• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.41
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• pp.49.1-49.8
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• 2019

Background: The purpose of this study was to review the clinical features of oromaxillofacial infections in patients presenting to a hospital emergency ward, to identify the key factors affecting the requirement for hospitalization, and the potential risk factors predisposing to a prolonged length of hospital stay. Methods: A retrospective medical record review of the 598 patients treated for oromaxillofacial infection from 2013 to 2017 at the oral and maxillofacial surgery department, Yangsan Pusan National University Hospital, was conducted. The following information was collected from each patient: sex, age, past medical history, site of infection, etiology, admission or outpatient care, level of C-reactive protein (mg/dL), fascial spaces involved, treatment method, and duration of hospitalization. Chi-squared tests were used to identify risk factors, which were further analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Results: A total of 606 patients were eligible for inclusion in the study, of which eight were excluded due to having incomplete charts; thus, 598 patients were included: 55% were male, mean patient age was 47.1 ± 19.9 years, and 12.9% of patients were diabetic. Furthermore, 71.2% of patients had infection originating in the mandible; the most common tooth of origin was lower posterior, and 29.8% of patients were hospitalized. Risk factors for hospital admission were elderly patients with concurrent disease, elevated C-reactive protein level, and multiple-space infection in the oromaxillofacial area. The duration of hospitalization was correlated with both diabetes and age. Conclusions: The requirement for hospital admission is determined by the severity of the infection; even severe infections, once treated with appropriate surgery, have no relation to the length of hospital stay. The important risk factors for increased duration of hospitalization are diabetes mellitus and older age. The understanding of risk factors associated with a prolonged hospital stay during the treatment of oromaxillofacial infection will aid in treatment planning as well as highlight the importance of adequate diabetes control in patients at risk of such infection.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.350-354
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• 1996

Pulmonary mucormycosis is a very rare but often fatal opportunistic fungal infection caused by the order Mucorales in class Zygomycetes. Reported overall mortality exceeds 70% and the diagnosis is often made post-mortem. We experienced 2 cases of typical form of pulmonary mucormycosis. One patient was a poorly controlled diabetic and the other suffered from acute Iymphocytic leukemia (ALL). The former was diagnosed by a bronchoscopic biopsy and the latter by a pathologic examination from the percutaneous drain of a subphrenic abscess. Both of them underwent a surgical excision of the involved lung tissue. The patient with diabetes mellitus was successfully treated by surgical resection and discharged without complications. The other with ALL underwent a second operation and was transferred to the department of internal medicine for further management of his relapse of lettkemia. Recent literat re suggests that early aggressive diagnostic effort and treatment including surgical resection in the case of localized forms of the disease results in a good prognosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.1049-1056
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• 2016

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide, particularly in Asian regions such as Korea. It is estimated that the number of diabetic patients will exceed 5 million by 2030 and that about 30% of people with diabetes are unaware of their condition. A comparative analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between dairy food intake and pre-diabetes risk factors in subjects that visited the health examination center of Sunhan Hospital, Republic of Korea. Subjects were classified into two groups according to fasting blood glucose concentrations: 1) normal (fasting blood glucose <100 mg/dL, n=57) and 2) pre-diabetes (100 mg/dL${\leq}$ fasting blood glucose ${\leq}125mg/dL$, n=56). Total dairy food intake tended to be lower in females and subjects with pre-diabetes compared with males and normal subjects, respectively; however, differences between groups were not significant due to a wide range of variations. HbA1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly associated with the prevalence of pre-diabetes. Odds ratios for pre-diabetes were significantly reduced per incremental increases in dairy food intakes after adjusting for confounding factors. Findings in the current study suggest that appropriate intake of dairy foods may need to be considered for the prevention of pre-diabetes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.401-411
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• 2015

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) has various biological functions, including anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and antioxidant activities. However, the development of foods using bitter melon (BM) is unexplored due to its bitter taste. In this study, BM pickle was prepared, and changes in quality characteristics and antioxidant activity during ageing were determined. After 4 weeks of ageing, pH levels, salinities, soluble solids, and reducing sugars of BM pickle decreased, whereas acidities increased. In addition, total viable, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast viable cell numbers greatly increased until 1 week, after which they slightly decreased. Levels of soluble phenolics increased during ageing, antioxidant activity increased accordingly. Crude protein, K, and P contents of pickles were lower than in raw material of BM, whereas crude fat and Na contents increased. Corn silk extracts were added to BM pickle during ageing in order to improve the bitter taste and flavor. The best sensory quality was obtained by adding 0.25% corn silk extracts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.370-378
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• 2015

Oral health is a critical factor for diagnosing overall health, as poor oral health has a negative impact on food intake and results in deterioration of nutritional status. The purpose of this study was to research the needs for food developments for the elderly based on their oral and overall health status. Oral status was significantly associated with self-reported health status, and dry mouth (lack of saliva) especially showed a significant relationship with negative self-perception of both oral and overall health. For both elderly men and women, fish and leafy vegetables were the most preferred side dishes. Bread, rice cake, and beverage-type foods were also preferred for snack development. Disease status of the elderly was significantly related with their preference for food development. For instance, those with diabetes were more likely to ask for anti-diabetic diets. The most important factor for the elderly in choosing food was nutritional balance, and less than 3,000 won was cited as an affordable price. The results could be utilized as basic data to develop foods for the elderly.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.69-75
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• 2012

Objectives : We investigated the effects of mountain cultivated ginseng water boiled extract(MCG) on blood glucose and insulin levels, and examined whether lipid metabolism are improved by it in male db/db mice(a murine model of type 2 diabetes mellitus). Methods : 9 weeks old, male db/db mice were divided into 5 groups : C57BL/6J normal, control, MCG-250mg/kg (MCG-1), MCG-500mg/kg(MCG-2) and MCG-1000mg/kg(MCG-3). After mice were treated with MCG for 8 weeks, we measured body weight, food intake, fat weight, visceral organ weight and blood glucose, insulin and lipid levels. Results : 1. We found no difference in body weight, food intake, fat weight and visceral organ weight among the animal groups. 2. Compared with controls, MCG-treated mice had lower blood glucose level and higher blood insulin levels, the magnitude of which was prominent in MCG-2. 3. Compared with controls, MCG-treated mice had lower LDL-cholesterol and higher HDL-cholesterol levels. 4. Compared with controls, MCG-treated mice had blood triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, the magnitude of which was prominent in MCG-2. 5. Blood AST and ALT concentrations were not changed by MCG, indicating MCG do not show any toxic effects. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that MCG effectively increases blood insulin level and decreases blood glucose level, blood lipid levels, and prevents and improves diabetic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.250-256
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• 2004

Background : Bacterial infections in diabetic patients are an important cause of increased morbidity and mortality. It has been reported that bacterial infections in diabetics showed more impaired PMN functions such as reduced PMN respiratory burst and decreased microbicidal activity in inflammed tissues. Also, apoptosis(programmed cell death) is postulated to be a key mechanism for neutrophil elimination. It is very important that PMN apoptosis keeps the balance from an area of inflammation. Actuallly, as little was known about PMN apoptosis and respiratory burst in diabetes, we investigated PMN apoptosis and hydrogen peroxide production after endotoxin exposure. Methods : Peripheral venous blood samples were collected by routine venipuncture from healthy volunteers and diabetics to harvest neutrophils. We respectively measured the PMN apoptosis, the production of hydrogen peroxide, and the cell viability. Results : Normal neutrophils showed a tendency to decreased apoptosis after endotoxin treatment. In patients with diabetes, PMN apoptosis was significantly decreased compared with healthy controls. In addition, the LPS-induced neutrophils in diabetics demonstrated more decreased apoptosis. However, the production of hydrogen peroxide was not different between groups. Conclusion : These observations suggest that the decreased PMN apoptosis in diabetics with endotoxin exposure may also affect the increased susceptibility and severity of infections.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.64-75
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• 2000

This study was conducted to identify the effects of exercise therapy applied in an efficacy expectation promoting program that was based on Bandura's self efficacy model on self-efficacy, cardiopulmonary function and metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The study design was nonequivalent pre-test post-test control design. 34 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who received follow-up care regularly through the diabetic out-patient clinic were randomly sampled for this study. Twenty patients were assigned to the experimental group and fourteen patients were assigned to the control group. To the experimental group, exercise therapy applied in an efficacy expectation promoting program that is composed of individualized exercise prescription for 12 weeks was provided. In case of the control group, they were instructed to continue their usual lives. Data collection period was from March 1998 to June 2000 Data were analyzed using SPSS/WINDOW 10.0 program. The results were as follows. In experimental group, The score of self efficacy has increased from 64.20 to 66.65 after exercise therapy applied in an efficacy expectation promoting program and it was statistically significant(t=2.07, p=.04). The anaerobic threshold has increased from $18.20\;m{\ell}$/kg/min to $19.07\;m{\ell}$/kg/min and it was statistically significant(t=2.05, p=.04). Level of fasting blood sugar has decreased from $188.20\;mg/d{\ell}$ to $155.55\;mg/d{\ell}$ after exercise therapy applied in an efficacy expectation promoting program and it was statistically significant.(t=-2.69, p=.01). For the lipid metabolism, percent body fat has decreased from 27.16% to 26.57% after exercise therapy applied in an efficacy expectation promoting program. In conclusion, the exercise therapy applied in an efficacy expectation promoting program showed positive effect of self-efficacy, cardiopulmonary function and glucose and lipid metabolism.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.33-44
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• 2006

Objective : The objective of this study is to observe the effect of Yukmijiwhangtangkamibang(YukmD with Liriopis Tuber, Amomi Fructus, Citri Pericarpium, Zizyphi Spinosae Semen, Drynariae Rhizoma Ephedrae Herba, Ginseng Radix, Phellodendri Cortex, on the experimental diabetes. Methods : In order to induce diabetes experimentally, injected streptozoticin to the vein in the tail of rats and then treated oral administration of Yukmi water extracts. In the measurement of the variation levels of glucose, ALP, creatinine, and BUN concentration for each concentration levels for serum (382.5mg/l00g, 510.0mg/100g, 637.5mg/100g), concentration level of glucose significantly decreased in 510.0mg/l00g concentration level of Yukmi. With this 510.0mg/100g concentration level of Yukmijiwhangtanggamibang, the following conclusion was derived from the measurement of the serum levels of glucose, ALP, GOT, GPT, creatinine, and BUN concentration for the streptozotocin injection date of each 4th, 11th, and 18th day. Results : 1. In the measurement for each concentrations. the glucose concentration level in the serum significantly decreased on the 9th day in the Yukmi group. 2. In the measurement for each concentrations, the creatinine concentration level in the serum significantly decreased on the 9th day in the Yukmi group. 3. In the measurement for each dosage dates, the glucose concentration level in the serum significantly decreased on the 18th day in the Yukmi group to which 510.0mg/l00g administrated. 4. In the measurement for each dosage dates, the got concentration level in the serum significantly decreased on the 18th day in the Yukmi group to which 510.0mg/100g administrated. 5. In the measurement for each dosage dates, the creatinine concentration level in the serum significantly decreased on the 18th day in the Yukmi group to which 510.0mg/l00g administrated. Conclusion : Yukmi that is Yukmijiwhangtang with Liriopis Tuber, Amoni Fructus, Citri Pericarpium, Zizyphi Spinosae Semen, Drynariae Rhizoma, Ephedrae Herba, Ginseng Radix and Phellodendri Cortex, is known to have effects to lessen the damages on renal function and liver function without causing damages on liver and kidney.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.351-359
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• 2009

Etiological studies of diabetes and its complications showed that oxidative stress might play a major role, Therefore, many efforts have been tried to regulate free oxygen radicals for treating diabetes and its complications. Mori Fructus extract has been known to be effective for the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antiobesitic prescription, and composed of four crude herbs, The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Mori Fructus extract in male ob/ob mouse with severe obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia. Mice were grouped and treated for 5 weeks as follows. Both the lean (C57BL/6J black mice) and diabetic (ob/ob mice) control groups received standard chow. The experimental groups were fed with a diet of chow supplemented with 7.5, 15 and 30 mg Mori Fructus extract per 1 kg of body weight for 14 days. The effects of Mori Fructus extract on the ob/ob mice were observed by measuring the serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipid components, and the kidney levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), MDA+HAE, GSH and also the enzyme activities involved in polyol pathway. Western blotting was performed using anti-AGE, anti-RAGE respectively. Mori Fructus extract lowered the levels of serum glucose and insulin in a dose dependent manner. Total cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were decreased, while the HDL-cholesterol level was increased, in Mori Fructus extract treated groups. Renal aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were increased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were inhibited in the Mori Fructus extract-administered groups. Mori Fructus extract inhibited the generation of ROS in the kidney. MDA+HAE level was increased and the GSH level was decreased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were improved in the Mori Fructus extract-administered groups. Mori Fructus extract inhibited the expression of AGE, RAGE in the ob/ob mice. The results suggested that Mori Fructus exerted the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities by regulating the activities of polyol pathway enzymes, scavenging the ROS, decreasing the MDA+HAE level, increasing the GSH level and inhibiting the expression of AGE, RAGE in the ob/ob mice.