• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.55-65
• /
• 1983

The authors reared the ash-gray leaf bug, Piesma maculata in the growth cabinet controlled as temperature groups of $15, 20, 25, 30, 40^{\circ}C$under condition of photoperiod 16L:8D, light intensity $510{\pm}240$ lus, relative humidity $65{\pm}3%$, and analyzed the effects of temperature on the development of the insect. The results are summarized as follow: There are highly significant differences the developmental periods for the temperature groups, and between the developmental periods for the developmental stages. The egg in the temperature of 15 and $40^{\circ}C$ was hatched, but the ecdysis was impossible. The thermal threshold was $12.34^{\circ}C$and the upper lethal temperature $40.39^{\circ}C$. The total developmental periods of egg to adulate in the temperature of 20, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$are 40.52, 22.37, 15.91 and 13.00 days, respectively. That is, the developmental period was decreased, as the temperature was increased. In the developmental period for the developmental stages, the developmental period of egg stage was longer than that of 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$, and that of 25。C was longer than that of $35^{\circ}C$. But ther was not significant differences between the developmental periods for the other temperature group. The rate of hatch at$20^{\circ}C$is the greater value as 90%, and the rates of 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$ are 79, 79 and 67%, respectively. That is the rate of hatch was decreased, as the temperature was increased. The mortality in the temperature of $35^{\circ}C$ is the greatest value as 68%, and those of 30, 25 and $20^{\circ}C$are 59, 59 and 41%, respectively. That is, the mortality was increased, as the temperature was increased. There was not significantly differences between the developmental period of female and male.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.449-455
• /
• 1991

The water striders, gerris paludum insularis larvae which were fed with the drosophila melanogaster cultured on the appli diet and artificial diet, were reared in the growth cabinet controlled as the two constant temperature regimes of 25 c and 30 c under the condition of photoperiod 16l : 8d, light intensity 510 240 lux, relative humidity 65 3%, and in the natural state. The effects of temperature and diet on the devolopment of g. paludum insularis were analyzed and the results were summarized as follows. 1. The total developmental period of the water strider larvae fed with the d. melanogaster reared on the apple diet at the natural stste was the longest 40 days, and the total devopmental periods at 25 c and 30 c were 35 days and 27 days respectively. The tolal developmental period of larvae fed with d. melanogaster reared on the artifical diet at 25 c was the longest 42 dats, and the total developmental periods at natural stste and 30 c were 32 days and 27 days, respectively. 2. In the larval developmental stages, the fifth stage was longer than that of any stage. The duration of egg stage which was not influenced by diet at 25 c was the longest. 3. The water strider larvae fed which the d. melanogaster reared on the artificial diet at 25 c did not complete their devolopment. 4. No significant difference was odserved in the developmentperiod for diet at 30 c. but, there were significant differences in developmental periods for diet at 25 c and natural state. 5. The rate of adult emergence on the apple diet was higher than that of the artificial diet was higher than of the artificial diet. 6. The shapes of the survivorship curve were convex-curve. 7. The development periods of the larval stages of water striders might be affected to temperature and diet dependently.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.201-204
• /
• 1985

The author reared the bandwinged grasshoppers, Oedaleus infernalis infernalis in the growth cabinet controlled as temperature of 25。C and 30。C under the conditiion of photoperiod 16L:8D, light intensity 510$\pm$240lux, relative humidity 65$\pm$3%. The results are summarized as follows: The female has six instars and male five instars. The larva reared in the temperature of 25。C died at the second larva stage, and the development to the third instar was impossible. The developmental periods of the egg stage of both sexes in the 30。C are 24.06 days. In the larval development periods, the fourth statge (19.73 days) was longer than that of any stage, and the second stage has the shortest period (9.9 days) in female. In male, the developmental period (9.59 days). The total developmental periods of female and male from the egg to the fifth instar were approximately 95.02 and 95.04 days, respectively. The total developmental period of female was as long as the period (15.75 days) of sixth instar which is not in the male. The survivorship curve in the temperature of 30。C shows concave type.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.195-201
• /
• 2012

Seasonal variations in the profile and concentrations of essential oil in Zanthoxylum piperitum were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Seasonal changes in the percentages of the main constituents of the essential oil of both leaves and fruits from Z. piperitum varied. Variations in essential oil yield and the amount of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in leaves and fruits at different developmental stages were significant. The characteristic content of essential oil in leaves was determined mainly due to the content of monoterpenes, and that in fruits was determined largely due to the sesquiterpenes. Twenty-nine compounds in the oil from Z. piperitum leaves were detected; the major compounds were ${\beta}$-phellandrene (26.90%), citronella (15.32%), ${\beta}$-myrcene (3.24%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (2.79%), trans-caryophyllene (2.66%), and fanesyl acetate (2.30%). The highest yield of oil (43.89%) in Z. piperitum leaves was obtained in May but decreased gradually beginning in June. The yield of essential oil from Z. piperitum leaves during early periods was higher than that during later periods and usually decreased from early maturation stages to subsequent stages. However, in contrast to leaves, the oil yield in Z. piperitum fruit increased in June, and oil yield later in the season was higher than that earlier in the season. These results indicate that the essential oil produced from Z. piperitum leaves at the early developmental stages was stored in leaves, and might be transferred to fruit at the final developmental stages.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.20-26
• /
• 1999

To investigate the regional distribution and relative frequency of the neurotensin-, pancreatic polypeptide(PP)- and gastrin/cholecystokinin(Gas/CCK)-immunoreactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the bullfrog(Rana catesbeiana) with developmental stages, group of bullfrogs subdivided into the tadpole with hindlegs, metamorphosed bullfrog with tail, 2 weeks after metamorphosed bullfrog and adult bullfrog, were stained by immunohistochemical methods (PAP methods). Neurotensin-immunoreactive cells were observed from the pylorus of the metamorphosed bullfrog with tail, but these cells were not detected after that periods. PP-immunoreactive cells were detected from the adult bullfrog in the pylorus, duodenum and ileum. These cells were most predominant in the pylorus. Gas/CCK-immunoreactive cells were observed from the adult bullfrog in the pylorus. According to these results, most of immunoreactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the bullfrog were appeared after the complete metamorphosed periods, in which the complete differentiation of structure of gastrointestinal tract were occurred, and variable changes of the regional distribution and relative frequency with developmental stages were observed.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.1-19
• /
• 2013

As the catch-up innovation system was exposed to a new competition environment in which second-tier catch-up countries reduced the gap with Korea and advanced Korean firms entered into the frontier product market, it is experiencing system delay in terms of organizational and policy change. Therefore, innovation policy needs to be reorganized from a dynamic perspective to analyze the problems in the transition period and enable the system to overcome organizational and institutional delays. This article investigates the characteristics of transition periods in terms of external environment changes and internal socio-economic pressures. Based on the analysis of environment changes and catch-up system characteristics, it suggests the framework for policy intervention, direction, and practical principles for post catch-up innovation policy. In particular, it suggests the network-based developmental state and policy implementation in order to overcome the limitation of centralized developmental state of catch-up periods.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.241-248
• /
• 2003

The aphid-eating gall-midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani), as predator of aphids was wildly used as one of the biological control agents for control of several kinds of aphids. Their some kinds of biological characteristics were examined. The developmental periods of A. aphidimyza from egg to adult with the green peach aphid as prey were 40 and 12 days at 15$^{\circ}C$ and 30$^{\circ}C$, respectively. Supplying the cotton aphid as prey, their developmental periods were shorter than with the green peach aphid. In case of the preservation of pupa in the cold condition, emergence rates were over 90% for 1 and 2 weeks at 5$^{\circ}C$ and l0$^{\circ}C$, respectively. Adult females of A. aphidimyza began mating and laying eggs at 2-3 days after emergence, and they laid about 200 eggs for lo days of average life span. Most of adults were emerged from pupa at 6 to 8 pm during a day, and they mainly acted in the early night.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.46 no.1 s.145
• /
• pp.141-145
• /
• 2007

Maggot therapy (MT) has been re-introduced for non-healing wounds such as pressure sore, diabetic and necrotic ulcers, as well as infected surgical wounds, burn, and trauma injuries since early 1990s. For the production of sterile maggot of proper developmental stage, Lucilia sericata were studied on developmental periods of immature stages on liver agar medium under six different temperatures such as 15.4, 20.6, 22.5, 26.2, 29.1, and $33.0^{\circ}C$, and adult longevity and egg Production under $29^{\circ}C$. The periods of eggs and larvae of the 1st and the 2nd instars were shortest at $33^{\circ}C$ by 9.0, 14.0 and 18.6 hours, respectively. The periods of the 3rd instar larvae and pupae were shortest at $29.1^{\circ}C$ by 285.0 and 171.0 hours, respectively. Developmental zero point and total effective temperature far the development of each stage were calculated based on the developmental periods. Adults of both female and male lived more than one month. Females laid an average of 338.5 eggs through 2.7 times of egg laying throughout her lifetime.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.72-76
• /
• 2000

The study was conducted to investigate the developmental periods and effect of several insecticides on Hemiptarsenus sp., ectoparasitoid of Liriomyza trifolii. The mean length and width of egg were 0.5mm and 0.1mm. The mean length of larva, pupae, abult female, and abult male were 1.9mm, 2.0mm, 2.2mm, and 1.8mm, respectively. Developmental periods of Hemiptarsenus sp. from egg to larva at 15, 20, 25, $30^{\circ}C$ were 16.9, 8.8, 5.9, and 4.5 days, and those of pupa were 20.7, 9.7, 5.6, and 3.4 days, respectively. Based on these results, developmental threshold temperatures and effective temperatures were $9.5^{\circ}C$, 91.5 degree-days in egg-larval stage, $10.9^{\circ}C$, 142.3 degree-days in pupal stage. When several insecticides were evaluated to Hemiptarsenus sp. at the recommended concentrations, B.t WP, diflubenzuron WP, and cyromazin were negligiblly effective all life stages. Fipronil SC, cartap SP, spinosad GW were less toxic to larva and pupa, but highly toxic to adults. Abamectin EC was less toxic to all life stages, but inhibited oviposition of 50% more to Hemiptarsenus sp. female.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.199-204
• /
• 2010

The seasonal fluctuation of the large 28-spotted lady beetle, Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (Motschulsky), was observed in potato fields of Gangneung region, Gangwondo Province. The effects of their leaf consumption over a 24 hour period and developmental periods by different temperatures were investigated, and then the developmental threshold (DT) and effective cumulative temperature (ET) of each stage were calculated. Various developmental stages of H. vigintioctomaculata were captured in the fields from May to September, with three peaks in late May, late June, and late August. Leaf consumption by larval stages increased with the development of instar. The 4th instar larvae consumed potato leaves much more than other stages. Egg hatchability and emergence rate of H. vigintioctomaculata were lower at $10^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, but higher at around $20{\sim}23^{\circ}C$. The developmental periods of each stage became shorter as temperature increased; 90 days at $10^{\circ}C$, 40 days at $20^{\circ}C$ and 25 days at $25^{\circ}C$. Base on developmental velocity to temperature, calculated DT and ET were $7.3^{\circ}C$ and 83.