• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.724-732
• /
• 2010

Two feeding experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary paprika (DP) and lipid (DL) levels on growth performance and skin pigmentation of pale chub, Zacco platypus. Six diets (designated as $P_0L_8,\;P_0L_{17},\;P_8L_8,\;P_8L_{17},\;P_{16}L_8\;and\;P_{16}L_{17}$) were formulated to contain 0%, 8% and 16% paprika with 8% and 17% lipid, respectively. For the growth experiment (Exp I), three replicate groups of fish (average weight 2.6${\pm}$0.2 g) were fed one of the six experimental diets for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding period, survival was above 94% and not significantly different among dietary treatments. Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the $P_{16}L_8$ diet were lower than for fish fed the $P_0L_8$ diet. The highest total carotenoid (TC) content was observed in fish fed the $P_{16}L_8$ diet. For the pigmentation experiment (Exp II), each experimental diet was fed to two replicate groups of fish (average weight 9.0${\pm}$0.5 g) for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding period, TC content of the skin was significantly affected by DP (p<0.05). The highest TC content of the skin was observed after 6 weeks of feeding at all dietary treatments. Astaxanthin content of the skin was not affected by DP and DL (p>0.05). The capxanthin and zeaxanthin contents of skin increased significantly with increasing DP, whereas the opposite trend was observed for lutein and ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin contents. The skin lightness ($L^*$ values) significantly decreased whereas the values of $a^*$ and $b^*$ were significantly increased in fish fed the diets containing paprika (p<0.05). The present results suggest that feeding a diet containing 8% paprika and 8% lipid for 6 weeks could improve skin pigmentation of pale chub without any adverse effects on growth performance.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.34 no.3_spc
• /
• pp.385-392
• /
• 2021

Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of lycopene on growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipids levels, activities of hepatic lipid metabolism related enzymes and genes expression in broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 256 healthy one-day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups with eight replicates of eight birds each. Birds were fed basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg lycopene, respectively. Results: Dietary 100 mg/kg lycopene increased the body weight at 21 day of age compared to the control group (p<0.05). Compared to the basal diet, broilers fed diet with 100 mg/kg lycopene had decreased abdominal fat weight, and broilers fed diet with 100 and 200 mg/kg lycopene had decreased abdominal fat percentage (p<0.05). Compared to control, diets with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg lycopene reduced the levels of total triglyceride and total cholesterol in serum, and diets with 100 and 200 mg/kg lycopene reduced the level of serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05). The activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in 400 mg/kg lycopene treated broilers and the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg lycopene treated broilers were lower than those fed basal diet (p<0.05). Lycopene increased the mRNA abundance of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase α (AMPK-α), whereas decreased the mRNA abundance of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, FAS, and ACC compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Dietary lycopene supplementation can alleviate abdominal fat deposition and decrease serum lipids levels, possibly through activating the AMPK signaling pathway, thereby regulating lipid metabolism such as lipogenesis. Therefore, lycopene or lycopene-rich plant materials might be added to poultry feed to regulate lipid metabolism.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.546-551
• /
• 2013

This study examined the effects of the dietary inclusion of Porphyra and sea tangle Laminaria japonica on the growth, feed utilization, body composition, and plasma chemistry of juvenile Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. Eight hundred and forty juvenile fish averaging 5.0 g were allocated 40 fish per tank to 21 180-L flow-through tanks. Seven experimental diets were prepared: control (Con) without additive, 0.5 and 1% Porphyra extract (PE), 3% Porphyra powder (PP), 0.5 and 1% sea tangle extract (STE) and 3% sea tangle powder (STP), referred to as PE-0.5, PE-1, PP-3, STE-0.5, STE-1, and STP-3, respectively. Each additive was included in the experimental diet at the expense of the same amount of wheat flour. Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish. The experimental diets had no effect on the survival, weight gain or specific growth rate of the fish, feed consumption, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention, hepatosomatic index, condition factor, moisture or crude protein content of the entire body excluding the liver or moisture, crude protein or crude lipid content of the liver. None of the plasma parameters were affected by the experimental diets. Based on these results, the dietary inclusion of Porphyra and sea tangle did not affect the growth, feed utilization, body composition or plasma chemistry of juvenile Korean rockfish.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.203-208
• /
• 2009

A factorial feeding trial of different levels of three carbohydrate sources (wheat flour, $\alpha$-potato starch, and sodium alginate) was conducted to determine proper sources and levels of dietary carbohydrate for juvenile sea cucumbers. Three replicate groups of juvenile sea cucumbers (770 mg average weight) were fed the experimental diets once a day for 10 weeks. After feeding trial, survival of sea cucumbers was not significantly different between diets. The body weight of sea cucumbers was significantly (P<0.01) affected by both source and level of dietary carbohydrate, tending to decrease as dietary carbohydrate level increased. Body weight of sea cucumbers fed a 25% wheat flour diet was the highest but was not significantly different from that of sea cucumbers fed diet containing 10% wheat flour with 15% sodium alginate (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed in contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash of sea cucumbers among dietary treatments. These results suggest that sea cucumbers utilize wheat flour and sodium alginate more efficiently than they do $\alpha$-potato starch, and that a formulated diet containing 43-60% carbohydrate may be suitable for juvenile sea cucumber culture.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.570-576
• /
• 1999

This study was carried out to examine the effects of alcohol on serum lipid levels. Subjects of this study were 50 military officers living in Honsung, Korea, 25 of whom consumed alcohol on a regular basis and 25 of whom did not. All subjects were previously informed of the purpose of the study and the methods of food intake reporting and blood testing. The age distribution range of subjects was 30-49 years. Weight, height, and body mass index(BMI) were not significantly different between the two groups. Blood pressure was compared, and it was found that the drinker group had mean systolic(SBP) and diastolic blood pressures(DBP) 10mmHg higher than the non-drinker group. Nutrient intake levels of the two groups were not significantly different and were adequate with respect to the recommended dietary allowances. It was found that the drinker group ingested more calories, protein, fat and vitamn B1 than the non-drinker group, while the non-drinker group ingested more carbohydrate, calcium, iron, vitamin A, niacin and ascorbic acid. These differences were believed caused by increased caloric intake from alcohol and additional intake of meat served with drinks for the drinking group. Fourteen of the twenty-five drinkers(56%) had drank regularly for five to ten years. Most drinkers drank 2-3 times per week, with alcohol intake less than two bottles(720ml)of distilled liquor(Soju) at a time. Meat was often served with alcohol as reported by 72% of the drinker group, and was believed to contribute to raised intake of calories, protein and fat in this group. Serum lipid levels of both groups were classified as normal, but the components of total cholesterol, triglycerides were significantly higher in drinkers than non-drinkers. The correlation between triglyceride levels and alcohol intake at one sitting was shown to be significantly positive(r=0.57, p<0.01), so it was believed that triglyceride elevation was associated more with heavy drinking than light drinking. We can conclude that if alcohol is consumed with a normal diet, then serum cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipid levels are expected to increase.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.139-143
• /
• 1997

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplemental charcoal(CH) or charcoal extract(CE) on performance and meat quality of broiler chicks for 5 weeks. Basal diets based on corn and soybean meal contained 21% crude protein for the first 3 weeks and 19% for the rest two weeks. Two levels of dietary CH(O, 0.5%) and CE(0, 0.2%) were fed in a factorial design. There were four replicates of 10 chicks each per treatment. An increased growth rate was observed in chicks fed the basal diet supplemented with CE alone. Chicks fed the diet containing both CH and CE tended to depress the growth rate. Dietary supplemental CH and CE improved the feed conversion efficiency compared to the control group, but was not significantly different between them. The abdominal fat(%) of chicks fed CH alone or both CH and CE tended to de-crease without significant difference. The total lipid content of breast meat of chicks fed CE alone showed significant difference among treatments (P

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.16-22
• /
• 1986

This study was designed to investigate the nutritional effect of mugowrt powder supple mentation to rice diets with different protein levels. Thirty female albino rats weighing 39-43g were adopted for the feeding trial for 4 weeks. The different 5 kind of experimental diets were performed . Control diet was commercially available forage for rats, experimental diet (I-C) highly milled rice, (Ⅰ) highly milled rice 95% and mugwort powder 5%, (Ⅱ-C)highly milled rice 95% and milk casein 5%, and (Ⅱ) highly milled rice 90%, milk casein 5 % and mugwort powder 5%. Growth rate was remarkably high in the dietary group fed on highly milled rice supplemented with 5% mugwort powder (protein 8%) (P<0.05), but it showed the tendency to be rather low in the group fed on highly milled rice supplemented with 5% casein and 5% mugwort powder (protein 12%). Food efficiency as well as protein efficiency appeared similar to the growth rate. Hematodcrit level demonstrated the same tendency as growth rate, but hemoglobin content was observed to increase by diets supplemented with increasing amount of mugwort regardless of protein level. Each nutrient intake was increased by adding mugwort powder to diets after a week's feeding, but it was increased by 8% protein diet, and decreased by 12% protein diet in 3 weeks as well as 4 weeks after feeding . The absorption rate of carbohydrate and protein decreased by feeding mugwort supplemented diets regardless of protein level and feeding period, and that of lipid increased with 12% protein diet.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.199-211
• /
• 1993

In order to elucidate the effect of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3HUFA) on the changes of body weight and chemical compositions in the Korean rockfish during starvation, the fish were not fed for 9 weeks after fed different levels $(0\~1.5\%)$ of n-3 HUFA for 10 weeks. The higher level of n-3HUF A was contained in the diets, the slower body weight loss was resulted (P< 0.05). The decreasing rates of the body nutrients of the fish were significantly higher in the fish fed n-3HUF A deficient diets than those of the fish fed n-3 HUF A sufficient diets. Protein and lipid contents of the whole body were decreased with starvation whereas moisture content was increased. Decrease of lipid was mainly due to the decrease of nonpolar lipid. Amounts of polar lipid in the whole body were almost constant throughout the starvation, meaning not being affected by dietary n-3HUF A levels. Percentage of 22: 6n-3 was increased in the polar lipid fraction, but monoenic acids (16:1, 18:1), n-3 series (18:3, 18 4, 20:4) and n-6 series (20:2, 22:4, 22:5) were decreased with starvation. Fatty acid compositions of nonpolar lipid were not changed with starvation. These results suggest that all fatty acids of nonpolar lipid are equally utilized for energy during starvation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.264-271
• /
• 2011

The effect of replacement of fish meal (FM) in diets with sand smelt meal (SSM) on fatty acid composition of carp fry, Cyprinus carpio, was examined. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic (38% crude protein, $15.75\;kJ\;g^{-1}$) diets replacing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% FM protein by SSM protein were formulated. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish in aquaria, and each aquarium was stocked with 20 fish (initial average weight of $0.300{\pm}0.65\;g\;fish^{-1}$). Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for 13 weeks. Results indicated that final weight, specific growth rate and feed efficiency ratio of fish fed with different SSM replacement diets did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from fish fed the control diet, except for 100% SSM level. No significant differences were noted among experimental treatments on dry matter, protein, lipid and ash contents of the fish body composition (p>0.05). Fatty acid analysis showed that saturated fatty acids in fish muscle significantly decreased, but monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) did not change with increasing dietary SSM. However, some changes also could be observed for some particular fatty acids in experimental fish. For example, the amounts of 15:0, 17:0, 18:1n-7, 18:2n-6 and 22:5n-3 significantly increased, but 16:0, 18:1n-9, 18:3n-3 and 20:1 n-9 significantly decreased with increasing dietary SSM. Total n-6 PUFA increased with increasing dietary SSM, but total n-3 PUFA were not changed in muscle of fish fed the experimental diets. The ratio of n-3 to n-6 was not affected significantly in muscle of fish fed the experimental diets containing different proportions of SSM, including the control diet.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.454-457
• /
• 2003

A feeding trial was carried out to investigate the utilization of dietary soybean meal and wheat flour as substitutes for fish meal and alginate in different dietary types (powder, pellet and flake) for juvenile snail (Semisulcospira gottschei). After 10 weeks feeding trial, survival was not affected by formulation and type of diets (P>0.05), but weight gain was significantly affected by dietary formulation (P<0.001) and type (P<0.05). In the same dietary formulation, weight gain of the snail fed the flake type of diets was lower than that of the snail fed the powder or pellet types. However, the type of diet did not affect weight gain when snail fed diets containing $37\%$ soybean meal and $18\%$ alginate. The weight gain was lower in the snail fed diets containing $25\%$ fish meal compared with that of the snail for diets containing $33-37\%$ soybean meal at the same dietary type. When soybean meal was used as main protein source in diets, weight gain was not affected by dietary alginate $(0\;and\;18\%)$ and wheat flour $(36\;and\;58\%)$ contents. Crude protein and ash contents of whole body of the snail was not affected either by formulation or by type of diet. Moisture and crude lipid contents of the whole body were significantly affected by dietary formulation, but not by the type. These results indicate that $25\%$ fish meal could be replaced by $37\%$ soybean meal as dietary protein source, and pellet and powder could be desirable dietary type for the optimum growth of the snail.