• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to compare the shear bonding strength of zirconia after cleaning the crown contaminated by saliva or blood and determine the effect of thermocycling. 180 specimens were embedded in acrylic resin. 20 Specimens in the positive control group were bonded with resin cement without contamination. 20 Specimens in the negative control group were washed with water for 20 seconds and then dried for 10 seconds. 120 Specimens contaminated by saliva or blood were cleaned by using three cleaning methods: 37% phosphoric acid gel, commercial cleanse, and 2.5% NaOCl. All samples were bonded with resin cement and divided into two subgroups: One was not aged, and the other was tested with 30,000 thermocycling. In both groups contamination by saliva and blood, no statistically significant difference was not found in control, groups cleansed by commercial cleanser and 2.5% NaOCl. When the groups cleansed with water and 37% phosphate gel were compared with the control, significantly low shear bond strength was shown. Thermocycling group showed statistically significantly low shear bond stress compared to the groups without thermocycling. When zirconia was contaminated by saliva or blood, its original shear bond strength could be obtained if it was cleaned with commercial cleanser or 2.5% NaOCl.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 2015

Objectives: The pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome (RLS) has not been fully elucidated. Oxidative stress might play a role in the development of RLS and other antipsychotic-induced side effects such as tardive dyskinesia. In the present study, we investigated whether the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene polymorphisms are associated with antipsychotic-induced RLS in schizophrenia. Methods: We assessed antipsychotic-induced RLS symptoms in 190 Korean schizophrenic patients using the diagnostic criteria of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. The GST-M1, GST-T1 and GST-P1 loci were analyzed using PCR-based methods. Results: We divided the subjects into 2 groups: those with RLS symptoms (n = 96) and those without RLS symptoms (n = 94). There were no significant differences in the distributions of the GST-M1 genotypes (${\chi}^2=3.56$, p = 0.059), GST-T1 (${\chi}^2=0.51$, p = 0.476) and GST-P1 (${\chi}^2=0.57$, p = 0.821) between the 2 groups. Comparison of the RLS score among genotypes of the GST-M1 (t = -1.54, p = 0.125), GST-T1 (t = -0.02, p = 0.985) and GST-P1 (F = 0.58, p = 0.560) revealed no significant difference. Conclusion: These data suggest that GST gene polymorphisms do not confer increased susceptibility to RLS symptoms in schizophrenic patients. Future studies are necessary to evaluate the possible influences of other candidate genes involved in the reactive oxygen species system.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.163-175
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• 1974

Effects on yields, yield components and nutrient content of potassium depression for two or three weeks at various growth stages were investigated in rice (var. Jinheung) under sand culture system.(K 40 ppm 1973) 1. Analysis of variance showed significant difference among treatments of both two-week (at p=0.01) and three-week depression (at p=0.05) in yield. 2. Most sensitive stage to potassium depression on yield appeared two weeks until heading (42% yield decrease) and sensitivity decreased the growth stage is apart from heading either before or after. During 30 days after transplanting two-week potassium depression increased yield, but three-week depression decreased yield. Until about 30 days after heading depression caused poor yield. 3. Root potassium involves in harvest index, filled grain ratio and grain weight with significant correlation and considerably in spikelet per panicle while potassium in leaf sheath+culm involves considerably in spikelet per panicle and panicle per hill. Relative total dry matter weight was significantly correlated with panicle per hill, spikelet per panicle and K or K/Ca+Mg only in leaf sheath+culm. The indications are that root potassium contributes for building sink and efficiency of structure while potassium in leaf sheat+culm primarily for building source, productive structure. 4. Relative yield was significantly correlated with potassium content in root and leaf sheath+culm and with K/Ca+Mg and its ratio before and after depression in root indicating that potassium depression occurs greatly in root and that K/Ca+Mg might have more important role than K content alone under depression. 5. Optimum level of $K_2O$ appears around 3% in leaf blade. 4% in leaf sheath+culm and 1% in root under the assumption that below these level the same content has the same role in relation to yield during growth. The K/Ca+Mg appeares to be 2.5 in root and should not decrease throughout the growth stages. 6. The increase of sodium content in plant by K depression was highest, especially in leaf sheath during the most insensitive period to K depression suggesting that insensitivity may be attributed to partial replacement of Na for K. Partial replacement seems very little in sensitive stage (later stage) and sensitive organ (root).

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.68
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• pp.379-408
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• 2017

What I wish to show in this paper is the moral educational implication on "The Minor Annotations of Elementary Learning(小學枝言)" in a position to consider the alternatives about personality education problems by searching viewpoints on moral training theory on the book. "The Minor Annotations of Elementary Learning(小學枝言)" was written by Dasan Jeong-yakyong(茶山 丁若鏞, 1762-1836). In the oriental philosophy, a moral training theory is built on the base of human nature theory. Dasan's moral training theory was also built on his human nature theory. Undoubtedly we could consider that his difference from the moral training theory of Confucianism is reflected in his moral training theory putting stress on practice. Dasan criticized the moral training theory of Confucianism because of its static aspect contemplating mind internally. He stands on the position that the virtue can be come true by the concrete practice. The establishment ground of Dasan's moral training theory is on his theory of human nature's preference(性嗜好說). Dasan didn't consider benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom(仁義禮智) as human nature. He considered that the human nature prefers goodness. So there is no perfect human nature or principle originally to human beings but also directionality to be displayed. We can say that the virtue building by cultivation of directionality get connected to moral training theory. Dasan considered ?The Minor Annotations of Elementary Learning(小學枝言)? as a practice book for moral training which develops individuals' personality through practice in the reality. He thought that the book cause individuals to follow 'the elementary way(小道)' and to learn 'the elementary art(小藝)' more than academic pursuit. From this viewpoint he showed the practice(行事) of judgment(權衡) by keeping the attitude for the scripture interpretation to pursue the right principles(義理) based on Chinese exegetics(訓?) and the historical evidences(考證) through the whole book. And in the book he suggested the standard of the whole-person education to develop the human nature based on his theory of human nature's preference(性嗜好說), to cognize relationship as an ethical existence, and to pursue the harmony with graphonomy(字學) and Ethics(道學). So we can regard that he realized his practice centered moral education philosophy in the book.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.277-301
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• 2020

This study surveyed 503 adults to examine the effect of gaming disorder classification, recently announced by World Health Organization(WHO), when it is applied to Korean game market. Considering the difference in respondents' background knowledge on gaming disorder, half of the respondents were randomly assigned to read an informative news article describing WHO's decision and its expected effect on domestic game industry. Based on previous literature of gaming disorder, we categorized respondents into a normal-use group and a potentially problematic-use group. As a result of analyses, it was found that the gaming disorder classification would yield overall reduction of game-related consumption in terms of gaming time(24%), game cost(28%), the number of games(22%), etc. The potentially problematic group showed higher willingness to pay for gaming than the normal group did, even if the game cost presumably increases due to the gaming disorder classification. A similar outcome was observed in those with high stress levels. This implies that the policy to solve game addiction problems may ironically lead to unexpected cost increases to the target group of the policy. Hence, problematic groups, especially, highly stressful people and the people with the lack of self-control, need to be considered when the gaming disorder classification policy is established. Furthermore, the informative news article had the preventive effect on the attitude and the intention of the people with moderate or high self-control capacity, but not to the people with gaming-additive tendencies, Again, this finding confirms the necessity of the tweezers policy to refine target groups by their characteristics and prepare for differentiated policies. When the gaming disorder classification is simply adopted with no consideration of domestic circumstances, irreversible loss could affect Korean game users, game industries, and related companies. This calls for urgent cooperation between academia, government, and industry to set up appropriate measures to deal with the gaming disorder classification.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1139-1145
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• 2006

In this study, antioxidant activities of enzymatic and methanolic extracts from E. cava stem and leave were evaluated by measuring the scavenging activities on 1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide and the inhibitory effects on DNA damage induced by oxidative stress of cells. Enzymatic extracts were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of both stem and leave using food grade five different carbohydrases (Viscozyme, Celluclast, AMG, Termamyl, Ultraflo) and five proteases (Protamex, Kojizyme, Neutrase, Flavourzyme, Alcalase). The enzymatic extracts were lower than methanolic extracts in polyphenol contents, but higher in extraction yield by approximately 30%. The enzymatic extracts were superior to methanolic extracts in DPPH and H2O2 scavenging activities and DNA damage protective effect. There were no significant antioxidant activity difference between stem and leave, but the extracts of leave were relatively better than those of stem. In this study it is suggested that E. cava stem as well as its leave would be a good raw materials for antioxidants compound extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis would be a good strategy to prepare antioxidant extracts from seaweeds.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of light intensity on the initial growth response of three woody plants for indoor landscaping; Ardisia pusilla, Clusia rosea and Fatsia japonica. The plants were planted in 10cm pots, the light intensities used were of four levels-15, 30, 60, $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD-and light irradiation time was set to 12/12 (day/night). Growth responses including plant height, leaf length, leaf width, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), SPAD and Hunter values were measured at 4-week intervals, and shoot weight and root weight of fresh and dry plants were measured after completion of the experiment. Fatsia japonica tended to show greater leaf length and leaf width as light intensity became greater, while other plants did not show any significant differences at different light intensities. The Fv/Fm value of the Ardisia pusilla was found to be stressed at 60 and $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, while the Fv/Fm values were within normal range with other plants or at other light intensity levels to show no stress. Only Clusia rosea showed significantly different SPAD values at $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, and there was no significant SPAD value difference found with other plants or at other light intensity levels. While Hunter values of the Ardisia pusilla did not show any significant differences at any light intensity levels, Clusia rosea and Fatsia japonica showed specificity in L, a and b values at 60 and $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively. Ardisia pusilla showed a big stem growth at $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, and Clusia rosea showed a steady growth at 60 and $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1529-1537
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• 2012

In order to determine the effective concentration, 2, 7, and 14 brix black garlic extracts (BGE) were fed to restraint stressed rats and the lipid metabolism was analyzed. The dietary intake of the 14 brix BGE-fed group was $547.64{\pm}13.99$ g/4 weeks and it was significantly higher than that of the control group. The weight of all organs from the all BGE-fed groups showed no significant differences. While BGE concentration increased, BGE-fed groups tend to have low content of blood glucose. It was the lowest in the 14 brix BGE-fed group ($121.32{\pm}3.50$ mg/dl). Total cholesterol content was $54.54{\pm}1.63{\sim}65.84{\pm}2.61$ mg/dl. Total cholesterol content of the 14 brix BGE-fed group was the lowest and, in addition, lower than the normal group. Triglyceride content of serum showed the same tendency. HDL-cholesterol concentrations of the restraint stressed control (RSC) group were significantly higher than those of 7 and 14 brix BGE-fed groups. LDL and VLDL-cholesterol contents showed contrary results. GOT, GTP, and ALP activity of serum were lower when BGE concentration was higher. It is expected that BGE has a liver protective activity. In the liver, total lipids and triglyceride contents were significantly lower in BGE-fed groups than in the ISC group. However, total cholesterol content showed no significant difference between groups. TBARS content in liver of the 2 brix BGE-fed group was not significantly different than control, while 7 and 14 brix BGE-fed groups were lower than control. Glycogen content in the liver was only significantly lower in the 14 brix BGE-fed group than in the RSC group. Findings indicate that feed of BGE over 7 brix contributes to resolving the restraint-stressed rats by improving the lipid metabolism and liver protective activity.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2011

Purpose: To evaluate the short term clinical result of ACL reconstruction with autologous hamstring tendon using Cross pin and Graft Tensioner and to seek way to resolve the experienced technical problems. Materials and Methods: From January 2008 to March 2009, 35 patients who had been treated arthroscopic ACL reconstruction were enrolled. The femoral side of ACL graft was fixed with Cross pin. The tibial side of graft was fixed with Intrafix and post-tie. The graft was tensioned with Graft Tensioner at 80N. We analyzed the clinical, radiographic results and complications. Results: IKDC subjective score and Lysholm score improved to 89.1 and 91.4 points. Also, Pivot shift test and One-leg hop test showed good results postoperatively. Side to side difference using KT-1000 arthrometer and Telos stress radiography improved compared with normal limb to $2.8{\pm}1.6$ mm and $2.6{\pm}1.3$ mm, respectively. The femoral tunnel enlarged to $2.3{\pm}1.1$ mm. Soft tissue irritation and femoral tunnel-graft harness length mismatch, femoral tunnel-cross pin tunnel mismatch were happened as peri-operative complications. Conclusion: Using of Cross pin and Graft Tensioner for ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon is one of the good method for obtaining stability in short-term clinical result. But to reduce femoral tunnel-cross pin mismatch, it needs to shorten femoral bone tunnel and to create cross pin tunnel as vertical as possible. And to reduce femoral tunnel-graft harness mismatch, it needs to advance position rod further 3 mm when to create femoral tunnel.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.983-993
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• 2009

The effects of Monascus-fermented Korean red ginseng (MFRG) on the contents of serum lipids and tissues lipid peroxidation was investigated in alcohol feeding rats (AC group). Serum contents of total lipid and free fatty acid in alcohol feeding rats were significantly increased, but these increases tended to decrease in the AMFRG group. Serum triglyceride content was also significantly decreased in the AMFRG group compared to other groups. Serum content of total-cholesterol was significantly increased in AC group compared to normal control (NC) group, whereas there was no significant difference between the AC and AMFRG groups. Content of HDL-cholesterol in serum was slightly increased in the AC group compared to the NC group, but this increase in the AC group was more significantly increased in the AMFRG group. At the same time, atherogenic index (AI) was also significantly decreased in the AMFRG group compared to the AC group. Contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the liver, heart, spleen and testes were significantly increased in the AC group compared to the NC group, but these increases were significantly less in the AMFRG group. Contents of liver nonheme ion was increased in the AC group and was significantly decreased in the AMFRG group, which suggested that lipid peroxidation contents are inversely correlated with liver nonheme ion content. Hepatic glutathione concentration was significantly decreased in the AC group, but this content was significantly increased in the AMFRG group and it showed the antioxidant abilities of glutathione. These results suggested that Monascus-fermented Korea red ginseng has anti-atherogenic index (AI) effects as well as antioxidative activities through reduced tissue oxidative stress in alcohol feeding rats.