• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.86-98
• /
• 2008

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology is based on the cytopathologic findings of other body fluids. However, CSF's cytologic features are less familiar to physicians than are those of the other body fluid's cytology because of the small number of cases. The low overall diagnostic accuracy and the presence of false positivity still remain as problems. The incidence of lymphoreticular malignancies and metastatic carcinomas are rather higher than that of primary brain tumors. In this review, the characteristic cytologic findings of conventional CSF cytology are reviewed along with a brief note on the technical preparation and diagnostic pitfalls.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.112-118
• /
• 2007

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has become a highly preferred, minimally invasive diagnostic tool of choice in the diagnosis of a palpable breast mass owing to its sensitivity, specificity, cost-effectiveness, and expediency. Although breast needle biopsies have been widely employed recently due to the increased detection rate of non-palpable early lesions, the importance of the use of FNAC cannot be underestimated. It comprises part of the diagnostic triad for the breast along with a physical examination and mammography, which together contribute to an increasing diagnostic accuracy. The differential diagnosis of a benign and malignant lesion is of the utmost importance in the diagnosis of breast lesions, and therefore the understanding of the possible diagnostic pitfalls is of great importance.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2008

The role of respiratory cytology is to detect and classify pulmonary disease, with an emphasis of neoplastic disease, so that proper therapy can be instituted. As in many branches of cytology, the recognition of malignancy in the cells obtained from the respiratory tract is more straightforward than identifying the type of tumor cell. It is important to accurately determine the true cytopathological cell type in cases of primary lung cancer and to know the accuracy of the diagnosis achieved by the cytological procedures. The well differentiated tumors have characteristic cytoplasmic and nuclear abnormalities that enable physicians to firmly categorize these lesions, as in squamous cell or adenocarcinoma, but some moderately and most poorly differentiated tumors show few distinctive features. This article reviews the malignant and reactive pulmonary cytologic findings and we also report on some of their pitfalls and the cytologic criteria.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.93-99
• /
• 2007

Fine needle aspiration has been widely used to diagnose of breast lesions whether they are malignant or not. When applied by experienced and well-trained practitioners, its accuracy can approach that of histopathology. In order to make optimal use of FNAB in breast lesions, this article has reviewed the criteria for sample adequacy, the diagnostic terminology and the cytomorphologic approach to making a diagnosis and avoiding diagnostic pitfalls.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.14-21
• /
• 2024

Infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) refers to congenital forms of nystagmus that are present at birth or during infancy. This syndrome may be caused by afferent visual system disorders or abnormal development of the ocular motor system. INS is a genetically heterogeneous disorder for which there are more than 100 causative genes. Since applying clinical tests for the differential diagnosis of INS can be challenging in early infancy and children, genetic testings such as next-generation sequencing are becoming more important for achieving accurate diagnoses. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of INS may also lead to the development of gene-based therapies for INS. These advantages of genetic testing have the potential to change the diagnostic paradigm of patients with INS. However, the diagnostic pathway based on genetic testing still has several limitations in terms of the therapeutic effect and methodology. This review summarizes genetic and clinical features of INS, and discusses the promise and pitfalls of genetic testing in INS.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.198-212
• /
• 2021

Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is an abnormal placental adherence or invasion of the myometrium or extrauterine structures. As PAS is primarily staged and managed surgically, imaging can only guide and facilitate diagnosis. But, imaging can aid in preparations for surgical complexity in some cases of PAS. Ultrasound remains the imaging modality of choice; however, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is required for evaluation of areas difficult to visualize on ultrasound, and the assessment of the extent of placenta accreta. Numerous MRI features of PAS have been described, including dark intraplacental bands, placental bulge, and placental heterogeneity. Failure to diagnose PAS carries a risk of massive hemorrhage and surgical complications. This article describes a comprehensive, step-by-step approach to diagnostic imaging and its potential pitfalls.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.406-423
• /
• 2023

Diagnosing bowel and mesenteric trauma poses a significant challenge to radiologists. Although these injuries are relatively rare, immediate laparotomy may be indicated when they occur. Delayed diagnosis and treatment are associated with increased morbidity and mortality; therefore, timely and accurate management is essential. Additionally, employing strategies to differentiate between major injuries requiring surgical intervention and minor injuries considered manageable via non-operative management is important. Bowel and mesenteric injuries are among the most frequently overlooked injuries on trauma abdominal computed tomography (CT), with up to 40% of confirmed surgical bowel and mesenteric injuries not reported prior to operative treatment. This high percentage of falsely negative preoperative diagnoses may be due to several factors, including the relative rarity of these injuries, subtle and non-specific appearances on CT, and limited awareness of the injuries among radiologists. To improve the awareness and diagnosis of bowel and mesenteric injuries, this article provides an overview of the injuries most often encountered, imaging evaluation, CT appearances, and diagnostic pearls and pitfalls. Enhanced diagnostic imaging awareness will improve the preoperative diagnostic yield, which will save time, money, and lives.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.85 no.1
• /
• pp.124-137
• /
• 2024

Malrotation and midgut volvulus are surgical emergencies that commonly occur within the first month of life. The classic symptom is acute bilious vomiting, while nonspecific symptoms such as recurrent abdominal pain may be present in older children. Malrotation can be associated with duodenal obstruction caused by an abnormal peritoneal fibrous band or congenital anomalies, such as an annular pancreas or a preduodenal portal vein. Volvulus can lead to bowel ischemia and a life-threatening condition, thus prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial. Diagnosis can be made through upper gastrointestinal series, ultrasonography, and CT, with ultrasonography being preferred as a screening tool due to its rapid and accurate diagnosis, without radiation exposure, in children. This pictorial essay discusses the key imaging findings and diagnostic approaches for malrotation and midgut volvulus, as well as diagnostic pitfalls based on actual cases.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.48-53
• /
• 2002

Diagnosing Hirschprungs disease (HD) is a clinical challenge to pediatric surgeons. The cardinal symptoms are failure of passage of meconium within first 24 hours of life, abdominal distension, and vomiting. The severity of these symptoms and the degree of consitpation vary considerably between patients. HD is suspected on the basis of history and clinical findings and the diagnosis is established by radiological examination, anorectal manometry, and histochemical analysis of biopsy specimens. In this review, the advantages and pitfalls of each diagnostic modality are discussed. And a diagnostic approach utilizing these diagnostic modalities in children with suspicious HD is presented.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.72-85
• /
• 2008

Cytologic examination of the body cavity fluid is very important because the specimens represent a significant percentage of nongynecologic samples and this cytologic examination may be the first, best or only chance for making the diagnosis of an underlying malignancy. The purposes of body cavity fluid examination are to correctly identify cancer cells and if possible, to identify the tumor types and primary sites when presented with unknown primary tumor sites. The most important basic differential diagnosis is that of benign and reactive disease vs malignant disease. Reactive mesothelial cells are a consistent population in body cavity fluid, and these are the most versatile cells in the body. Due to the specific environment of the body cavity, the exfoliated reactive mesothelial cells may show significant morphologic overlap with the morphology of cancer cells. With a focus on the differential points between reactive mesothelial cells and metastatic adenocarcinoma cells, the practical diagnostic approaches, the diagnostic clues and the pitfalls to achieve a correct diagnosis are presented in this review.