• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.148-156
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary integration with extruded linseed (EL) on fatty acid (FA) and aromatic profile of goat cheese after 60 (T₆₀) days of ripening. Methods: Thirty goats were divided in two groups. The control group (CG) was fed with conventional diet, whereas the experimental group (EL+) was fed with conventional diet supplemented with 10% of EL. Milk samples were collected on 30 and 60 days of trial to determinate chemical-nutritional composition and FA profile. At the end of experiment, six cheese-making sessions (3 for each group) were carried out using a pooled milk sample obtained from the 15 goats of each group. At 60 days of ripening, cheeses were analyzed for chemical-nutritional composition, FA and aromatic profile. Results: An increase in the milk production, protein, fat and lactose were evidenced in the EL+ goats. Conversely, a reduction of somatic cells was observed in the EL+ compared with the CG. However, no variation was observed for urea and casein levels content in milk samples, and no changes in protein and lipid content were found for cheeses in the two experimental groups. Dietary supplementation with EL modified the FA profile of milk. There was a decrease in saturated FAs and an increase in polyunsaturated FAs. Chemical composition of T₆₀ cheese did not differ between the two groups but a different FA profile was observed. In T₆₀ cheese obtained from EL+ milk, an increase in short-chain FA and a decrease in medium and long-chain FA were observed. The EL diet led to cheeses with butanoic acid 2 times higher compared to CG cheeses. Moreover, a greater presence of aldehyde compounds and alcohols were observed in the cheeses of experimental group. Conclusion: The present study pointed out that EL supplementation may improve the chemical and physical qualities of goat milk and cheeses.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2015

본 연구는 100주령 이상의 산란성계 사료 내 비타민 C 및 비타민나무 부산물의 첨가 급여가 생산성, 도체수율, 혈액성상 및 계육품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 실시되었다. 공시 동물은 100주령 Hy-Line Brown 200수를 선별하여 A형 2단 케이지에 대조구 포함 총 5처리구로 구성하여 처리당 4반복, 반복당 10수씩(2수 수용 케이지 10개) 난괴법으로 임의 배치하였다. 비타민나무 부산물은 강원도 양구 소재 비타민나무 재배지에서 생산, 건조된 비타민나무 잎과 가지를 이용하였으며, 시험에 이용된 사료는 한국가금사양표준(2012) 요구량에 준하여 배합하였다. 처리구로는 비타민 C와 비타민나무 부산물을 첨가하지 않은 대조구(Basal)와 Vit. C 0.1% 첨가구, 비타민나무 부산물 0.1% 첨가구, 비타민나무 부산물 0.5% 첨가구 그리고 비타민나무 부산물 1.0% 첨가구로 나누어 4주간 실시하였으며, 물과 사료는 자유 섭취하게 하였고, 일반적인 점등관리(자연일조 + 조명; 16 hr)를 실시하였다. 산란율 및 도체율은 전 시험기간 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 부분육 비율은 가슴육을 제외한 다른 부위에서 대조구와 비교 시 차이가 없었으나, 가슴육 비율은 비타민나무 부산물 0.5% 첨가구에서 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 하지만 산란성계육의 일반성분, 보수력, 가열감량 및 지방산 함량에 있어서는 비타민 C 및 비타민나무 첨가에 따른 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 결과적으로 산란 성계 사료 내 비타민나무 부산물의 첨가는 생산성 및 계육품질에는 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 부분육 중 가슴육 생산량을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 산란성계육 수출 시 부위별 무게로 가격이 결정됨을 감안할 때 경제적인 면에서 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 하지만 산란성계육 수출량이 증가함에도 불구하고, 품질 개선을 위한 연구가 미흡한 점을 감안할 때 향후 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권6호
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• pp.313-323
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• 2019

The interactive effect of dietary fat supplementation and milk yield level on dairy cows performance under heat stress has not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of production level, the source of fat supplements and their interaction on dairy cows performance under heat stress. In this study, 64 Holstein multiparous cows were divided into 2 groups and received one of two rations having either calcium salts of fatty acids (Ca-FA) or high-palmitic acid (PA) supplements (2.8% of DM; dry matter). After completing the experiment and based on maturity-equivalent milk, cows were divided into two groups of high-yielding (14,633 kg) and medium-yielding (11,616 kg). Average temperature humidity index (THI) was 71 during the trial period. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.04), organic matter (p = 0.05), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; p = 0.04) for cows fed Ca-FA were greater than cows fed PA. The milk fat content in high-producing cows was 0.3% greater than medium-producing cows (p = 0.03). The milk protein content in cows fed Ca-FA was greater than cows fed PA (p < 0.01). High-producing cows had greater serum cholesterol (p = 0.02) than medium-producing cows. The cows fed PA tended to have a greater BUN than cows fed Ca-FA (p = 0.06). Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase tended to be increased by PA, which indicates that cows in PA treatment may have experienced more adverse effect on the liver function than cows on Ca-FA. Therefore, under heat stress and in 90 d trial, milk production level does not affect the cows' response to PA or Ca-FA. Although cows fed Ca-FA received lower energy than those fed PA, they compensated for this shortage likely with increasing the digestibility and produced a similar amount of milk.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2008

본 연구는 잣 부산물의 급여가 육계의 생산성, 혈청 콜레스테롤, 도체특성 및 육의 지방산과 콜레스테롤 함량에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 시험을 실시하였다. 사양시험은 2일령 Arbor Acre Broiler(♂) 480수를 공시하였으며, 5주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험설계는 1) CS(미루나무톱밥 1%), 2) PCM0.5(잣 부산물 0.5%+미루나무톱밥 0.5%) 및 3) PCM1.0(잣 부산물 1%)로 3개 처리를 하여 처리당 8반복, 반복당 20수씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 전체 시험 기간 동안 생산성은 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으며(P>0.05), 또한, 혈청 콜레스테롤 및 도체비율도 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 다리살과 가슴살의 TBARS는 PCM1.0처리구가 CS처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 다리살의 arachidate는 PCM0.5 처리구가 PCM1.0 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며, linolenate는 PCM1.0 처리구가 다른 처리구와 비교하여 가장 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 다리살, 가슴살 및 복강지방의 콜레스테롤 함량은 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 결론적으로 본 시험의 결과 육계에 잣 부산물의 급여는 TBARS에 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.954-961
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• 2007

The experiments were conducted to determine effects of a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on T cell subpopulations and responsiveness to mitogen of splenocytes in male broiler chicks. In experiment 1, birds (8-d old) were fed basal, CLA-(CLA) and safflower oil-supplemented (SA) diets which were formulated by supplementary 10 g CLA or safflower oil/kg to the basal diet for 14 d. Broiler starter diet, which mainly consisted of corn and soybean meal, was served as the basal diet. Proliferative response and interleukin (IL)-2-like activity stimulated by concanavalin (Con) A at a concentration of $10{\mu}g/ml$ of splenocytes in chicks fed the CLA diet were greater than in chicks fed the SA diet, but not at $20{\mu}g$ Con A/ml. Percentage of CD3-positive T cells in splenocytes did not differ between chicks fed the SA diet and CLA. Ratio of CD4-positive T cells to CD8- positive T cells was significantly affected by dietary fat source. In experiment 2, broiler chicks (1-d old) were fed the same diets as in experiment 1 for 14 d. Results of splenocyte proliferation to Con A were similar to those in experiment 1, but phytohemaggulutinin (PHA)- or pokeweed mitogen (PWM)- induced splenocyte proliferation did not differ between the CLA and SA fed groups. Supplementation with SA or CLA to the basal diet tended to have a depressive effect on the proliferation, with the greater effect being that of SA. In experiment 3, effect of an addition of CLA to splenocyte culture medium on splenocyte proliferation was determined. An addition of CLA to the culture medium resulted in reduction of the splenocyte proliferation to Con A, but an addition of linoleic acid. When PWM and PHA were used as mitogen, the inhibitory effect of CLA and linoleic acid on the proliferation did not differ. The results suggested that the effect of dietary CLA on splenocyte proliferation was similar to that of SA, although the effect of dietary CLA on sub-populations was slightly different from that of dietary SA. Further studies are needed to clarify whether use of CLA would be beneficial for maintaining or enhancing T cell immunity in chicks.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

Coptis japonica Makino (황련, 48.5%), Lonicera japonica Thunb (금은화, 48.5%), Morus alba L. (상엽, 3%)를 혼합한 복합 한약재의 급여가 생산된 계란의 냉장 저장 중 일반 성분 및 물리적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 28주령의 Lohmann Brown 108수를 3가지 처리(복합 한약재 0, 0.3 및 1%), 6반복으로 완전 임의 배치한 후 6주간 급여하고 생산된 계란을 수거하여 $4^{\circ}C$ 냉장 저장하면서 일반 성분, 색도 및 조직감 등을 관찰하였다. 복합 한약재를 급여하여 생산된 계란은 수분, 단백질, 지방 및 무기물의 함량 차이가 없었으며 삶은 계란에서 3일차 적색도($a^*$-value) 및 황색도($b^*$-value)를 제외하고는 처리간 색도의 차이가 없었다. 그러나 저장 기간동안 처리구와 상관없이 적색도와 황색도가 증가하였다. 전체적인 조직감 측정에서도 복합 한약재 급여 처리는 14일차 탄성(springness)을 제외하고는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 다만 계란의 저장기간에 따른 조직감의 차이는 보여 탄성과 검성(gumminess)는 저장기간이 늘어나면서 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 복합 한약재의 급여는 생산된 계란의 일반 성분이나 색도, 조직감 특성에서 대조구와 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 판단되며, 이는 합성 항생제를 대체를 위한 복합 한약재의 첨가를 산업적으로 적용할 때 계란의 물리화학적 품질에 큰 영향이 없을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.334-347
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• 2020

The adequate intake of energy and lysine for primiparous sows are necessary for maternal growth of sows and growth of their progeny. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary energy and lysine levels on primiparous sows and their progeny. A total of 48 gilts (Yorkshire × Landrace), with an initial body weight (BW) of 168.1 ± 9.71 kg and at day 35 of gestation, were allotted to eight treatment groups with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. The first factor was metabolizable energy levels in diet (3,265 or 3,365 kcal of ME/kg), and the second factor was lysine levels in diet (gestation 0.55%, 0.65%, 0.75%, 0.85%, lactation 0.70%, 0.85%, 1.00%, 1.15%). The BW gain (p = 0.07) and backfat thickness (p = 0.09) in the gestation period showed a tendency to be increased in sows fed the high-energy diets. In the lactation period, sows fed the high-energy diets tended to be greater BW (p = 0.09) and less BW loss (p = 0.05) than those of sows fed the low-energy diets. Sows fed high-energy diets had a tendency of greater piglet weight at day 21 of lactation and greater piglet weight gain (p = 0.08 and p = 0.08, respectively). Although the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was increased linearly as dietary lysine level increased at day 110 of gestation (Linear, p = 0.03), the BUN was decreased linearly as dietary lysine level increase at day 21 of lactation (Linear, p < 0.01). In the composition of colostrum, sows fed high-energy diets had greater casein, protein, total solid, solid not fat, and free fatty acid concentrations than those of sows fed low-energy diets (p < 0.05). Supplementation of total lysine 0.75% for gestation and 1.00% for lactation with 3,365 kcal of ME/kg energy level could be applied to the primiparous sows' diet to improve performance of sows and growth of their progeny.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2008

본 실험은 농산부산물인 감껍질, 맥강, 발효미강 및 활성탄을 혼합하여 만든 첨가 사료가 거세 한우의 질병, 성장 및 도체특성에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 시험한 결과, 송아지 설사는 무처리구(Control)가 가장 발병율이 높았던 반면 첨가량이 가장 높은 T3구(5% 첨가구)가 가장 낮은 발병율을 보였다. 호흡기 질병 발병율은 3% 첨가구(T2)에 가장 낮게 나타났으며, 호흡기와 설사 동시 발생율은 Control구가 가장 높게 나타났다. 일당 증체량은 T2(0.76kg)>T1(0.7kg), T3(0.70)>Control구(0.67kg) 순으로 높게 나타났다. 등지방 두께는 T2>T3>Control>T1구 순으로 등심단면적은 T3>T1>Control>T2 순으로 나타났다. 그리고 육량등급은 1% 첨가구(T1)가 2.3은 가장 높게 나타났다. 지방색, 조직감, 성숙도에서는 상호 처리간 차이가 나타나지 않았지만 근내지방 및 육질 등급은 T2구에서 각각 5.0 및 3.5로서 가장 높게 나타났다. 특히 육색은 농산부산물 사료 첨가량이 증가할수록 높게 나타났다. 위의 결과로 볼 때 농산부산물 혼합 사료는 질병발생 억제, 육량증가 및 육질개선에 다양한 용도로 사용 가능한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.251-255
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• 2008

본 연구는 CLA를 육계사료에 첨가하여 그 급여수준(0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 및 2.0%)에 따라 CLA를 급여한 계육의 일반성분, 관능평가, pH, TBARS, 가열감량, 보수력, 전단력 및 육색의 변화를 검토하고자 육계 200수(Arbor Acre Broiler, male)를 공시하여 사양한 후 대퇴부위 근육을 이용하여 분석하였다. 계육의 일반성분 중에 조단백질 함량은 1.5%와 2.0% 급여구에서 유의적으로 높은 함량을 보였고(p<0.05), 수분, 조지방 및 조회분은 CLA 급여에 의한 영향은 없었다. 관능평가 결과 연도, 다즙성, 육향의 유의적인 차이는 관능검사요원에 의해 감지되지 못하였다. pH는 대조구보다 CLA 급여구에서 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). TBARS는 CLA 급여구에서 유의적으로 낮은 결과를 보였고, CLA급여량이 증가할수록 낮은 TBARS값을 나타내어(p<0.05), CLA는 계육의 저장성의 향상 가능성이 보였다. 보수성과 전단력 및 육색은 처리구간에 유의성이 없었다. 결론적으로 CLA를 급여함으로서 육질 변화 없이 2%까지 CLA 급여 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단되어 차후 CLA 급여에 의한 계육의 CLA축적에 관한 추가 실험이 필요하다고 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.539-548
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• 2016

The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of palm kernel meal (PKM) inclusion and exogenous enzyme supplementation on growth performance, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and total tract retention of nutrients in young broilers fed corn-based diets. Four inclusion levels of PKM (no PKM [PKM0], 8% [PKM8], 16% [PKM16], and 24% [PKM24]) and two enzyme additions were evaluated in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. A total of 384, one-d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were individually weighed and allocated to 48 cages (eight broilers/cage), and cages were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments. Results indicated that the inclusion of 8% and 16% PKM increased (p<0.05) the weight gain compared to the PKM0 diet. Birds fed the PKM8 diets had the highest (p<0.05) feed intake. Weight gain and feed intake were severely reduced (p<0.05) by feeding the PKM24 diet. Enzyme supplementation increased weight gain (p<0.05), independent of PKM inclusion level. In PKM0 and PKM8 diets, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.05) lowered feed conversion ratio (FCR); whereas enzyme addition had no effect on FCR of birds fed PKM16 and PKM24 diets. In PKM0 and PKM16 diets, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.05) increased CAID of nitrogen and energy but had no effect in the PKM8 and PKM24 diets. Inclusion of PKM into the basal diet, irrespective of inclusion level, enhanced (p<0.05) starch and fat digestibility. Inclusion of PKM at 16% and 24% resulted in similar CAID of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but higher (p<0.05) than that of the PKM0 and PKM8 diets. Enzyme addition, regardless of the level of PKM inclusion, significantly (p<0.05) increased CAID of NDF. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in AMEn with PKM inclusion of 24%. The present data suggest that inclusion of PKM in broiler diets could be optimized if PKM-containing diets are formulated based on digestible amino acid contents and supplemented with exogenous enzymes. If amino acid digestibility and AME of PKM considered in the formulation, it can be included in broiler diets up to 16% with no deleterious effects on growth performance.