• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.423-431
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• 2021

Purpose: To assess the effect of combination probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM-I 3799 and Bacillus subtilis CU-1 in outpatient management of acute watery diarrhea in children. Methods: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted in 180 participants aged six months to five years with acute mild to moderate diarrhea. All were enrolled from six centers across India and centrally randomized to receive S. boulardii CNCM-I 3799 and B. subtilis CU-1 or a placebo along with oral rehydration salts and zinc supplementation. Each participant was followed up for three months to assess recurrence of diarrhea. Results: The mean duration of diarrhea in the probiotic and placebo groups were 54.16 hours and 59.48 hours, respectively. The difference in the duration of diarrhea in those administered with probiotic or placebo within 24 hours of diarrhea onset was 25.21 hours. Furthermore, the difference in duration of diarrhea was 13.84 hours (p<0.05) for participants who were administered with probiotics within 48 hours. There were no significant differences in the stool frequencies between the two arms. After three months, 15% in the probiotic group and 18.5% in the placebo group reported episodes of diarrhea. The mean duration of diarrhea was considerably lower in the probiotic group, 31.02 hours versus 48 hours in placebo (p=0.017). Conclusion: S. boulardii CNCM-I 3799 and B. subtilis CU-1 combination was effective in reducing the duration of diarrhea when administered within 48 hours of diarrhea onset. Similarly, it reduced recurrence of diarrhea and its intensity in the subsequent three months.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2004

Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the clinical effect of Gagamjeonsibaekchul-san on child diarrhea. Methods: This clinical study was carried out with 42 cases(31male, 11female) of children aged 0 to 14 years old who visited the Department of Pediatrics, Dongguk University Bundang Oriental Hospital and were diagnosed as the diarrhea. Assessments were made with reference to sex, age, the duration of symptoms and physical history. To assess the impact of Gagamjeonsibaekchul-san, the complicated signs, the duration of treatment, the correlation between the use of Gagamjeonsibaekchul- san, san and the duration of symptom were examined before and after the treatment. Results: There were 31 males and 11 females in the incidence by sex. It showed that males were more than females. The most numerous age group was 0-2(19) followed by 3-7 (11) and 9-12 (12). According to the duration of symptom, 12 children have symptom for 0-7 days, 10 for 8-14 days, 11 for 15-20 days, 4 for 22-28 days and 5 over 28 days. With regard to the physical history of the sample, 5 children had atopic dermatitis, 3 children had enteritis, 3 children had rhinitis, 2 children had tonsillitis, 1 child had otitis media, 1 child had asthma and 1 child had pneumonia. The children also had the complicated signs: 22 children had anorexia, 17 children had abdominal pain, 13 children had vomiting and 8 children had nausea in digestive organ. In addition 11 children had dizziness, 7 children had general weakness, 1 child had enuresis and 1 child had sweat in general symptoms. For the duration of the treatment, 14 children were treated for 7 days, 13 for 8-10 days, 8 for 11-14 days, 3 for 15-21 days, 2 for 22-28 days and 2 for 29-40 days. No distinct relationship between the use of Gagamjeonsibaekchul-san and the duration of the symptom was found. Conclusion: Gagamjeonsibaekchul-san is effective in the treatment of intestine mucous membrane and improves the function of digestive system. It is also an effective short-term treatment for child diarrhea.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.11-11
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• 2004

Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the clinical effect of Gagamjeonsibaekchulsan on child diarrhea. Methods: This clinical study was carried out with 42 cases(31male, 11female) of children aged 0 to 14 years old who visited the Department of Pediatrics, Dongguk University Bundang Oriental Hospital and were diagnosed as the diarrhea. Assessments were made with reference to sex, age, the duration of symptoms and physical history. To assess the impact of Gagamjeonsibaekchulsan, the complicated signs, the duration of treatment, the correlation between the use of Gagamjeonsibaekchul- san and the duration of symptom were examined before and after the treatment. Results: There were 31 males and 11 females in the incidence by sex. It showed that males were more than females. The most numerous age group was 0-2(19) followed by 3-7 (11) and 9-12 (12). According to the duration of symptom, 12 children have symptom for 0-7 days, 10 for 8-14 days, 11 for 15-20 days, 4 for 22-28 days and 5 over 28 days. With regard to the physical history of the sample, 5 children had atopic dermatitis, 3 children had enteritis, 3 children had rhinitis, 2 children had tonsillitis, 1 child had otitis media, 1 child had asthma and 1 child had pneumonia. The children also had the complicated signs: 22 children had anorexia, 17 children had abdominal pain, 13 children had vomiting and 8 children had nausea in digestive organ. In addition 11 children had dizziness, 7 children had general weakness, 1 child had enuresis and 1 child had sweat in general symptoms. For the duration of the treatment, 14 children were treated for 7 days, 13 for 8-10 days, 8 for 11-14 days, 3 for 15-21 days, 2 for 22-28 days and 2 for 29-40 days. No distinct relationship between the use of Gagamjeonsibaekchul-san and the duration of the symptom was found. Conclusion: Gagamjeonsibaeichul-san is effective in the treatment of intestine mucous membrane and improves the function of digestive system. It is also an effective short-term treatment for child diarrhea.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.162-170
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of probiotics and zinc supplements on the mean duration and frequency of acute diarrhea in children aged 6 months to 2 years. Methods: In this clinical trial of infants aged between 6 months and 2 years, eligible patients were divided into 3 groups: Zinc Receiving Group (ZRG), Probiotic Receiving Group (PRG), and a control group receiving supportive care alone. The frequency of diarrhea was evaluated in the test groups during the first 24 hours and 48-72 hours, along with the duration of hospitalization and diarrhea persistence for 3-7 days. Results: Diarrhea persisted for until the third day of admission in 100% of the infants in PRG compared with only 76.1% in ZRG. The relative risk of diarrhea persistence in the PRG was 1.31 times more than in ZRG until the third day. Also, 80% of diarrhea cases in the PRG persisted until the fourth day of admission, compared with 47.8% in the ZRG group, and this value was significant. The relative incidence of diarrhea persistence in the PRG was 36.4 times greater than in the ZRG until the day 4. Also, the percentage of post-treatment complications was 35.5% in the PRG and 2.6% in the ZRG, which was significant. Conclusion: In our study, the effectiveness of zinc at a dose of 20 mg was higher than that of probiotics. The complications associated with zinc supplementation were lower than those of probiotics.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.203-209
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• 1999

목 적 : 급성 설사는 아동기의 가장 흔한 질환 중 하나이다. 감염성 설사는 세균보다는 바이러스에 의한 빈도가 높으며 대부분 적절한 수분 공급 및 대증 요법에 의하여 저절로 호전되는 양상을 보인다. 항생제의 사용에 대한 많은 논의가 이루어지고 있고 실제 임상에서 사용되는 예들이 많으나 그 효과는 확실치 않다. 이에 저자는 소아의 급성 설사에 항생제가 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 1996년 8월부터 1997년 7월까지 급성 설사를 주소로 대전 을지대학병원에 입원하였던 124명을 대상으로 항생제를 사용하지 않은 군 28명 (N군)과 항생제를 사용한 군 96명 (P군)으로 나누어 입원과 발열기간, 구토와 설사의 빈도를 후향적으로 비교 분석하였다. 결 과 : 입원기간은 P군보다 N군에서 유의 있게 짧았다(P<0.05). 발열과 설사의 기간 역시 N군에서 더 짧았다(P<0.05). 구토와 설사의 빈도는 N군이 P군보다 낮았으나 통계적인 유의성은 없었다. 연령, 성비, 입원 전 설사기간과 입원 당시의 CRP는 두 군간에 통계적 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 소아의 급성설사는 원인균에 관계없이 자연 소실될 수 있는 질환으로서 대부분 적절한 수액공급과 영양공급으로 호전될 수 있고 항생제의 사용은 오히려 설사를 악화시킬 수 있으며 동반되는 구토 및 발열기간을 지연시킬 수 있다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제12권sup1호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2009

Worldwide, diarrhea remains one of the most common illnesses among children. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is the cornerstone of diarrhea treatment. Yet, the rates at which ORT is used are still disappointingly low. Additional treatment interventions include antimotility drugs, antisecretary drugs, adsorbents, probiotics, antibiotics, oral immunoglobulin, micronutrient supplementation. Drugs are generally not necessary. However, selected probiotics may reduce the duration and intensity of diarrhea. Zinc is beneficial especially to malnourished children with diarrhea. Antibiotic treatment is effective mainly in shigella and cholera infection. Other drugs may be effective but require further investigations.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2001

목 적: 본 연구에서는 급성 설사 환아에서 식이요법에 따른 설사의 횟수와 지속 기간, 그리고 영양 상태의 회복등에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 본원에 입원한 총 76명의 환아를 대상으로 35명의 전유군, 29명의 희석 분유군, 그리고 12명의 모유군으로 나누어 각 군간의 설사 횟수, 구토 횟수, 열량 섭취량, 몸무게의 증가, 그리고 설사기간을 관찰하여 비교하였다. 결 과: 1) 입원 당시 평균 월령은 12.9개월, 평균 체중은 9 kg, 설사 지속 기간은 2.29일로 각 군간에 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 2) 입원 후 설사의 횟수는 각 군간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 3) 입원 후 열량의 섭취는 전유군과 모유군에서 희석유보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 4) 입원 후 몸무게의 증가는 전유군과 모유군간에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 희석 분유군은 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 5) 입원 후 설사의 지속 기간은 각 군간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 결 론: 급성 설사 질환의 식이 요법은 처음부터 전유나 모유를 먹이는 것이 희석한 우유를 단계적으로 먹이는 방법에 비해 설사를 악화시키거나 지연시키지 않으며, 오히려 체중 증가와 열량 섭취증가에 이로운 장점이 있었으나 원인균에 따른 식이 요법의 효과에 대해서는 좀더 연구가 필요하리라 사료된다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.251-260
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• 1996

To evaluate the effect of low lactose special formula (MF-1) for the treatment of acute diarrhea, we studied thirty nine infants who were admitted with acute diarrhea to the Department of Pediatics, Yeungnam University Hospital. 39 infants of under 6 months of age who had been fed on formula feeds were randomly allocated to receive either a diluted regular formula milk or a low lactose special formula. Each infant received intravenous rehydration during fasting for 6-12 hours. Group 1 (n=15) was fed half strength of regular formula (80-100cc/kg/day) for the first 24 hours, three quarters strength formula (100-120cc/kg/day) for the next 24 hours, and continued feeding with the full strength regular formula milk. Group 2 (n=24), who fed the same amount of milk as Group 1, continued feeding with the full strength low lactose special formula from the start of feeding. Male to female sex ratio was 1.6 to 1. The characteristics of infants on admission were comparable in the age, the duration of diarrhea and the stool frequency before admission, the degree of dehydration. There were no significant differences in the duration of hospitalization, changes in stool weight and stool frequency after admission between two groups.(p>0.05) The Body weight and skin fold thickness were increased in group 2 who fed low lactose formula, but those who fed diluted regular formula showed reduction of body weight and skin fold thickness ($64.2{\pm}51.4g$ vs $-11.4{\pm}52.2g$, $0.6{\pm}0.8mm$ vs $-0.1{\pm}0.3mm$ respectively) during hospitalization. (p<0.05) We conclude that low lactose special formula milk can be recommended instead of diluted regular formula for acute diarrhea treatment in infants.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.255-262
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• 2001

Five pigs industry with outbreaks of transmissible gastroenteritis(TGE) in Gyeongbuk province were investigated during the period from January to December 2000. The typical signs of TGE in piglets had transient vomiting and a watery yellowish diarrhea, rapid loss of weight, dehydration and high mortality in pigs under 2 weeks of age. Clinical signs of TGE in growing and finishing pigs and sows were usually limited to inappetence and diarrhea for one or a few days, with vomiting observed in an occasional animal. The detection of TGE viral antigen in epithelial cells of the small intestine had been used in indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA) for diagnosing TGE in young pigs. WかR had been successfully used to detect the DNA derived from TGEV in specimen of intestinal swabs. Among 5 pigs industry, four showed typical signs of epizootic TGE and one progressing enzootic TGE. It was 22～53 days that the duration of initial clinical disease in TGE outbreaks of pigs investigated in Gyeongbuk province in 2000. However the duration related directly to herd size. Mortality of piglets under 2 weeks of age for duration was 53.2～88.2%, but that of piglets 2～5 weeks of age was 2.5～6.5%. The piglets of 1 weeks of age died mostly during duration of TGE, but varied considerably with husbandry and other environmental factors.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.639-644
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• 2019

Diarrhea is one of the most common infectious diseases known worldwide. However, few studies have examined anaerobic diarrhea-causing bacteria (DB), which are difficult to culture. Recent advances in molecular biology have facilitated the detection and analysis of anaerobic DB. In this study, long-term trends in anaerobic DB were evaluated in Korea. From 2010 to 2018, symptoms of diarrhea reported were analyzed among patients hospitalized at the Dankook University Hospital in Korea. Results of multiplex polymerase chain reaction based on seasonality, age, overlapping infection, and other factors in patients were evaluated. DB were detected in 38.2% of 1716 stool specimens in the duration of the study. Of the pathogens detected using this method, 49.8% (n = 405/813) were anaerobic bacteria, including Clostridioides perfringens, Campylobacter spp., Clostridioides difficile toxin B, and Aeromonas spp. Among the four anaerobic bacteria, Clostridioides perfringens was the most commonly occurring (15.5%; n = 126/813). Detection rates of Clostridioides perfringens, Clostridioides difficile toxin B, and Aeromonas spp. were 34.1% (n = 22/55), 34.9% (n = 43/126), and 40.0% (n = 38/109), respectively. The detection rate of Campylobacter spp. (32.7%; n = 37/115) was the highest in patients between 10 and 20 years of age. The detection rate of anaerobic DB showed an increase in 2018 as compared with that in 2010, and the number of events of diarrhea caused by anaerobic DB also increased in this duration. Further studies are required to devise methods that might prevent the proliferation of anaerobic DB.