• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.63-63
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• 2003

Purpose: Planning target volume (PTV) for tumors in abdomen or thorax includes enough margin for breathing-related movement of tumor volumes during treatment. We developed a simple and handy method, which can reduce PTV margins in patients with moving tumors, respiratory motion reduction device system (RMRDs). Materials and Methods: The patients clinical database was structured for moving tumor patients and patient setup error measurement and immobilization device effects were investigated. The system is composed of the respiratory motion reduction device utilized in prone position and abdominal presser (strip device) utilized in the supine position, moving phantom and the analysis program, which enables the analysis on patients setup reproducibility. It was tested for analyzing the diaphragm movement and CT volume differences from patients with RMRDs, the magnitude of PTV margin was determined and dose volume histogram (DVH) was computed using a treatment planning software. Dose to normal tissue between patients with RMRDs and without RMRDs was analyzed by comparing the fraction of the normal liver receiving to 50% of the isocenter dose(TD50). Results: In case of utilizing RMRDs, which was personally developed in our hospital, the value was reduced to $5pm1.4 mm$, and in case of which the belt immobilization device was utilized, the value was reduced to 3$pm$0.9 mm. Also in case of which the strip device was utilized, the value was proven to reduce to $4pm.3 mm$0. As a result of analyzing the TD50 is irradiated in DVH according to the radiation treatment planning, the usage of the respiratory motion reduction device can create the reduce of 30% to the maximum. Also by obtaining the digital image, the function of comparison between the standard image, automated external contour subtraction, and etc were utilized to develop patients setup reproducibility analysis program that can evaluate the change in the patients setup. Conclusion: Internal organ motion due to breathing can be reduced using RMRDs, which is simple and easy to use in clinical setting. It can reduce the organ motion-related PTV margin, thereby decrease volume of the irradiated normal tissue.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.507-511
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• 2005

울돌목은 조류발전의 세계적인 최적지로 꼽히고 있으며 서해와 남해의 점이 지대로서 조류에 의해 해양 생물 군집의 대량 이동이 빈번한 곳이라 할 수 있다. 조류 발전 시설인 터빈의 가동은 물리적인 충격에 의해 해양 생물의 생태-생리 반응에 영향을 미칠 가능성이 있다. 네트를 이용한 1차 조사에서 터빈 가동에 의한 동물플랑크톤의 순 사망률은 $44.3\%$로 나타났다. 1차 조사 이 후 다이아프램 펌프를 이용한 조사 결과 중 출현 개체수가 높았던 조사에서 전체 동물플랑크톤의 순 사망률은 각각 $7.3\%,\;5.8\%$를 나타내었고, 요각류는 각각 $4.4\%,\;5.2\%$를 나타냈다. 물리적인 충격을 인위적으로 가한 실험에서 스트레스를 받은 요각류 Acartia hongi의 알 생산은 스트레스를 받지 않은 것보다 $1.8\~2.3$배 낮은 경향을 보였다. 본 조사에서 동물플랑크톤이 낮은 사망률을 보골 이유는 작은 크기의 생물이 우점하였기 때문이며 조사 결과에서 몸체가 비교적 단단하고 크기가 작은 요각류는 상대적으로 약한 부유유생보다 높은 생존율을 보였다. 울돌목 조사 해역에서 출현한 동물플랑크톤은 크기가 작아 터빈의 물리적인 충격에 의한 사망률은 낮을 수 있으나 순간적으로 강한 스트레스를 받는다면 재생산을 포함한 생리활동이 저하될 수 있음을 보였다. 네트 및 펌프를 이용한 조사 결과에서 네트에 의한 채집은 터빈의 영향뿐만 아니라 빠른 유속으로 인하여 네트가 받는 압력에 의해 생물체가 손상되는 양상이 높아 사망률이 높았던 것으로 보인다. 그러나 다이아프램 펌프는 생물 채집 시 오류를 최소화하는 장점은 있으나 채집의 장시간에 비해 매우 적은 생물량이 채집되는 단점을 보였다TEX>$96.5\%$에 미달하는 문제는 식물성 원료유로 제조한 고순도 바이오디젤과 혼합 사용하거나 감압 증류 공정을 통해 고농도의 폐식용유 바이오디젤을 제조하여 해결 가능하다. 대전시 신성동 소재의 음식점에서 수거한 폐식용유를 원료로 하여 생산한 바이오디젤의 차량 배출가스 실증 테스트 결과 경유 차량의 주 오염물질인 PM과 Soot 및 기타 오염물질의 배출량은 감소하였으나 NOx의 배출량은 약간 증가하는 것으로 나타났다구와 이해를 바탕으로 보존대책이 마련되어야 한다.되었다. 이런 모든 시편들을 각 탈염방법에 따라 탈염처리한 후 XRD와 SEM-EDS으로 분석한 결과 인철광과 침철광은 어떠한 변화도 보이지 않았고, 다만 적금광으로 동정된 시편만이 잔존하지 않았다. 철기 제작별 $Cl^-$ 이온 추출량과 탈염효과에 대한 비교 실험은 이온 크로마토그래피 분석 결과와 마찬가지로 단조 철제유물이 주조 철제보다 $Cl^-$ 이온을 많이 가지고 있었으며, 탈염 처리 후에는 $Cl^-$ 이온은 전혀 발견되지 않았다. 이상의 결과 $K_2CO_3$와 Sodium 용액은 탈염처리에서 가장 적합한 탈염처리 용액으로 알수가 있었으며 특히 어떠한 탈염 용액으로 유물을 처리한다 해도 철제유물에 생성된 부식물은 제거되지 않는다는 것을 알게 되었다. 따라서 보존처리자는 유물 표면의 부식 상태만을 보고 처리하기 보다는 철기제작물로 고려하여 처리하는 것이 필요하다. 또한 금속에 부식을 야기시키는 $Cl^-$ 이온과 부식물을 완전하게 제거하여 탈염처리를 하는 것이 유물 부식을 최대한 지연시킬 수 있는 것이라 생각된다.TEX>$88\%$)였다.(P=0.063). 결론: 본

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.345-354
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• 2016

In the present study, hybrid moment connections of welding and bar reinforcement for composite beam-column connections were proposed. Concrete-filled octagonal tube and U-section were used for the column and beam, respectively. In the beam-column connection, the top flange and web of the beam U-section were connected to the column plate by welding. However, to reduce stress concentration at the weld joints, the bottom flange of the beam was not welded to the column plate. Instead, to transfer the tension force of the beam flange, reinforcing bars passing through the column plate were used. Four exterior connections with conventional welded and hybrid moment connections were tested under cyclic loading and their cyclic behaviors were investigated. The test results showed that the hybrid moment connections successfully transferred the beam moment to the column. The strength and ductility of the hybrid moment connections were comparable to the conventional welded moment connection with exterior diaphragm; however, the connection performance was significantly affected by the details of the hybrid moment connection.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2015

Purpose: We evaluated the prognostic significance of T3 subtypes and the role of adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with resected the American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IIB T3N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: T3N0 NSCLC patients who underwent resection from January 1990 to October 2009 (n = 102) were enrolled and categorized into 6 subgroups according to the extent of invasion: parietal pleura chest wall invasion, mediastinal pleural invasion, diaphragm invasion, separated tumor nodules in the same lobe, endobronchial tumor <2 cm distal to the carina, and tumor-associated collapse. Results: The median overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 55.3 months and 51.2 months, respectively. In postoperative T3N0M0 patients, the tumor size was a significant prognostic factor for survival (OS, p = 0.035 and DFS, p = 0.035, respectively). Patients with endobronchial tumors within 2 cm of the carina also showed better OS and DFS than those in the other T3 subtypes (p = 0.018 and p = 0.016, respectively). However, adjuvant radiotherapy did not cause any improvement in survival (OS, p = 0.518 and DFS, p = 0.463, respectively). Only patients with mediastinal pleural invasion (n = 25) demonstrated improved OS and DFS after adjuvant radiotherapy (n = 18) (p = 0.012 and p = 0.040, respectively). Conclusion: The T3N0 NSCLC subtype that showed the most favorable prognosis is the one with endobronchial tumors within 2 cm of the carina. Adjuvant radiotherapy is not effective in improving survival outcome in resected T3N0 NSCLC.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.149-152
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• 1975

In spite of great advances in surgical treatment during past several decades, surgery of the trachea failed to develop correspondingly, partly because of relative rarity of the tracheal lesions and partly because of difficulties in surgical technique and anesthesia. Surgical diseases of the trachea are largely obstructions due to neoplasm or cicatrical stenosis and tracheal malacia. The present treatment of respiratory failure, using cuffed endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes, has produced, apparently with increasing frequency, tracheal stenosis, tracheomalized tracheal erosion. Surgery is presently the only reasonable way to treat stenotic lesions of the tracheobronchial tree. In the case of tumors, the current trend has been that of radical excision. Primary end-to--end reconstruction of the trachea has been generally recognized as the ideal method of repair following resection. However, for decades it was believed that a maximum of four tracheal rings only might be excised and primary healing achieved with safety. A great variety of procedures, developed by numerous investigations and directed at tracheal substitution, have almost invariably met with discouraging results. A meticulous study done by Grillo and associates on autopsy specimens has shown that an average 6.4cm of mediastinal trachea can be safely resected by full mobilization of the right lung and transplantation of the left main bronchus into the bronchus intermedius. Recently, we experienced a case of successful resection of a tumor of the tracheal carina and primary tracheo-left main bronchial anastomosis at the Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, the National Medical Center in Seoul. The patient, a 29-year-old man, was admitted to the hospital with complaints of dyspnea and cough. On admission, chest film showed hydropneumothorax on the right. After closed thoracostomy, hydropneumothorax disappeared, but hazy densities, developed in the right middle and lower lung fields, resisted to treatment. Bronchoscopy uncovered irregular tumor covering the carina and the right main bronchus, and biopsy indicated well differentiated squamous Cell carcinoma. Operation was performed on July 2, 1975. A right postero-lateral thoracotomy was used. Excision involved the lower trachea, the carina, the left main bronchus and the right lung. This was followed by direct anastomosis between the trachea and the left main bronchus. Bronchography was done on 17th postoperative day revealed good result of operation without stricture at the site ofanastomosis. About one month after the operation symptoms and signs of bronchial irritation with dyspnea developed, and these responded to respiratory care. On 82nd postoperative day, sudden dyspnea developed at night and the patient expired several hours later. Autopsy was not done and the cause of death was uncertain.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2008

Purpose: Fatty liver is one of the most commonly found disease by abdominal ultrasonography. The status of fatty liver is classified into mild, moderate and severe degrees. The study was conducted to investigate the clinical significance of fatty liver using ultrasonography. Materials and method: Test set consisted of 2,185 patients who visited D healthcare center in Daejeon to receive an abdominal ultrasonic test from January to December 2007. Out of the 2185 patients, 524 patients was diagnosed as fatty liver (290 male and 234 female patients). They were divided into three groups, group I for mild degree. II for moderate degree, and III for severe degree, depending on the echo of liver parenchyma, the sound attenuation, and the visibility of intrahepatic blood vessels and diaphragm. Then the correlation of obesity indices, liver function tests and metabolic syndrome was analyzed for males and females separately. Results : As for the degree of fatty liver, 350 cases (66.8%) were classified as group I, 153 cases (29.2%) as group II, and 21 cases (4.1%) as group III. In addition, severe degree of fatty liver was more frequently found in males than in females. The mean ages of three groups for males were 46.1, 44.5, and 39.1, and those for females were 48.8, 50.2, 52.4, respectively. Males with lower mean ages have severely of fatty liver for both males and females. Conclusion: The results in this study show that the classification into three degrees of fatty liver in ultrasonography practice is helpful to treat and observe the progress of fatty liver. In addition, careful examination is required to measure the severity of fatty liver as well as detection of it. A standardized method to classify the degree of fatty liver is also needed for more objective measurement.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.201-208
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• 2008

Physical evaluations provide the basis for an objective and quantitative analysis of the image quality. Nonetheless, there are limitations in using physical evaluations to judge the utility of the image quality if the observer's subjectivity plays a key role despite its imprecise and variable nature. This study proposes a new method for objective and quantitative evaluation of image quality to compensate for the demerits of both physical and subjective image quality and combine the merits of them. The images of chest phantom were acquired from four digital radiography systems on clinic sites. The physical image quality was derived from an image analysis algorithm in terms of the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the low-contrast objects in three regions (lung, heart, and diaphragm) of a digital chest phantom radiograph. For image analysis, various image processing techniques were used such as segmentation, and registration, etc. The subjective image quality was assessed by the ability of the human observer to detect low-contrast objects. Fuzzy integral was used to integrate them. The findings of this study showed that the physical evaluation did not agree with the subjective evaluation. The system with the better performance in physical measurement showed the worse result in subjective evaluation compared to the other system. The proposed protocol is an integral evaluation method of image quality, which includes the properties of both physical and subjective measurement. It may be used as a useful tool in image evaluation of various modalities.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.804-810
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• 1998

Background: Multiple trauma patients have rapidly increased due to traffic accidents, industrial disasters, incidental accidents, and violence. Multiple trauma can involve injuries to the heart, lung, and great vessels and influence the lives, necessitate prompt diagnosis and treatment. Most of the thoracic injuries can be managed with conservative method and simple surgical procedures, such as closed thoracostomy, but in certain cases open thoracotomy is necessary. Materials and methods: The author analyzed the surgical result of 70 cases of open thoracotomy after multiple organ injury including thoracic organ. Results: The most common type of thoracic lesion was hemothorax with or without pneumothorax and diaphragmatic rupture was the second. Sixty percent of the patients were associated with bone fractures, 42.9% with abdominal injuries, and 37.1% with head injuries. The modes of operation were ligations of torn vessels for bleeding control(48.6%), repair of diaphragm(35.7%), and repair of lung laceration(25.7%) in this order of frequency and additional procedures were splenectomy(14.3%), hepatic lobectomy (8.6%) and repair of liver lacerations(5.7%). Postoperative complications were atelectasis (8.6%), wound infection (8.6%), and pneumonia(4.3%). Postoperatively six patients died(The mortality rate was 8.6%) and the causes of death were respiratory failure(2), acute renal failure(2), sepsis(1), and hypovolemic shock(1).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 1996

A clinical evaluation was performed on 305 cases of chest trauma experienced at the department of the Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Dae Jeon Eul Ji Hospital, during the period from March 1991 to November 1994. Age distribution was from 4 to 85 years, the mosts common age groups were 4-th, 5th and 6th decades. The ratio of male to female was 229:76(3:1), the ratio showed male predominance, the most common cause of trauma was traffic accidents in nonpenetrating trauma and stab wounds in penetrating trauma. Hemothorax, pneumothorax, and hemopneumothorax were observed in 159 cases (52.1 %) of total cases, Rib fracture was observed in 236 cases (77.4%) of total cases, location distribution was right : left : Both (102 : 142 : 45), with left predominant, rib fracture commonly involved from the 3th to 8th rib. Lag period from accident to admission was 155 cases (50.8%) under 6hr The principles of therapy for early complications of chest trauma were rapid r expansion of the lungs by thoracentesis 5 cases(1.6%) and closed thoracostomy 1-42 cases(46.6%), but open thoracotomy had to be done on 17 cases (5.6%) because of massive bleeding 13 cases or ruptured diaphragm, foreign body. Conservative nonoperative treatment was 140 cases (45.9%). Overall mortality rate was Bcases (2.6%) and common causes of the death were respiratory insufficiency and shock.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.78-83
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to study for failure examples of emission gas recirculation and air control and catalyzed particulate filter system in diesel engine vehicle. The first example, the researcher found the fact that the much engine oil came into the intake manifold causing diaphragm damage of EGR valve. The engine oil entered into combustion chamber of engine so that a car emit the polluted exhaust gas when driving. The second example, the researcher certified the sticking phenomenon of carbon and foreign substance with the throttle flap so that the exhaust fumes discharged exhaust port. The third example, the regeneration function don't activated to not detect the temperature of exhaust gas because of damage in the sensor. Thus, the researcher must meticulously manage his car not in order to take place the problem of environmental pollution.