• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.484-494
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary intake according to the risk of coronary heart disease (less than 10% = low-risk group; 10~20% = middle-risk group) based on Framingham risk score (FRS), on 122 male adult subjects. The body weight and body mass index were not significantly different between the groups, while height of the low-risk group was shown to be significantly high compared to that of the middle-risk group. The daily energy intake was shown to be significantly high in the low-risk group with 1,910.88 kcal, compared to 1,606.63 kcal of the middle-risk group. As a result of analyzing nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal of energy, while the low-risk group had significantly high intake of animal protein, fat, and animal fat compared to the middle-risk group, the intake of plant protein, carbohydrate, and plant iron was found to be significantly low. The daily food intake was shown to be significantly high in the low-risk group (1,445.16 g), compared to the middle-risk group (1,075.12 g). The low-risk group was found to have significantly high intake of sugars, eggs, and beverages compared to the middle-risk group, while mushrooms intake was significantly high in the middle-risk group. Dietary variety score (DVS) was significantly high in the low-risk group with 26.42, compared to 22.66 of the middle-risk group. Dietary diversity score (DDS) was indicated to be significantly high in the low-risk group with 3.70, compared to 3.27 of the middle-risk group. The low-risk group was indicated to have significantly high score in DDS of dairy products and fruit group, compared to the middle-risk group. In the correlation between diversity index of food intake (DVS and DDS) and FRS, DDS was shown to have significantly negatively correlation with FRS after adjusting for confounding factors. To sum up these results, the adult males with low-risk of coronary heart disease had more various consumptions of fruits and milk, compared to the subjects with the middle-risk. The proportion of consuming major food groups such as cereals, meat group, milk, fruits, and vegetables more than a fixed quantity was indicated to be high. Accordingly, dietary habit for intake of various food seems to be necessary, to prevent coronary heart disease.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.174-183
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• 2008

제3기 (2005년) 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 분석한 결과 연구 대상자의 과반수에서 식품확보가 불안정하였으며, 식품안정성은 식사섭취와 관련이 있어 식품확보가 불안정한 군에서 영양소 섭취량이 낮고 섭취 식품의 다양성이 적었다. 본 연구는 우리 국민의 식품안정성과 식사섭취의 관련성에 대한 거의 초기 연구로 식품확보에 대한 안정성의 문제 크기를 파악하고 식품확보 여부에 따른 식사섭취의 양적${\cdot}$질적 측면을 다루었다. 이와 함께 식생활은 건강과 밀접한 관련이 있으므로 식품안정성과 건강 및 질병에 관한 후속 연구가 필요하며, 이러한 연구 결과에 근거하여 향후에는 저소득층의 안정적인 식품확보를 지원하는 정책을 마련하고 시행중인 정책의 효과 평가와 개선 방안을 모색할 필요가 있겠다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.775-784
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• 1998

This study was conduced to investigate the seasonal variation of dietary intake and quality obtained by 24 hour recall method in Korean adults living in rural area. The mean daily intakes of 4 seasons were 1,692kcal for energy, 63g(14.8% of energy) for protein, 30g(15.7% of energy) for fat, 257g(60.7% of energy) for carbohydrate. Mean daily intakes were significantly highest in winter for most of the nutrients, and lower in summer for energy, fat, calcium, iron. Mena adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality was 0.65 in winter, 0.67 in spring, 0.65 in summer and 0.72 in autumn and nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR) was significantly different fro vitamin C agmong different seasons. Subjects consumed usually 15.3 different foods in winter, 14.5 in summer, 13.9 in spring and 13.7 in autumn. The number of food consumed was positively correlated with intake of most nutrients, especially in autumn. For variety among the five major food groups(grain, meat, dairy, fruit, vegetable) with a dietary diversity scores(DDS) calculated, the average socre of DDS was 3 in all seasons and omitted food groups were usually dariy and fruit. In conclusion, dietary intake and quality of Korean adults were different according to seasons.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.307-317
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• 1999

To assess the food intake and diet quality of Koreans living in rural areas with discriminative environment, this dietary survey was conducted with 553 subjects living in five different rural areas using a one-day, 24-hour recall method. The average weight of total food intake was 1066g, with vegetable and animal food comprising 83.75 and 16.3% of total food intake, respectively. The average daily food intakes of residents in the five areas were 985g, 1005g, 1028g, 1318g, and 964g, and were significantly different(p<0.001). Residents of Ulju consumed the largest amount of food, 1318g. The total number of food items consumed was 336. The foods consumed in largest amounts were rice(223g), Korean cabbage-Kimch'i(111g), and soybean curd(41g). The foods consumed most frequently were rice, Korean cabbage-Kimchi, green onion and garlic. When investigating the consumption pattern of the major five food groups, only 5% of subjects consumed all five groups. The groups most frequently missing were dairy products and fruits. The average number of foods consumed per day was 16.8, but differed significantly by area(p<0.001). The number of major food groups (DDS, dietary diversity score) and that of food items(DVS, dietary variety score) correlated positively with NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio) and MAR (mean adequacy ratio). People with a DDS of above 4 or DVS of above 20 met two-thirds of the recommended dietary allowance for most nutrients. When assessing the dietary quality of subjects using DDS and DVS, many people appeared not to have a desirable food intake. dietary guidelines should be made considering the nutritional characteristics of different areas to improve the health of people living in those areas.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.213-220
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• 2012

This study was conducted to identify dietary factors that may affect the occurrence of gastric cancer in Koreans. Preoperative daily nutrition intake and diet quality of patients diagnosed with gastric cancer were evaluated. Collected data were comparatively analyzed by gender. The results were then used to prepare basic materials to aid in the creation of a desirable postoperative nutrition management program. The subjects of this study were 812 patients (562 men and 250 women) who were diagnosed with gastric cancer and admitted for surgery at Soonchunhyang University Hospital between January 2003 and December 2010. Nutrition intake and diet quality were evaluated by the 24-hr recall method, the nutrient adequacy ratio, mean adequacy ratio (MAR), nutrient density (ND), index of nutritional quality (INQ), dietary variety score (DVS), and dietary diversity score (DDS). The rate of skipping meals and eating fast, alcohol consumption, and smoking were significantly higher in males than those in females. The levels of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, and cholesterol consumption were significantly higher in males than those in females. Intake of fiber, zinc, vitamin A, retinol, carotene, folic acid were significantly higher in females than those in males. MAR in males was significantly higher (0.83) than that in females (0.79). INQ values were higher in females for zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, and folic acid than those in males. The average DVS was 17.63 for females and 13.19 for males. The average DDS was 3.68 and the male's average score was 3.44, whereas the female's average score was 3.92. In conclusion, males had more dietary habit problems and poor nutritional balance than those of females. Our findings suggest that proper nutritional management and adequate dietary education for the primary prevention of gastric cancer should be emphasized in men.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.687-701
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess dietary variety by food habits(regularity of meal time, regularity of repast, repast of breakfast, lunch, and supper, number of suppers and night snacks per week, and duration of meal) in 138 female university students residing in Bucheon and its adjacent area. Food habits were assessed via a self reporting questionnaire, and a 3-day dietary recall survey was conducted by interviewing. Dietary variety was assessed by dietary diversity score(DDS), meal balance score(MBS), and dietary variety score(DVS). The average DDS, MBS, and DVS were $3.87{\pm}0.57$, $7.27{\pm}1.48$, and $12.59{\pm}3.14$, respectively. The DDS($2.21{\pm}0.83$) of the breakfast in the group in which the regularity of meal time per week was 5~7 days was significantly higher($p$ <0.01) than the DDS($1.47{\pm}0.96$) of the breakfast in the group in which the regularity of meal time per week was ${\leq}$2 days. The MBS($6.69{\pm}1.43$) of the group in which the regularity of meal times per week was ${\leq}2$ days was significantly lower($p$ <0.01) than the MBS of the group in which the regularity of meal time per week was ${\geq}3$ days. The DDS($2.38{\pm}0.69$) of the breakfast in the breakfast over eating group was significantly higher($p$ <0.001) than the DDS($1.83{\pm}0.83$) of breakfast under eating group. The MBS($6.56{\pm}1.46$) in the breakfast skipping group was significantly lower($p$ <0.01) than the MBS(about 7.6) in other breakfast eating groups, and the DVS ($13.79{\pm}3.21$) in the breakfast over eating group was significantly higher($p$ <0.05) than the DVS($11.53{\pm}2.94$) in the breakfast skipping group. The DDS of breakfast, lunch, and snack were not significantly correlated with the number of suppers per week, but the DDS($2.65{\pm}0.52$) of the supper in the group in which the number of suppers per week was 7 was significantly higher($p$ <0.05) than the DDS($2.22{\pm}0.49$, $2.25{\pm}0.62$) of the supper in the group in which the number of suppers per week was ${\leq}2$, 3~4. The DDS, MBS and DVS were not significantly correlated with the number of suppers per week. The DDS($1.33{\pm}1.25$) of the breakfast in the group in which the number of night snacks per week was 6~7 was significantly lower($p$ <0.05) than the DDS of the breakfast in the group in which the number of night snacks was ${\leq}5$. Also, the DDS($4.42{\pm}0.32$) per day in the group in which the duration of meal was <10 min. was significantly higher($p$ <0.01) than the DDS($3.51{\pm}0.53$) per day in the group in which the duration of meal was ${\geq}30$ min. These findings suggest that nutritional education based on female university students' eating variety and food habits(regularity of meal time, regularity of repast, repast of breakfast, lunch, and supper, number of suppers, and night snacks per week, and duration of meal) may be required to improve dietary variety.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.321-340
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• 2022

Objectives: This study established a practical direction for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome by evaluating the health status, nutrition intake level, and diet quality according to metabolic syndrome and related drug treatment in Korean adults. Methods: The data from the 2017 KNHANES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) was analyzed. The analysis included 2,978 adults, classified into the normal, metabolic syndrome (MetS), metabolic syndrome with medicines (MetS-M), and without medicines (MetS-noM) groups. The nutrient intake, NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), INQ (index of nutritional quality), and DDS (dietary diversity score) were analyzed. Results: The mean BMI was significantly higher in the MetS group than in the normal group for all subjects. Subjects of the MetS group tended to consume less energy and major nutrients, while males aged 50 ~ 64 and all females showed less intake of nutrients in the MetS-M group. The energy intake ratio was within 55 ~ 65 : 7~ 20 : 15 ~ 30 of KDRI (Korean Dietary Recommended Intake), but the carbohydrate energy ratio of all subjects aged 50 to 64 was over 65%. The NAR of the major nutrients was lower in the MetS-M group, the average INQ was around 0.8, especially the INQ of calcium and vitamin A was less than 1, and the total DDS score was less than 4 points. Conclusions: This study confirmed that the nutrient intake and diet quality differed among subjects diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and managed with medical care. The intakes of energy and many nutrients, the quality of diets, and the diversity of food groups in the MetS-M group were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, these will be an important basis for establishing a specific direction of diet education for preventing and managing metabolic syndrome according to gender, age, metabolic syndrome, and drug treatment.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.3-15
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• 2001

To assess diet quality by food group intake and to investigate the interrelationship of age, dietary diversity score(DDS), dietary variety score(DVS), dietary frequency score(DFS), food group intake and nutrient intake with food group intake, a dietary survey was conducted with 176 preschool children aged 1 to 6 in Busan using a 24-hr recall method. Food group intake was assessed by food number consumed and intake frequency by six food groups(grain, meat, vegetable, fruit, dairy, sweets group). The mean food numbers consumed and intake frequencies by six feed group were 3.1 and 4.0 in the grain group, 3.6 and 4.0 in the meat group, 3.5 and 4.1 in the vegetable group, 1.0 and 1.1 in the fruit group, 1.3 and 1.5 in the dairy group, 1.4 and 1.4 in the sweets group respectively. As age increased, the intake frequency of the grain group(p<0.05) increased but that of the dairy group(p<0.05) decreased significantly. The DVS and DFS didn't show significant correlations with intake frequency of the dairy group. The grain group intake had significant positive correlations with intakes of the meat, vegetable, and fruit groups. The vegetable group intake had signigicant positive correlations with intakes of the grain and meat groups. The dairy group intake had significant positive correlation with sweets group intake but negative correlations with intakes of the grain and vegetable groups. As the intake frequency of the meat group increased, the NAR(nutrient adequacy ratios) of all nutrients and NAR(mean adequacy ratio) increased significantly. NARs of provein iron, vitamin B$_1$, niacin had the highest correlation with the meat group intake and those of protein, calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin B$_2$ had the highest correlation with the dairy group intake. NARs of vitamin A and vitamin C had the highest correlation with intake of the vegetable and fruit groups respectively. Children with food number consumed and intake frequency of above 6 and 4 in the grain group or above 6 and 6 in the meat group or above 4 and 8 on the

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.266-277
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed the quality of lunches provided in senior leisure service (SLS) facilities and compared institutional foodservice (IF) and non-institutional foodservice (non-IF). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data of 390 adults aged 65 years or older who ate lunches in SLS facilities were analyzed using the information from the 2013-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The participants were classified into IF (n = 129) and non-IF (n = 261) groups according to meal type provided. The intake of major food groups, energy and nutrients, and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were analyzed. The diversity of meals was evaluated by food group patterns, dietary diversity score (DDS) and dietary variety score (DVS). Energy intake was adjusted in model 1, while energy and sex were adjusted in model 2. All confounding variables were adjusted in model 3. RESULTS: The intake of seafoods (P < 0.001 in models 1, 2, and 3), seaweeds (P < 0.01 in models 1 and 2), and dairy products (P < 0.05 in models 1, 2, and 3) was significantly higher in the IF group. No significant difference existed in energy intake; however, the intake of all nutrients except carbohydrate and vitamin C was significantly higher in the IF group. NAR of all nutrients, excluding vitamin C, was higher in the IF group, and MAR was also higher in the IF group (P < 0.001 in models 1, 2, and 3). The IF group had significantly higher DDS and DVS than the non-IF group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The lunches provided in SLS facilities were better in terms of quantity and quality when provided through IF than through non-IF. More systematic foodservice programs should be implemented in SLS facilities, especially in facilities wherein users prepare their own meals.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.182-190
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to evaluate dietary quality of Korea Antarctic expedition by menu analysis. Basic menu pattern, intake of dish and dish group, DDS (dietary diversity score), daily nutrients supply, and NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio) & MAR (mean adequacy ratio) were analyzed using 1 year menu list for the 10th Korea Antarctic expedition. Most frequently served basic menu patterns were ${\ulcorner}$Rice + Soup + 2 Side dish + Kimchi (53.5%)${\lrcorner}$ and ${\ulcorner}$Rice + Stew + 2 Side dish + Kimchi (13.4%)${\lrcorner}$. In the analysis of dish group, excluding Rice and Kimchi, ${\ulcorner}$Grilled foods${\lrcorner}$ and ${\ulcorner}$Pan-fried foods${\lrcorner}$ were served more than 25% per month. Most frequently served dishes were "pan-fried rolled egg", "grilled seaweed", "kimchi soup", "fruits cocktail, canned" and "salt-fermented squid". The kinds of served dishes were very restrictive. The average score of DDS showed 2.88 for summer and 2.97 for winter. Dairy group was almost not served. Fruit & Vegetable groups were also served a little as canned product. The energy ratio of Carbohydrate : Fat : Protein was 56.5 : 23.9 : 19.2, and 56.9 : 24.5 : 18.3, for summer and winter, respectively. Both seasons had higher ratio of carbohydrate and lower ratio of fat compared to the recommended ratio (44 : 40 : 16) in polar area. Ca : P ratio was very poor, 0.40 in both seasons. NAR scores of Ca, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin C were also very low, ranged from 0.6 to 0.7. Consequently, a well-planned menu supplying adequate amount of dairy, fruit and vegetable is necessarily required including Ca, vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin C intake, and some nutritionally well-educated members are urgently needed to join in the expedition.