• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.937-945
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• 2010

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary zinc (Zn), environmental temperatures and Zn${\times}$temperature interaction on growth, feathering score and mineral composition of broilers. A total of 256 d-old Avian male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement with four corn-soybean meal basal diets (containing 44 mg Zn/kg) supplemented with 0, 40, 60 mg/kg Zn (Diets 1, 2 and 3, respectively; 0.8% Ca for these three diets) and non-Zn supplementation, 1.6% Ca (Diet 4) and two temperature conditions (low: 26, 24, $22^{\circ}C$ vs. high: 30, 28, $26^{\circ}C$). All birds were given feathering coverage scores for back, breast, wing, under-wing and tail. The wing and tail were further evaluated for the occurrence and severity of defect feathers. Feathers were then pooled for mineral composition analysis. The results showed that in high temperature conditions, broilers fed Zn-unsupplemented, 0.8% Ca ration (Diet 1) had significantly (p<0.05) lower ADFI and ADG (wk 1-6) than birds under low temperature conditions. However, when the birds were fed 40 and 60 mg/kg Zn supplementation (Diets 2 and 3), the ADFI and ADG in both temperature conditions were not significantly different. In low temperature conditions, the ADFI, ADG (p<0.05), all feather coverage (p<0.01) and tail defect scores (p<0.001) of birds fed Diet 4 (excess Ca) were significantly poorer than those fed Diet 1. More Ca (p<0.05) was retained in the feathers of broilers fed Diet 4 under high temperature conditions. Broilers fed the Zn-unsupplemented ration (Diet 1) had significantly higher feather phosphorus (p<0.01) and potassium (p<0.05) concentrations than those fed the 60 mg/kg Zn-supplemented ration (Diet 3). A reduction of feather phosphorus (p<0.01) and potassium (p<0.05) and higher manganese (p<0.05) concentrations were observed in Diet 4 broilers as compared to those fed Diet 1. Under high temperature conditions, broilers had lower iron (p<0.05) and higher manganese (p<0.05) concentrations in feathers. Broilers kept in high temperature conditions had a higher Zn requirement and 40 mg/kg Zn supplementation was sufficient for the birds to achieve optimum growth. Supplemental Zn ameliorated the adverse effect of high temperature on growth and occurrence of tail feather defects. Excess Ca disrupted Zn metabolism to exert a detrimental effect on growth performance and normal feathering and this was elucidated in the birds kept in low temperature conditions.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.566-575
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• 2004

To compare the dietary intakes and body composition in the stage of puberty, this study was conducted with 360 girls aged 9 to 12 years in Seoul Korea. Girls's general information and 3-day diet records were collected, fat mass was measured by Inbody 3.0, bone mass at right calcaneus was measured by PIXI and pubertal development was self-assessed by picture of Tanner stages. The results are as follows: Girls who had breast development were 79.7% and 15.8% had pubic hair development. Mean of BMI, BMC and BMD were significantly higher at breast stage3+(19.6 kg/$m^2$, 1.62 kg, 0.47 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) than at the breast stage2 (18.2 kg/$m^2$, 1.47 kg, 0.44 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) or breast stage1(16.3 kg/$m^2$, 1.32 kg, 0.39 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) (p < 0.001). Percent body fat of breast stage1, 2, and 3+ were 19.7%, 23.1%, 25.3% respectively and significantly increased during the puberty (p < 0.001). The mean of energy intake was 1629 kcal in stage1, 1664 kcal in stage2 and 1577 kcal in stage3+ showed significant difference in the breast stages (p < 0.05). Energy adjusted sodium intakes and crude fiber intakes were significantly higher in breast stage3 + than other breast stages. For zinc and iron, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than 75% of Korean RDA was over 40% and significantly higher in breast stage3+ than other stages (p < 0.05) ; for protein and vitamin E, the proportions of subjects with intake levels more than 125% RDA was significantly higher in the stage 1. The nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for protein and phosphorous was significantly lower in breast stage3+ than other stages. The food groups of seed and nut were 4.7 g/day, 2.3 g/day, 1.8 g/day, respectively, and was significantly higher in breast stage 1. In summary, mean of BMI, BMD, BMC and percent of body fat were increased with pubertal development, and those who had higher breast developmental stage showed a lower amount of consumption level in energy, seeds and nuts, and also showed a higher amount of consumption level in energy adjusted sodium and fiber among Korean girls.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.570-575
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• 2001

Three feeding experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of herbs (Obosan-C or Obosan-O) as an additive in formulated diets on growth and body composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus hannai), Three replicate groups of abalone initially average weighing 206 mg, 827 mg and 432 mg were fed the each one of experimental diet containing $0\%\;or\;1\%$ Obosan for 10 (experiment 1), 7 (experiment 2) and 19 weeks (experiment 3), respectively. In addition, an imported commercial diet for abalone was also employed to compare growth performance of juvenile abalone. Weight gain of abalone fed the diet containing Obosan-O was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the control diet in the experiment 3. Moisture, crude protein and ash contents of soft whole body were not influenced by dietary herbs (P>0.05), whereas crude lipid content of abalone fed the diets containing Obosan-C was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of abalone fed the control diet in the experiment 2. The results indicate that Obosan-O as an additive in formulated diet can improve body growth of juvenile abalone.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2005

Approximate composition and physicochemical properties of 7 cultivars of persimmon peel, by product of dried-persimmon, were examined. The content of crude fiber were different according to cultivars. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were isolated by HPLC; also, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic and linolenic acid were the major fatty acids in persimmon peel. Total and free amino acid were 241.32-371.45 mg/100 g and 3.69-28.31 mg/100 g, respectively; also, aspartic and glutamic acid were the predominant amino acids, reaching a level between 19.6 and 24.8% of total amino acids. Insoluble dietary fiber content(34.89-50.76 g/100 g) was remarkably higher than soluble dietary fiber (2.44-7.09 g/100 g). Total carotenoids were in the range of 179.4-340.6 mg/100 g, and total phenolic compounds ranged from 44.07-196.98 mg/100 g, showing differences between cultivars.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of diet composition on serum leptin and lipids profiles in rats. At the baseline, seven 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats, male, were sacrificed and the remaining rats were divided into five groups and each group was fed one of the following five dietary regiments for 2 weeks and 6 weeks;the control diet AIN76(CAL, n=2l), high-carbonhydrate(rice)(HCR, n=2l), high-carbohydrate(flour)(HCF, n=2l), high-fat(corn oil)(HFO, n=2l), high-fat(beef tallow)(HFB, n=2l). Serum leptin was determined by a double antibody ELISA assay at the baseline(n=7), 6 week(n=35) and 10 week of age(n=70). At 6 weeks of age, the increase in the Food Efficiency Ratio(FER) was related to adipocyte hyperplasia in rats on HFB diets. The serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol increased significantly in HFB group, and decreased in HFO group compared to control group. The HFC group showed significant increase in serum triglyceride level compared with control group. After 2 weeks and 6 weeks, noticeably high increases in epididymal adipose tissue fat cell mass and numbers were observed with the HFB fed group. Serum leptin levels increased as body weight increased over the period of time(4weeks; 1.50$\pm$0.13ng/ml versus 10weeks; 2.08$\pm$-.13ng/ml). And this result shows that there are 193% higher in rats fed high fat-beef tallow diet than the control diet. Serum leptin levels of the HFB group(4.01$\pm$0.39mg/ml) were significantly higher than that of the HFO(2.06$\pm$0.5613ng/ml), CAL(2.08$\pm$0.1313ng/ml), HCR(2.41$\pm$0.2113ng/ml) and HCF(2.80$\pm$0.4713ng/ml) at p<0.05. The serum leptin concentration was positively correlated with the amount of epididymal fat pads(r=0.47 p<0.01), serum triglyceride(r=0.49, p<0.001), tatal cholesterol(r=0.48, p<0.001), LDL-cholesterol(r=0.58, p<0.001), atherogenic index(r=0.67, p<0.001), and inversely correlated with HDL-cholesterol(r=-0.65, p<0.001). In conclusion, the changes in composition of dietary fat and carbohydrate intake could affect changes in concentration of serum lipids and leptin. Especially, the high-fat diet with animal fat source could increase circulating leptin level. (Korean J Nutrition 34(2) : 123-131, 2001)

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2014

We designed a 16-week feeding experiment to test the effects of dietary supplementation with distillers' dried grain (DDG) on the growth, feed utilization, and body composition of juvenile muddy loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Seven isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated to contain 0% DDG (Control); 10%, 20%, and 30 % DDG from rice (diets RM10, RM20 and RM30); and 10%, 20%, and 30% DDG from rice and wheat flour (diets RWM10, RWM20 and RWM30), respectively. Three replicate groups of juvenile muddy loach averaging $1.5{\pm}0.10$ g were fed one of the diets to satiation twice daily. Survival of juvenile muddy loach fed the RWM20 and RWM30 diets was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), while weight gain tended to decrease when fish were fed diets containing DDG. Weight gain of fish fed the RWM10 diet was greater than that of fish fed other diets, but the RM30 diet resulted in less weight gain than did the control (P<0.05). The feed and protein efficiency ratios of fish fed the RM10, RM20, RM30, RWM10, RWM20 and RWM30 diets were all similar to the control (P>0.05). Neither daily feed intake nor proximate composition of the whole body was affected by dietary DDG (P>0.05). The compositions of isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine, and valine were all elevated in fish fed the RM30, RWM10, RWM20 and RWM30 diets relative to those of other groups (P<0.05). In contrast, methionine + cystine and phenylalanine + tyrosine were all lower in fish fed the RM30, RWM10, RWM20 and RWM30 diets, as compared to those of other groups (P<0.05). Our results suggest that DDG is suitable as a partial replacement for soybean meal and wheat flour, and could be used at a rate of up to 20% for rice, or 30% for rice and wheat flour, for optimum growth performance of juvenile muddy loach.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.353-361
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• 1996

The objective of this study was to investigate the essential fatty acids requirement and its optimal level in dietary for young of tiger puffer. The young puffer fish used in feeding trial were average body weight 3.45g. Fish were randomly divided into 11 groups containing 30 fish each in 200 ${\ell}$ tank and reared for 8 weeks at ambient temperature. In basal diets, defatted squid meal, casein-Na and activated gluten were used as the dietary protein source, dextrin and ${\alpha}$-starch (gelatinized starch) as the digestible carbohydrate source and beef tallow as the lipid source. Five fatty acids added to diet were linoleic acid (LNA), linolenic acid (LNA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ,docos-ahexaenoic acid (DHA) and n-3 HUFA. Among that, the supplement of LA and LNA were $1\%$ of total composition of diet, respectively, and EPA, DHA and n-3 HUFA ranged from $0.3\~1\%$ level. Growth and feed efficiency were measured to the interval of 2 weeks, and analyzed fatty acids composition of diet and liver by GCL. As a result of 8 weeks experiment, predominant growth were shown in $0.5\~1\%$ n-3 HUFA and $0.5\%$ DHA than others (P<0.05). In comparison of efficiency among EPA, DHA and n-3 HUFA groups, the most results were revealed in n-3 HUFA and the least in EPA. The adding effect was shown in EPA by increasing the fatty acids content from 0.5 to $1\%$ in diet. However, sudden decline and steady state in growth were observed in $1\%$ DHA and $1\%$ n-3 HUFA, respectively. The feeding efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were high in n-3 HUFA groups and $0.5\%$ DHA. Consequently, it is assumed that young puffer requires n-3 HUEA both EPA and DHA as essential fatty acids. The optimal content in diets are about $0.5\%$ of HUFA or DHA.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feldspar on growth performance and body composition in broiler chicks. A total of 120 one-day old 'Ross' broilers were assigned to 5 treatments in a completely randomized design. The five dietary treatments were control, antibiotic(0.05% chlortetracycline), feldspar 0.5, 1.0, 1.5% diets. The weight gain of broilers fed a diet containing 1.5% feldspar (2,088 g) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than control (1,888 g). The feed intake was significantly increased in feldspar treatments compared to that of the control (P<0.05). However, feed conversion ratio was significantly increased in 1.0% feldspar treatment compared to that of the control (P<0.05). The moisture and protein contents of meat were significantly increased in 1.0% feldspar treatment (75.69 and 15.22%) compared to that of the control (73.38 and 9.80%). However, the crude fat content of meat was reduced in feldspar treatments compared to control and antibiotics treatments (P<0.05). The TBA value of meat in feldspar treatments was significantly reduced compared to that of the control (P<0.05). The plasma cholesterol content was 129 mg/dL in 0.5% feldspar and 134 mg/dL in 1.0% feldspar treatments, which were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the control (103 mg/dL).

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.165-172
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• 2007

We investigated the effects of dietary supplements of probiotics, illite, active carbon and hardwood vinegar on growth performance, feed intake, and pH, shear force, sensory evaluation, meat color and fatty acid composition of meat in broilers. Two hundred broilers were fed diets for five weeks containing 0.2% of probiotics (T1), and 1% of Illite (T2), 1% active carbon (T3), or 1% hardwood vinegar (T4). Body weight gain was higher in T1 and T4 groups fed the starter diet but was the lowest in C and T4 for finishing period (P<0.05). Feed efficiency was not significantly different. In proximate composition, crude fat content of chicken meat were decreased lower in all treatment groups than control, but moisture, crude protein and crude ash were not significantly different. Cooking loss was decreased in T3 and T4 and WHC (water holing capacity) was increased in T3 and T4 groups compared to the other groups. In sensory evaluation, T4 tended to improve the hardness. Redness $(a^*)$ and yellowness $(b^*)$ were no difference between the all treatment groups, lightness $(L^*)$ were higher in T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups than control group (P<0.05). Stearic acid content was lower in T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups, but oleic acid contents were higher in T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups (P<0.05). These results showed that supplementing broiler diets with 1.0% hardwood vinegar may noticeably improve the meat quality of broiler.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.549-554
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• 2002

An experiment was conducted to examine the performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo (Korean native beef cattle) heifers and the fatty acid composition of muscle tissues of the heifers when the animals fed diets containing four levels of dried wormwood (Artemisia sp.). For the experiment the animals were given a basal diet consisting of rice straw and concentrate mixed at 3:7 ratio (on DM basis). The treatments were designed as a completely randomized design with two feeding periods. Heifers were allotted in one of four dietary treatments, which were designed to progressively substitute dried wormwood for 0, 3, 5 and 10% of the rice straw in the basal diet. There was no difference in body weight gain throughout the entire period between the treatment groups. Feed conversion rate was improved (p<0.05) only by the 3% dried wormwood inclusion treatment compared with the basal treatment. Carcass weight, carcass yield and backfat thickness of all treatment groups were not altered by wormwood inclusion. The 5% dried wormwood inclusion significantly increased (p<0.05) the size of loin-eye area over the other treatments. The higher levels (5 and 10%) of dried wormwood inclusion resulted in the higher (p<0.05) water holding capacity (WHC) in loin than the lower levels (0 and 3%) of wormwood inclusion. The redness ($a^*$) and yellowness ($b^*$) values of meat color were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the top round muscle of heifers fed the diet containing 3% dried wormwood. There was a profound effect of the progressively increased intake of dried wormwood led to the linear increase of unsaturated fatty acid content and the linear decrease of saturated fatty acid content in the muscle tissues of Hanwoo heifers. It is concluded that the feeding diets containing dried wormwood substituted for equal weights of rice straw at 5% levels would be anticipated to provide better quality roughage for beef heifer production and economical benefits for beef cattle producers.