the analysis through three different eras are three-fold. First, the zoo needs to improve the boundary conditions of the animals to showcase animal wildness through landscape immersion. Second, the zoo should provide a shared environment for animals from the same habitats by changing the classification methods from the existing polyphyletic taxon to a classification that considers ecological habitat. Third, the zoo needs to develop various ecological education programs by supplementing specialists in professional education.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.90-105
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• 2013

This study was performed to find out stomach contents of cold water fish such as Manchurian trout (Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis) and River salmon (Oncorhynchus masou masou) in the Odae mountain area. Field survey was carried out 3 times by each season from May to October 2012 along the Gyebang stream and the Yangyang-Namdae stream at north-west mountain slope and north-east mountain slope of the Odae mountain area respectively. The result of digestive track analysis showed that food species of Manchurian trout were total individuals of 645 including 5 orders, 23 families, 39 species of benthic macroinvertebrates and 11 taxa of terrestial insects. And each IRI (Index of Relative Importance, %) value of food species by Manchurian trout was terrestial insects 37.0%, Trichoptera 36.4%, Ephemeroptera 20.0%, Diptera 3.9%, Plecoptera 2.7%, and Gordea <0.1%. While the River salmon fed on 1,186 individuals covering 4 orders, 20 families, 33 species of benthic macroinvertebrates and 6 taxa of terrestial insects including arachnid. Also IRI values by River salmon were terrestial insects including arachnid 2.7%, Ephemeroptera 52.9%, Trichoptera 27.9%, Diptera 9.4%, and Plecoptera 7.0% respectively. With these results, we might say that both Manchurian trout and River salmon is carnivorous fish which display the feeding preference to terrestial insects and benthic macroinvertebrates. As a results we could find out that the two kinds of cold water fish preferred similar habitat types and liked same order of food species in same season, however the compositions of food species for Manchurian trout and River salmon were considerably different.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.729-738
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• 1997

To estimate the change in rice productivity around lake Juam due to construction of artificial lake, growth, yield components and yield of rice were measured at different locations around lake Juam for three years from 1994 to 1996. Automated weather stations(AWS) were installed nearby the experimental paddy fields, and daily maximum, average and minimum temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, and precipitation were measured for the whole growing period of rice. Plant height, number of tillers, leaf area and shoot dry weight per hill were observed from 8 to 10 times in the interval of 7 days after transplanting. Yield and yield components of rice were observed at the harvest time. Simulation model of rice productivity used in the study was SIMRIW developed by Horie. The observed data of rice at 5 locations in 1994, 3 locations in 1995 and 4 locations in 1996 were inputted in the model to estimate the unknown parameters. Comparisons between observed and predicted values of shoot dry weights, leaf area indices, and rough rice yield were fairly well, so that SIMRIW appeared to predict relatively well the variations in productivity due to variations of climatic factors in the habitat. Climatic elements prior to as well as posterior to dam construction were generated at six locatons around lake Juam for thirty years by the method of Pickering et al. Climatic elements simulated in the study were daily maximum and minimum temperature, and amount of daily solar radiation. The change in rice productivity around lake Juam due to dam construction were estimated by inputting the generated climatic elements into SIMRIW. Average daily maximum temperature after dam construction appeared to be more or less lower than that before dam construction, while average daily minimum temperature became higher after dam construction. Average amount of daily solar radiation became lower with 0.9 MJ $d^{-1}$ after dam construction. As a result of simulation, the average productivity of habitats around lake Juam decreased about 5.6% by the construction of dam.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2012

The Aims of this study are to investigate ecological environments and indoor-rearing conditions of Eurema hecabe for artificial rearing. Two different nesting site, a open area nearby small river(A area; Daejin-ri, Gonyang-myeon, Sachun-si, Gyoungsangnam-do) and a foot of a hill area(B area; Noryang-ri, Seolcheon-myeon, Namhae-gun, Kyoungsangnam-do), selected for investigation of ecological habitat environment, and investigated two times per month, during six month, from June to November in 2010. In result, the number of butterflies, Eurema hecabe, at the hill area(B area) was 6 times more than the open area(A area). We observed the number of eggs, larvae and puapae in the B area more times compared to those in the A area. In the B area, Lespedeza cuneata was higher preference than the other host plant, Lespedeza pilosa and Albizia julibrissin. For development of indoor-rearing conditions, common grass yellow butterfly, Eurema hecabe, was reared in a room condition. As a result of oviposition preference experiment, 100-mated-female laid significantly higher number of eggs $104.9{\pm}19.6$ on Lespedeza cuneata plant, whereas the number of eggs was $12.7{\pm}4.5$ on Cassia obtusifolia plant. Moreover, the eggs hatched within $5.1{\pm}0.9$ days from the day of oviposition and procent of egg hatchability was 53.7% on host plant. The headwidth of each developmental larval stage were $0.36{\pm}0.02$(1st), $0.61{\pm}0.02$(2nd), $0.93{\pm}0.05$(3rd), $1.46{\pm}0.08$(4th), $2.25{\pm}0.11$(5th). The larval period was $12.1{\pm}0.9$ days under high temperature, long day condition($25^{\circ}C$, 16L : 8D), showing 81.0% pupal ratio. The pupal period was $6.9{\pm}0.7$ days, and the emergence rate was 79.6%. Based on above experiment, artificial rearing system of common grass yellow butterfly, Eurema hecabe was completed in indoor condition.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.317-326
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• 2021

The present study was carried out with a view to understand the distribution and ecology of Clihton retropictus (Martens, 1879), a class II endangered wildlife designated and protected by the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea, and to suggest the effective conservation and management measures for this species and its habit. First, the distribution of Clihton retropictus was investigated nationwide, and environmental factors such as salinity and substratum were analyzed in consideration of the ecological characteristics of this species. In addition, the individual size, density, and movement of Clihton retropictus per each district surveyed were analyzed. Due to its nature of inhabiting in the brackish water zone, the analysis showed that the salinity of this species was 0.7 ~ 16.6‰ at low tide and 1.0 ~ 17.3% at high tide. It was learned from the analysis of substratum that its composition in each river under investigation was slightly different, but most of substratum had a higher composition ratio than gravel (pebble, 16 ~ 64 mm). On the other hand, the size of each individual was checked by measuring the length of its diameter, and there was almost no change in the individual when the inhabited range of Clihton retropictus was short. However, there was tendency that the longer the habitat range, the bigger the individual size. From surveying the population density by season, it was made clear that, during the summer (July to August) and fall (September to October), the density was relatively higher while the number of individuals decreased significantly during winter (November to December) when the water temperature was lowered. In an effort to effectively establish conservation and management measures, the moving distance was measured, and it became known that, during the surveys in summer and fall when the individuals were active, the individuals moved in more distances than during the winter survey. The results of this study are expected to be utilized as basic data for establishing effective management plans such as creation of habitats for Clihton retropictus, its migration projects and selection of migration destinations which get unavoidable due to development projects.