• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2005

Recent trends in agricultural globalization have brought on a crisis to our already impoverished Korean farmers. This study was proposed to assist in comparing the health and dietary characteristics of farmer families that have chronic disease patients to farmer families that do not have chronic disease patients. For the study, 1870 families were selected from 9 rural Korean provinces. Trained evaluators interviewed farmer housewives to collect demographic, health behavior, and dietary relative information about family members. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS (ver 8.2). Chi-square tests and General Linear Models were also used. In general, patient family members were older than non-patient family members. For patient families, the mean age was 70.4 for husbands and 64.3 for wives. For non-patient families, the mean age was 64.2 for husbands and 57.3 for wives. Therefore we analyzed the data after we stratified the subjects based on the wife's age of 65. Patient families snacked less and 'dined out' less than non-patient families. However, they consumed cookies more frequently, and milk and fruits less frequently, when compared to non-patient families. There were no significant differences in nutrient supplementation, and/or instant food intake frequencies between patient families and non-patient families. Sixty-two percent of patient family members complained about health problems such arthritis, lumbago, numbness, shoulder pain, dizziness, and others, whereas 52olo of non-patient family members complained about Farmers' syndrome. Husband cigarette smoking was not significantly different among groups. However, the smoking patterns of the wives was significantly higher in patient families. Alcohol consumption was also higher in patient families. In summary, it was determined that rural patient families had poorer dietary behavior and poorer health in general, when compared to non-patient families, and accordingly, diverse community-level health and nutritional support are suggested to solve the farmers' health problems and to improve their quality of life.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.124-131
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• 2011

Because excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages may reduce the quality of nutritional intake, this study examined the consumption patterns of commercial beverages, lifestyle, dietary habits, and perception of sweet taste. Participants were 407 male university students in Kyeooggido, Korea, and information was collected by self-administered questionnaire. Among them, 58 nonsmokers volunteered to participate in the taste test. Participants were divided into three groups according to the frequency of commercial beverage consumptions: 120 rare (< 1 serving/week), 227 moderate (1-3 servings/week) and 133 frequent (> 3 servings/week) consumption groups. More subjects from the rare consumption group chose water, tea, and soy milk, and more from the frequent consumption group chose carbonated soft drinks and coffee (P=0.031) as their favorite drinks. Frequent consumption group consumed fruit juice, coffee, and sports and carbonated soft drinks significantly more often (P=0.002, P=0.000, P=0.000, respectively), but not milk and tea. Frequent consumption group consumed beverages casually without a specific occasion (P=0.000) than rare consumption group. Frequent drinking of commercial beverages was associated with frequent snacking (P=0.002), meal skipping (P=0.006), eating out (P=0.003), eating delivered foods (P=0.000), processed foods (P=0.001), and sweets (P=0.002), and drinking alcoholic beverages (P=0.029). Frequent consumption group tended to have a higher threshold of sweet taste without reaching statistical significance. The results provide information for developing strategies for evidence-based nutrition education program focusing on reducing consumption of unnecessary sugar-sweetened commercial beverages.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.255-265
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• 2009

This study was investigated nutrient intakes and dietary evaluation index of the healthy subjects over 85 of Sunchang County to explore the improved dietary pattern for healthy aging of the elderly. The survey was conducted by personal interview to 161 elderly subjects (59 males and 102 females over 85) in 2006, and their daily dietary intake was assessed by 24-hr recalls and weighing one meal. The daily energy intakes of males were 1,335 ${\pm}$ 67 kcal, and those of females were 1,095 ${\pm}$ 38 kcal comprised of 66.8% and 68.4% of the EER for the age group of 75. The proportions of energy from carbohydrate : protein : lipid were 70.7 : 14.6 : 14.6 for males and 68.6 : 14.0 : 17.4 for females. The average protein intakes were 95.4% for males and 85.0% for females of RI, and the average calcium intakes were 54.3% for males and 43.6% for females of RI. The daily vitamin intakes were below 70% except vitamin A, vitamin $B_6$, and vitamin E. The proportion of the relative risk groups of protein, phosphate, iron and vitamin A ranged 40-49% of RI over 75 year groups. The other nutrient intakes showed that there were over 50% risk groups. Especially for nutrients such as calcium, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin C, folate and niacin over 70% of the subjects were under risk. The median value of all nutrient intakes did not reach AI. The INQ of nutrients were over 0.8 except for folate and vitamin C. Calcium intakes were relatively low and needed attention. However, the ratio of calcium and phosphate showed 1 : 1.6, which appeared to be superior to the other districts. The DVS were higher as the dietary balance scores, KDDS were higher, and the groups with high KDDS had high intakes of nutrients compared to the groups with low KDDS. The high risk groups as judged by simple nutrition screening test had lower nutrient intakes than the groups of middle risk or low risk groups. The subjects in Sunchang area had relatively low intakes of several nutrients. However, judging from the desirable patterns of the energy proportion from three major nutrients, ratio of calcium and phosphate and INQ of nutrients there is a possibility that extended healthy aging might be related to the quality of nutrients and relative ratio between nutrients. To improve nutrient status of the elderly of the surveyed area further application involving KDDS and DVS appeared to be required.

• Clinical Nutrition Research
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.51-60
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• 2024

Obesity and overweight pose a significant public health problem, as they are associated with an elevated risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Several studies have shown that diet quality is associated with the development of MetS risk factors. Analyzing dietary patterns may be more helpful in determining the relationship between eating habits and chronic diseases compared to focusing on single foods or nutrients. In this study, our objective was to evaluate the association of food quality score (FQS) with risk factors for MetS in individuals with obesity and overweight. The participants in this cross-sectional study were 340 adults with overweight and obesity. Participants' food intake was measured using a Food Frequency Questionnaire, then the FQS was calculated. A fasting blood sample assessed serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and serum insulin levels. Fat-free mass, height, basal metabolic rate, socio-economic score, and waist-to-hip ratio significantly differed among FQS tertiles. TC, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose were significantly lower in the highest tertile of FQS. After multivariable adjustment, our results showed that individuals in the third tertile of FQS had reduced risk of higher levels of TC (odds ratio [OR], 0.982; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.970-0.984) and higher levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR, 0.974; 95% CI, 0.974-0.999). Our findings demonstrate an inverse relationship between diet quality, as measured by FQS, and MetS risk factors. However, further experimental and longitudinal investigations are warranted to elucidate the causal nature of this association.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.63-76
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• 2005

Health is the most important factor in the Quality of life. Without appropriate treatment, dental caries could have serious effects on self-esteem, nutrition, and health of a person throughout his/her life. The purpose of this study was to investigate ways to develop a consumer information program that could help improve teens' oral health. To develop an effective information program, we surveyed 1) how teens feel about oral health information in the market, 2) how judiciously they use their information, and 3) how they actually apply the information to practice. On the other hand, we investigated relationships between dietary patterns and dental caries among middle school students. The results indicate a serious lack of oral health information for middle school students. Moreover, we found that the intake of vegetables, fruits and legumes prevents dental caries. Using these results, we developed a system for organizing and conveying the oral health information for teens.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Metabolic risk factors should be managed effectively in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to prevent or delay diabetic complications. This study aimed to compare the self-management levels of diet and metabolic risk factors in patients with T2DM, according to the duration of illness, and to examine the trends in self-management levels during the recent decades. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data were collected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES, 1998-2014). In our analysis, 4,148 patients with T2DM, aged ${\geq}30years$, were categorized according to the duration of their illness (< 5 years, 5-9 years, and ${\geq}10years$). Demographic and lifestyle information was assessed through self-administered questionnaires, and biomarker levels (e.g., fasting glucose level, blood pressure, or lipid level) were obtained from a health examination. Dietary intake was assessed by a 24-recall, and adherence level to dietary guidelines (meal patterns and intake levels of calories, carbohydrates, vegetable/seaweed, sodium, and alcohol) were assessed. Multivariable generalized linear regression and unconditional logistic regression models were used to compare the prevalence rates of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension according to the duration of patients' illness, accounting for the complex survey design of the KNHANES. RESULTS: In the multivariable adjusted models, patients with a longer duration (${\geq}10years$) of T2DM had a higher prevalence of hyperglycemia than those with a shorter duration of T2DM (< 5 years) (odds ratio 2.20, 95% confidence interval 1.61-3.01, P for trend < 0.001). We did not observe any associations of disease duration with the prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia. In addition, the adherence levels to dietary recommendations did not significantly differ according to disease duration, except adherence to moderate alcohol consumption. There were significant decreasing trends in the prevalence of hyperglycemia in patients with a duration of illness ${\geq}10years$ (P for trend = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Although the proportion of patients with adequate control of glucose levels has improved in recent decades, poorer self-management has been found in those with a longer disease duration. These findings suggest the need for well-planned and individualized patient education programs to improve self-management levels and quality of life by preventing or delaying diabetic complications.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.56-68
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• 2003

The objects of this study are to find out (1) real situation of the food supply in prison under Imperial Government of Japan more cleary (historical meaning) and (2) which might help in understanding wrong present food consumption patterns in Korea which causes environmental as well as health problems. It is generally known that the length of the Japanese occupation for Korea is 36 years. However, it is concluded in this study that it was longer (70 years ; from 1875 to 1945 from when Japanese Army attacked and occupied Yungjongdo and Kanghwado island to e time when they were defeated on World War II.) Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910 then the Imperial Government of Japan dismissed the Korea Army, controlled the Office of Justice and the management of prison by force. Since then about 50% of all land was fell into Japanese Government ownership and 80% of Korean farmers became as tenant. After this change, Korea farmers were forced to pay extremely high rent (up to 80% of its harvest). Forced immigration, low price procurement of grain by Japanese government up to more than 30%of their production, was practiced. Accordingly, the food situation of Korean farmers became miserable, which may caused more violations of Imperial Japanese Law. Malnutrition, epidemic diseases, mortality rate of infants soared and average life expectancy shortened to 20-30 years old. This was the period of World Economic Crises and Food Crises in Japan. It was said then that if one Japanese comes to Korea then 200 Koreans will starved to death. Meanwhile, Proconsul Bureau of Chosun requested to the Department of Medicine, the Imperial University of Kyungsung to survey food supply situation of Koreans in prison throughout Korea. Objectives of the survey then was not only to find out scientifically whether it is agreeable in maintaining prisoner's health and also find out the possibility to save food during food crisis. Survey was started from 1923 and ended in 1945, and it focussed on prisoners in the Seodaemoon Prison. This report is the outcome of the first survey. They concluded that the food supplied was nutritionally (had) no problem, in compare with those of workers in the factory, students in the dormitory in Japan and with those of prisoners in Taiwan, France and Germany. Amount of grain supplied were different according to their work lord and was divided into 9 different levels. Total grain was consisted of 50% millet, 30% soybean and 20% indica rice(variety). However, there were no difference in the amount of supply of side dishes between work groups. For the highest working group, 3280g of boiled grain per day was supplied to make stomach full but as a side dishes, salty fermented bean paste, fermented fish and salty soups, etc. was supplied. Deficiency of animal protein were observed, however, high intake of soybean may possibly caused animal protein deficiency problem. On the contrary, the intake of water soluble vitamins were insufficient but the level of calcium and iron intake seems to be sufficient, however, imbalance of intake of nutrition may caused low absorbtion rate which might caused malnutrition. High intake of dietary fiber and low intake of cholesterol may possibly prohibited them from so called modem disease but may caused the defect in disease resistancy againist epidemics and other traditional disease. Over intake of salt(20-30g per day) was observed. Surveyors who attended in this survey, mentioned that the amount of food intake may nutritionally be sufficient enough but the quality of food(and possibly, the taste of food) were like that of animal feed. For the officials who received this report might consider that considering the war situation and food crisis, the supply situation of food in the prison may considered to be good enough(because they are not starving). But as a Korean who studied this report, one feel extremely pity about those situation because (situation of) those period were very harsh under the Imperial Law and keeping the Law by Koreans were almost impossible, therefore, about one third adult violated the Law and were put into jail. And they were treated like animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.530-538
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• 2016

Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutrient composition, in vitro ruminal ammonia concentrations and pH of wet distillers grains (WDG, produced from tapioca 70% and rice 30%) and to evaluate dietary effects of fermented total mixed ration (TMR) using WDG on the performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers from mid fattening to slaughter. In Exp. I, average dry matter (DM), crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and nitrogen free extract of seven WDG samples from an ethanol plant with different sampling dates were 19.9%, 24.8%, 3.8%, 21.8%, 8.87%, 60.3%, 34.5%, and 40.7% (DM basis), respectively. For in vitro ammonia concentrations and pH, each sample was assigned to 7 incubation times (0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). Linear increase was observed between 12 and 48 h for ammonia concentrations, but final ammonia concentrations (72 h) were not significantly different among WDG samples and fermentation patterns of WDG samples showed similar tendency. In vitro pH varied among treatments from 0 to 24 h, but were not different statistically after 48 h. In Exp. II, 45 Hanwoo steers of 23 months ($641{\pm}123kg$) from mid fattening period to slaughter (248 days) were randomly divided into three groups of 15 pens each (five repetitions/each treatment) and assigned to one of three dietary treatments; i) Control (TMR), ii) WDG 15 (TMR containing 15% of WDG, as fed basis) and iii) WDG 28 (TMR containing 28% of WDG, as fed basis). The body weight (BW), ADG, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of control and WDG 15 and 28 during 248 days were 760.8, 740.1, and 765.5 kg, and 0.50, 0.50, and 0.52 kg/d, and 18.6, 17.6, and 17.1, respectively. The dry matter intake (DMI) (kg/d) of control (9.11) was higher (p<0.05) than WDG treatments (WDG 15%, 8.57; 28%, 8.70). Nevertheless, DMI did not affect BW, ADG, and FCR of Hanwoo finishing steers. Blood metabolites were in normal ranges and were not different among treatments except the albumin concentration. In carcass characteristics, WDG 15 (30%) showed higher frequency of A-carcass yield grade than WDG 28 (15%) and control (7%), and WDG 28 (61%) showed higher frequency of $1^{{+}{+}}$ and $1^+$-carcass quality grade than WDG 15 (40%) and control (60%). In conclusion, using WDG up to 28% in TMR did not show any negative effect on the performance and blood metabolites, and improved carcass quality of Hanwoo steers. Therefore, WDG can be a useful feed ingredient for Hanwoo steers in mid-fattening period to slaughter.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.91-101
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• 2020

연구에 참여한 우간다 초등학교 2곳 학생들이 평소 식사섭취패턴을 유지한다면 향후 학생들의 영양불량이 염려되므로 빠른 시일 내 효과적인 영양중재프로그램이 실시될 필요가 있다. 우간다 자국민의 미량영양소 섭취결핍 문제는 본 연구 대상들에게서도 심각성이 확인되어 성장기에 바람직한 건강과 영양 상태를 유지하기 위해 비타민과 무기질 섭취 및 식사다양성을 향상시킬 수 있는 영양 강화 급식이 제공될 필요가 있다. 지역별 대상자들의 식사섭취패턴의 차이는 시장 접근성, 우간다 기후에 따른 재배가능 농작물과 자급률 등 환경적 요소와 사회경제학적 요인으로 인해 뚜렷한 차이를 보였으므로 본 사업 전 예비조사를 통해 마을공동체의 토속적 식생활패턴과 영양상태 문제점 등을 파악하는 것이 효과적인 중재계획을 설정하는데 도움이 되리라 사료된다. 이와 함께 지역별 인프라 및 식품 유통망의 특징 및 지역농작물의 자급수준도 면밀히 조사가 시행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. 마지막으로 국제개발원조사업의 지속가능성을 고려하여 급식중재 메뉴에 다양한 현지 식품과 지역농작물을 적극적으로 활용하는 등 '선 순환적 네트워크'를 구축하도록 다양한 방법을 적용해야할 것으로 사료된다. 이를 통해 여전히 국제원 조사업의 수혜자적 측면에서 소외계층이라 사료되는 초등학교 학생들에게 효과적인 급식개선 중재사업은 인도주의적 차원의 서비스로도 적용되어 학생의 출석률 및 진학률을 높이고 중퇴율과 퇴학률 개선에 긍정적인 효과를 주어 우간다 초등교육 여건 향상에 기여하리라 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.451-462
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• 2007

본 연구는 한국 성인의 아침식사유형과 주식유형에 따른 식사의 질과 건강상태를 비교분석하기 위하여 수행되었다. 연구 자료는 2001년도 국민건강영양조사자료 중 $30{\sim}49$세 남자 1,641명, 여자 1,765명의 자료를 이용하였다. 대상자들의 아침 섭취여부 및 아침식사의 유형에 따라 사회인구학적 특성, 영양소 및 식품섭취, 대사증후군 관련 건강상태지표를 분석하였다. 아침식사의 유형은 섭취하는 주식에 따라 'RICE' (밥식), 'BREAD' (빵식), 'NOODLE' (면식), 'OTHERS' (기타식)로 분류하였고 그 밖의 혼합유형은 분석에서 제외하였다. 분석된 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 아침식사를 거를 때, 영양소의 충분한 섭취라는 측면에서 하루 식사의 질이 아침식사를 섭취하는 것에 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 아침식사를 거를 때와 섭취할 때 건강지표상의 의미 있는 차이는 찾을 수 없었으며, 아침식사를 섭취하는 경우 주식을 중심으로 섭취하는 식사의 구성에 따라 몇 가지 의미 있는 차이를 관찰하였다. 첫째, 아침식사유형이 빵식인 대상자들의 월 가구소득이 높았으며, 특히 여자대상자에서는 아침식사의 유형이 면식인 대상자의 평균 월 가구소득이 가장 낮았다. 둘째, 아침식사유형 간 만성질환 유병율의 분포에는 차이가 없었으나, 각 건강지표의 평균수준에 차이가 있었다. 남자 대상자에서는 아침식사유형이 빵식일 때 혈중 총 콜레스테롤이 높은 수준을 나타내었다. 여자대상자에서는 이러한 특징이 관찰되지 않았고 아침식사유형이 면식인 대상자의 HDL수준이 낮고 공복 시 혈당이 높았으며 통계적으로 의미 있는 차이를 나타내었다. 셋째, 남녀대상자 모두에서 빵식인 아침식사는 지방 에너지의 비중이 높았으며 미량 영양소의 밀도는 낮은 수준이었다. 하루 중 다른 끼니의 섭취를 통해 부족한 미량영양소의 섭취는 보충되었으나 이와 함께 총 에너지 섭취가 증가하는 결과를 초래하였고, 지방의 에너지 비율은 여전히 높은 수준이었다. 여자대상자에서는 아침식사유형이 면식일 때 아침식사의 에너지 섭취수준이 낮았고 아침식사를 거르는 경우를 제외하고 미량영양소의 섭취가 부족할 가능성이 가장 높았다. 넷째, 식사유형별 식품섭취 양상에 차이를 나타내었으며 밥식인 경우 다른 주식유형에 비해 섭취하는 식품의 구성이 다양하였다. 위와 같은 결과는 주식의 종류 및 함께 섭취하는 식품의 구성과 그 다양성에 따라 영양섭취결과와 건강상태 지표상에 차이가 있으며, 성호르몬에 따른 성별 차이의 영향을 간과할 수 없음을 보여주었고, 나아가 주식의 선택과 식사의 구성에 미치는 사회경제적 수준의 영향이 고려되어야 할 것으로 생각되었다. 그러나 같은 유형의 주식을 중심으로 식사를 구성하더라도 식품의 선호도에 따라 다양한 구성이 가능하므로 궁극적으로는 건강한 식단에 대한 연구와 이에 대한 영양교육이 중요하며, 이때 생활환경과 성별에 따른 차이가 고려되어야 함을 확인할 수 있었다.