• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.291-306
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• 1997

The purposes of this study were 1) to identify the gender differences in the perception of sexuality in jeans fashion advertising 2) to identify the differences between fashion opinion leaders and followers in the preferences of advertisements and followers in the preferences of advertisements and intentions to buy the advertised jeans in highly and low sexual advertising. The data were collected via a questionnaire from 441 collesge students(female=225, male=216) living in Seoul. Korea, and analyzed by t-test. The results of this study were as follows: First there were significant differences between male and female in the perception of sexuality in jeans fashion advertising. Second to significant differences between fashion opinion leaders and followers in intentions to buy the advertised jeans of highly sexy advertisements were found in the data collected from male. But there were not significant differences between fashion opinion leaders and followers in preferences and intentions to buy the advertised jeans of highly sexy advertisements in female's data. Third there were significant differences between fashion opinion leaders and followers in the preference of low sexy advertisements in female's data. But there were not significant differences between fashion opinion leaders and followers in preferences and intentions to buy the advertised jeans of low sexy advertisements in male's data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.333-345
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• 1997

The purposes of this study were 1) to identify the differences between the sexes in the perception of sexuality in jeans fashion advertising, 2) to find out the differences between the high and low sexy advertisements and the differences between the groups which had different orientation of the characteristics of new young generation in preferences of advertisements and intentions to purchase product in sexy fashion advertising. The data were collected using questionnairs which contained nine advertisements of Guess Jeans, from 441 college students (female= 225, male= 216) living in Seoul, Korea participated in the study and the data were and analyzed by paired 1·test and t-test. The results of this study were as follows: First, there were significant differences between male and female in the perceptions of sexuality in jeans advertisements. Second, by paired t-test, male preferred highly sexy advertisement to low sexy advertisement, and female's intention to purchase product was higher in the advertisement of high sex appeal than that of low sex appeal. Third, there were partially significant diferences between two groups which had different orientation of the characteristics of new young generation in preferences of sexy advitisements. The differences of intentions to purchase product between two groups were significant in highly sexual advertising. But in low sexual advertising, the significant differences between two groups were not found in advertisement preferences and intentions to purchase products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.49
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• pp.113-124
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to categorize brand-switching behaviors into subdivided groups by variety seeking and perceived differences between brands and to compare and to analyze brand-switching motive perceived differences between brands clothing-involvement and buying price among the subdivided groups. The subjects were 343 female and male to have jean pants-buying experience in their age of 20-29 living in Seoul and Kyunggi province. For the analysis of the data mean frequency t-test $\chi^2$-Test Factor analysis MANOVA Duncan-test were conducted and the cronbach's $\alpha$ has been calculated to measure the reliability The results are as follows: 1. brand-switching behaviors are categorized into 4 groups by strength of variety-seeking and perceived differences between brands that are small or large which are habitual brand switchers internal derived brand-switchers external derived brand-switchers and combined derived brand-switchers. 2. Among the 4 sub-groups there were significant difference in brand-switching motive according to factors such as change-seeking needs and price & promotion. And there were significant differences in perceived differences between brands according to factors such as apparel design clothing -symbolism fitness except apparel shop. 3. According to strength of variety-seeking levels of clothing-involvement and buying price have increased Combined derived brand-switchers have totally the strongest variety-seeking and the highest clothin-involvement and they purchase the highest priced jean-pants of the other types of consumers.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.109-121
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• 2004

This study is about the working mother's parental attitude and the psychological well-being of children. This investigation also analyzed the differences in the psychological well-being of children according to socio-demographic variables and whether there was a percieved affective nurturing attitude and monitoring of the mother. To study such differences, 437 second and third grade children with both parents working were chosen as the subjects of this investigation. The data was analyzed according to frequency, percentage, averages, standard deviation, Cronbach's alpha, t-test, one way ANOVA, and Duncan's mutiple comparison. The major finding were as follows: First, the results of examining the differences of the psychological well-being of children according to socio-demographic variables showed significant differences in the area of anxiety with respect to children's genders, maternal educational levels and maternal occupations. In the area of loneliness, the differences came only from the differences in the grade levels. Second, there were significant differences between loneliness and self-perceived competence in the psychological well-being of children according to the subjects' perception of an affective nurturing attitude and monitoring of mothers. In other words, it revealed that the group of children that strongly perceived an affective nurturing attitude and monitoring by their parents showed a lower level of loneliness and a higher level of self-perceived competence.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the attitudes of Korean parents on environmental education for their elementary children. To accomplish of this purpose, a questionnaire survey was administered to 231 (55 males, 176 females) parents from elementary school in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The self-reported Environmental Education Attitude Scale was revised and adopted to measure the difference among children's grade, gender, and age of parents. The SPSS 12.0 program was used to analyze the data. The major finding of this study represented that elementary parents have a great understanding about the importance of environmental education. Through the analyses, this study found several things. 1) There were significant differences among grade and age in the necessity of environmental education. However, there were no gender differences in this field. In other words, parents have strong agreement with the necessity of environmental education in childhood. 2) There were significant differences among grade in the effect of environmental education. However, there were no gender and age differences in this area. 3) There were significant differences among grade and gender in proper areas of environmental education according to academic years. However, there was no significant age difference in this questionnaire. 4) There were significant differences among grade, gender, and age group in the level of environmental education. 5) There were significant differences among grade, gender, and age in the subject for environmental education. Further implications and limitations of this study were discussed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3469-3476
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• 2016

Background: The cancer research literature suggests that women, especially premenopausal women, have lower cancer mortality rates than men. However, it is unclear if that is true for populations at all age levels in all countries and what factors affect such sex differences. This paper attempts to fill that gap. Materials and Methods: Sex- and country-specific cancer mortality data were statistically analyzed with particular attention to geographic, social, and economic factors that may affect the sex differences. Results: The sex differences were age and country specific, rather than universal. Premenopausal women actually tend to have a disadvantage compared to men or postmenopausal women. Male cancer mortality appears to be the affecting factor in explaining variations in sex differences. Latitude of residence and literacy rate are the affecting factors in cancer mortality and sex differences. African and Latin American countries tend to have a female disadvantage, while East Asian and Eastern European countries are more likely to have a female advantage. Conclusions: The findings challenge the cancer mortality literature and indicate that the sex differences and their possible causes are more complicated than the current literature suggests. They also highlight the urgency of adapting age- and country- specific health systems and policies to better meet the needs of younger women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1205-1214
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to positively investigate if the theory of self-monitoring among various individual trait theories would be a theoretical concept which can explain about the differences of clothing behavior under given social situations among Female university students in Korea. For this purpose, the following research problem were set up; 1. Self-monitoring levels and changing differences of self-image as per situation would be reviewed. 2. Self-monitoring levels and changing differences of clothing selection factors as per situation would be reviewed. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; First, as a result of analyzing the differences of situational self-image pursuits within per situation depending on individuals self-monitoring levels, the differences were found significant by. Namely, the adjectives for situational self-image which corresponded to those who had high self-monitoring than low self.monitoring were "womanly", "refined", "sensual", "lively" and "elegant". Second, as a result of analyzing the differences of priority of clothing selection factors within per situation depending on individuals self-monitoring levels, the differences were found significant by. Those who had high self-monitoring level put a higher priority on fashionability, aesthetics and status.symbol of clothing within per situation, while those who had low self-monitoring thought important for economy or utility within per situation.rtant for economy or utility within per situation.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.121-133
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• 2018

The goal of this study is to investigate the factors affecting firefighter's traumatic experiences and to examine and compare the differences of how those factors contribute to firefighter's burnout, depression, anxiety and social relationships. This study suggests that it is imperative for firefighters to have mindfulness, which brings mental and emotional healing, for their job-satisfaction. To empirically examine the research model of this study, the questionnaire survey was carried out to firefighters in InCheon Metropolitan City for two weeks; from October 19thto November 3rd, 2017. Out of 180 questionnaires, 170were retrieved. Total number of 160 questionnaires are empirically examined this study, excluding10bad survey responses. The t-test was conducted to determine whether there exist differences by gender among traumatic experienced firefighters, and a meaningful difference was found from perceived intrusiveness, a sub factor to traumatic experiences. Male firefighters showed higher mean than that of female firefighters in perceived angle, evasion and intrusiveness. Second, the t-test was conducted to determine whether there exist differences by gender in firefighter's burnout, but no meaningful differences were found. Female firefighters showed higher mean in emotional exhaustion, impersonalization and in decrease in self-achievements. Third, the t-test was conducted to determine whether there exist differences by gender in firefighter's depression and relationships, but no meaningful differences were found.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.17-34
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• 2011

Recently, medical market has been changing not for the sake of treatment of the disease but for high quality of health. Therefore, South Korea medical tourism service needs to understand and improve for the differences perceptions of medical tourists and health professionals for customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to understand the structure of medical tourism market through theoretical consideration and to suggest the factors which need to be taken precedence for improvement of South Korea medical tourism service through analysis differences between consumers and suppliers. To analyze the difference of awareness, we reconstructed the questionnaires focussing on evaluation factors and articles about medical tourists selection attributes and health professionals way to invigoration through previous research and precedence study. After that, we also collected the data based on reconstructed questionnaires. After we compared each collected responses from medical tourists and health professionals, also analyzed the differences of awareness by applying Johari's Window to those differences. In conclusion, there is no relation between medical tourist and health professionals about th differences of awareness in functional quality and cost that is a direct effect to transaction in current medical tourism of South Korea. In contrast, there are differences of awareness between a process which support medical tourism and technical quality. Therefor, we expect to invigorate medical tourism by innovation of supportive process and technical quality.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.95-106
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this study was to systematically review sex differences in episodic memory. Methods : We searched previous studies published in all electronic databases between 2010 and 2019. The key terms used in the search were 'sex differences' or 'gender differences' and 'episodic memory' or 'autobiographical memory'. 8 studies were finally extracted for analysis. Results : The 8 studies had evidence levels of II (67.5%) and III (37.5%), which are quite high. Healthy younger adults or healthy adults were recruited to examine sex differences in episodic memory. Assessment methods for episodic memory were mainly divided into cognitive tasks or standardized tests using visual or auditory stimuli. Subjects were instructed to memorize the stimuli and asked to recall them after some time. Overall females outperformed male. In particular, there were significant sex differences in verbal episodic memory. In contrast, there was no significant sex difference in visual episodic memory. Conclusion : To identify sex differences in episodic memory, a variety of test methods were used in various ways. Overall, females showed higher episodic memory than males. These findings suggest a need for cognitive intervention considering sex differences in the clinic. In the future, episodic memory tests with high ecological validity should be conducted to investigate sex differences in episodic memory.