• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.120-120
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• 1998

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.975-980
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• 2009

In this study we evaluated polyphenol contents, phytate contents, and antioxidant activities (DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity) in several soybean cultivars. The polyphenol contents of the cultivars ranged from 0.0446 mg/g to 0.0652 mg/g, with the highest level found in the WS82 cultivar, whereas and the lowest in Duyukong. The phytate content of the WS2906 cultivar was the highest at 22.28 mg/g whereas Duyukong showed the lowest level. $IC_50$ values (concentration of soybean extract exerting 50% scavenging of radicals) for DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity showed the highest in WS82. A positive correlation between DPPH radical scavenging activity and polyphenol contents was observed in the soybean cultivars, whereas not significant relationship between antioxidant activity and phytate content was found.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.250-257
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of phytase supplementation to the diets containing different levels of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). A $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments was employed. There were three dietary NPP levels of control (C) (0.45% for starter diet and 0.35% for grower diet), C-0.1% NPP (0.35% for starter diet and 0.25% for grower diet), and C-0.2% NPP (0.25% for starter diet and 0.15% for grower diet) and two phytase levels (0 and 500 U/kg). Reduced dietary NPP decreased feed intake and weight gain and increased mortality whereas dietary phytase increased feed intake and weight gain and decreased mortality. Supplemental phytase improved availabilities of dry matter, crude fat, ash, P, Zn, Mg, and Cu whereas dietary NPP level did not affect availabilities of nutrients except decreased Zn availability and increased Cu availability in reduced NPP diets. Nutrient retention of N, ash, Ca, P, Mg, and Zn were linearly decreased as dietary NPP levels reduced but dietary phytase increased their retention. Reduced dietary NPP increased ash excretion but decreased P and Cu excretion while dietary phytase decreased N excretion. Weight, length, girth and contents of ash, Ca, P and Mg of tibia linearly decreased as dietary NPP levels reduced. Dietary phytase increased length and ash content of tibia. It is concluded that dietary phytase can reduce P excretion and alleviate adverse affects caused by feeding low dietary NPP. Effects of phytase were greater in the lower NPP diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 1999

Three barrows weighing 45.0 kg, fitted with simple T-cannulas in both the duodenum and terminal ileum, were assigned to diets in a $3{\times}3$ Latin Square design experiment to determine the effect of two calcium levels (0.8% vs 0.4%) on phytase activity and nutrient balance in growing pigs. The control diet contained 0.8% calcium, with no added inorganic phosphorus (0.45% total phosphorus) and no added phytase. The two additional experimental diets contained microbial phytase (750 phytase units/kg) and supplied either 0.8% or 0.4% calcium. With added microbial phytase, ileal and total tract digestibility of rotal phosphorus were improved by 20.9 and 13.8 percentage units, respectively (p=0.01). The apparent duodenal and ileal digestibility of phytate phosphorus were increased by 51.8 and 49.7 percentage units (p=0.01). Lowering dietary calcium in the presence of microbial phytase increased the digestibility of phytate phosphorus by an additional 10.9 (p=0.001) and 5.7 percentage units for duodenal and ileal digestibility, respectively. Supplementation with microbial phytase significantly reduced fecal excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus and increased the percentage of these nutrients retained by the pig. Lowering dietary calcium further increased the percentage of dietary phosphorus retained. Overall, reducing dietary calcium appeared to increase the effectiveness of added microbial phytase in degrading phytate phosphorus. As a result, care should be taken to avoid high levels of dietary calcium when supplementing swine diets with microbial phytase.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.79-84
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• 2004

Zinc intake and status of South Koreans from rural, urban and metropolitan areas were investigated. The dietary habits of 760 healthy male and female adult subjects with a mean age of 54 were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and were verified using 24 h dietary recall. Daily Zn intakes for men and women were 7.4$\pm$5.4 mg and 7.0$\pm$5.4 mg, respectively, which were 62% and 70% of the Korean RDA. The phytate : zinc and phytate ${\times}$ calcium : zinc molar ratios were 38 and 398, respectively. Both the low intake of zinc and the high extremely phytate and phytate ${\times}$ calcium ratios with Zinc suggest that South Koreans may be at risk of zinc deficiency. Plasma zinc (86$\pm$61 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL), urinary zinc (33$\pm$27 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL) and plasma alkaline phosphatase (102$\pm$52 mU/mL) levels within the normal range did not however suggest marked Zinc deficiency in these subjects. However, conventional zinc biomarkers aye known to be unreliable for assessment of marginal zinc deficiency. Based on zinc intake alone, it is likely that at least a proportion of these subjects were marginally zinc deficient and the wider consumption of zinc rich, phytate deficient foods, particularly in rural areas, would be beneficial.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.356-362
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• 2007

For the assessment of representative and longitudinal Zn nutriture in South Koreans, Zn, phytate and Ca intakes were determined using four consecutive years of food consumption data taken from Korean National Nutrition Survey Report (KNNSR) every 10 years during 1969-1998. The nutrient intake data are presented for large city and rural areas. Zn intake of South Koreans in both large city and rural areas was low during 1969-1988 having values between 4.5-5.6 mg/d, after then increased to 7.4 (91% Estimated Average Requirements for Koreans, EAR = 8.1 mg/d) and 6.7 mg/d (74% EAR) in 1998 in large city and rural areas, respectively. In 1968, Zn intake was unexpectedly higher in rural areas due to higher grain consumption, but since then until 1988 Zn intake was decreased and increased back in 1998. Food sources for Zn have shifted from plants to a variety of animal products. Phytate intake of South Koreans during 1969-1978 was high mainly due to the consumption of grains and soy products which are major phytate sources, but decreased in 1998. The molar ratios of phytate:Zn and millimmolar ratio of phytate${\times}$Ca:Zn were decreased due to the decreased phytate intake in South Koreans, which implies higher zinc bioavailability. The study results suggest that Zn nutriture has improved by increased dietary Zn intakes and the decreased molar ratio of phytate:Zn in South Koreans in both large city and rural areas.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.87-97
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• 2019

Phytate induced excessive mineral excretion through poultry litter leads to poor performance and environmental pollution. Exogenous microbial phytase supplementation to poultry diets reduce the environmental excretion of nutrient and improve bird's performance. However, excessive dietary sodium (Na) level may hinder the phytase-mediated phytate hydrolysis and negate the beneficial effects of phytase. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentration dietary Na on phytase activity and subsequent impact on broiler performance, bone mineralisation and nutrient utilisation. In this study, six experimental diets, consisting of three different levels of Na (1.5, 2.5, or 3.5 g/kg) and two levels of microbial phytase (0 or 500 U/kg) were formulated by using $3{\times}2$ factorial design. The six experimental diets were offered to 360 day-old Ross 306 male chicks for 35 days, where, each experimental diet consisted of 6 replicates groups with 10 birds. Along with growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal enzyme activity, dry matter (DM) content of litter and mineral status in bone were analysed. Dietary Na and phytase had no effect on bode weight gain and feed intake. Birds on the low Na diet showed higher (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the mid-Na diets. High dietary Na adversely affected (p < 0.001) excreta DM content. Phytase supplementation to the high-Na diet increased (p < 0.01) the litter ammonia content. High dietary Na with phytase supplementation improved ($Na{\times}phytase$, p < 0.05) the AME value and ileal digestibility of Ca and Mg. The total tract retention of Ca, P, and Mg was reduced with high Na diet, which was counteracted by phytase supplementation ($Na{\times}phytase$, p < 0.001). The diets containing mid-level of Na improved (p < 0.001) the function of Na-K-ATPase and Mg-ATPase in the jejunum. The overall results indicate that high dietary Na did not affect phytase activity but influenced the nutrient utilization of birds, which was not reflected in bird overall performance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.148.2-148
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• 2001

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1122-1127
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• 2008

A high dietary oxalate intake may lead to calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones in the gastrointestinal tract. Most soy foods contain high concentrations of oxalate and/or phytate. This study analyzed the changes in oxalate (Ox), phytate ($InsP_6$), and calcium (Ca) during soymilk processing from the seeds of Korean recommended soybean cultivars (cvs). The contents of Ox, $InsP_6$, and Ca in 21 cvs ranged from 14, 108, and 148 to 231, 279, and 246 mg/100 g of dry seed, respectively. Seven cultivars were selected from the 21 cvs by the distributions of Ox, $InsP_6$, and Ca. Then, each contents of soymilk prepared from the 7 cvs were determined. All contents were lower in soymilk than in seeds, but the Ox to $InsP_6$ ratios changed from varying ratios (0.1-0.8) to normal ratios (0.8-1.0) in all cvs except 'Paldalkong'. Consequently, during soymilk processing, the Ox content was decreased and the $InsP_6$ content was remained higher than the Ox content although the Ox was likely to be less reductive than the $InsP_6$. These results may provide better information for minimizing the risk of formation of Ox kidney stones due to consumption of soy products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.349-358
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• 1993

Iron deficiency is still a common nutritional disorder in the world. In developing countries, the bioavailability of dietary iron is often very low, mainly due to a low content of factors facilitating nonheme iron absorption. The iron content of the diet, iron status of subjects, and the actual composition of the diet are the major factors that influence the absorption of food iron. Inadequate dietary intake of iron often results from low-calorie diets, food restrictions, or single food diets. Ascorbic acid and MFP (meat, fish and poultry) are the quantitatively most important enhancers of nonheme iron absorption found in the diet. Ascorbic acid and meat have consistently been shown to enhance iron bioavailability. Major inhibitors of nonheme iron absorption are dietary fiber, phytate, and polyphenols. The availability of nonheme iron can be highly influenced by components of foods ingested concomitantly, Therefore, consumption of food in combinations can either enhance or inhibit nonheme iron absorption.