• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.281-291
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate elementary school pupil's classification ability that appears in classification activity. For this study, we developed 2 suitable tools in classification activity achievement. One is artificial stimulus card that comes into view clearly. The other is natural stimulus card that does not come into view well. The test was administrated to 376 pupils of 2, 4, and 6 grade in D elementary School in Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul. The result proved in this study was as following. First, elementary school pupil's classification ability showed the developmental change as the grade level rises. Second, there was no statistical difference between boys and girls. Third, there was high correlation between sort artificial category and natural category in their ability. Fourth, classification achievement rate of constant level by grade was seen regardless of the items. The findings above gives following guidance in science classification learning. First, if teacher understands the development of students' classification ability, more effective classification guidance is available. Second, to cultivate students' classification ability, we should devise and apply program depending on their classification ability by grade.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.225-230
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data that mother's smart phone overdependence prevention education are needed by confirming the relationship between mother' s smartphone overdependence and parent role intelligence. The research subjects were 220 mothers of 0-2 years old who are attending 15 day care centers in Cheong-ju, Chung-buk. The research tool used smartphone overdependence scale, and parent role intelligence scale. For the analysis of the study, frequency analysis, Pearson's Ratio correlation and regression analysis were performed. The results showed that mother's smartphone overdependence was negatively correlated with parental role intelligence and negatively correlated with developmental stimulation, parenting, support, and management. The multiple regression analysis showed that there was a significant negative effect on the smartphone overdependency, parent role intelligence, and sub factors. This suggests that smartphone overdependence prevention education for mother should be needed for nurturing of desirable infants.

• 아동학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2011

This study was aimed at developing a scale to evaluate Korean home environments for infants and toddlers for the purpose of being used by teachers caring for infants and toddlers. The subjects of this study were 250 mothers of 0- to 2-year-olds. Mean, SD, $x^2$, Cramer's V, factor analysis, Pearson correlations, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ were calculated in order to analyze the outcomes of this study. As a result, 38 items of the scale were found to be satisfactory in terms of item distribution and item discrimination. Four factors with 21 items were extracted from the factor analysis : 'developmental stimulus', 'responsivity', 'encouragement of verbal interaction', and 'arrangement of daily routines'. Our analysis of the correlation of this scale with SES, HOME, and children's developmental outcomes showed acceptable concurrent validity. Internal consistency of this scale was high. These results identify this scale as a valid and reliable measure of the Korean home environment for infants and toddlers.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.51-60
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• 1983

Currently changing trends of child health care is demand total health assessment of child including growth and development. This study concentrates on the growth & developmental status of low birth weight infant for help their growth & development. Thus it can be provide a direction for scientific health education and counseling materials by investigating factor of growth & development. The subjects for this study were made up of 40 low birth weight infant who attended the well baby clinic of E university Hospital. The study method used was a questionnaire ＆ anthropometric assessment and DDST for normative data of development. The period for data collection was from July 1st to August 31th, 1982. Analysis of the data was done using percentages, $\chi$$^2$-test Stepwise Multiple Regression. The results of study were as follows. 1. The mean weight of birth was 2,068gm and mean of gestational period was 35.65 weeks. 2. The age at which weight ; 32.5%, head circumference : 67,5% chest circumference : 55.0%, height : 50. 0％ was normal range of physical growth. 3. The reverse age at which social development ; 87.5%, fine motor & adaptive development ; 70.0%, gross motor development ; 72.5% of children Passed by DDST to determine of normal range of development. 4. In the among variables, it was found that the infant who were the higher emotional & verbal response of mother and stimulus environment was the more normal range of weight & development than who was not. 5. The stepwise Multiple Regression between developmental status and predictors-birth order, weight at birth, sex, antenatal care, gestational period-are accounts for 34.1%.

• 아동학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.53-64
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• 1992

The purpose of the present research was to investigate developmental trends in children's class-inclusion performance and to examine the influence of task characteristics(provision or deprivation of quantitative information and perceptual information) on a class-inclusion task. The subjects of this study were 96 children, 12boys and 12girls at each age level. 5, 6. 7 and 8 years of age. The experimental materials consisted of 12 stimulus boards which were constructed on the basis of picture cards used by Judd and Mervis(1979) and Lane and Hodkin(1985). The class-inclusion tasks were individually administered by the researcher. The data were analyzed by the statistical methods of t-test, one-way ANOVA and Duncan multiple range test. The results showed that (1) There were significant age differences in children's class-inclusion performance. That is, children's performance scores on the class-inclusion task increased with age.: (2) There were significant task characteristics differences in children's class-inclusion performance. That is, children performed better on the deprivation of quantitative information task than on the provision of quantitative information task.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2015

The immediate early gene c-fos has long been known as a molecular marker of neural activity. The neuron's activity is transformed into intracellular calcium influx through NMDA receptors and L-type voltage sensitive calcium channels. For the transcription of c-fos, neural activity should be strong enough to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which shows low calcium sensitivity. Upon translation, the auto-inhibition by Fos protein regulates basal Fos expression. The pattern of external stimuli and the valence of the stimulus to the animal change Fos signal, thus the signal reflects learning and memory aspects. Understanding the features of multiple components regulating Fos signaling is necessary for the optimal generation and interpretation of Fos signal.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2008

A mutation of UNCL, an inner nuclear membrane RNAbinding protein, has been found to eliminate mechanotransduction in Drosophila. UNCL is expressed in human periodontal tissue including in periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts. However, it is unclear how a mechanical stimulus is translated into cellular responses in PDL fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of UNCl on mechanical stress related genes in PDL fibroblasts in response to mechanical stress. The mRNA of TGF-$\beta$, COX-2, and MMP-2 was up-regulated after UNCL inactivation in PDL fibroblasts under the compression force. Under the tensile force, inactivation of UNCL decreased the expression of Biglycan, RANKL, MMP-2, and TIMP-2 mRNAs while it increased the expression of TIMP-1. p38-MAPK was expressed in PDL fibroblasts under compression forces whereas phospho-ERK1/2, p65-NFkB, and c-fos were expressed under tension forces. The expression and phosphorylation of the mechanical stress related genes, kinases, and transcription factors were changed according to the types of stress. Furthermore, most of them were regulated by the inactivation of UNCL. This suggests that UNCL is involved in the regulation of mechanical stress related genes through the signaling pathway in PDL fibroblasts.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2016

Research on changes of Chinese women's fashion styles was conducted through analysis of fashion images and articles in Chinese fashion magazines since 1980s. Through the fashion magazine research centered on Shanghai, the most developed commercial city having a great influence on the entire fashion industry in China, it examined Chinese fashion styles by period so identified a developmental process of Chinese fashion styles. Based on general understanding of Chinese fashion magazine industry, case study was conducted on "Shanghai Style(上海服飾)". After analyzing 1100 fashion images by period derived from 245 volumes from 1985 to 2013, this study compared fashion styles in 4 periods and analyzed the developments of Chinese fashion styles. Findings from the case analysis based on the classification of fashion styles are as follows. In the early editions, images to give a visual stimulus and express styles more intuitively were frequently used with reported articles. As for the general change of the style in "Shanghai Style(上海服飾)", expression was done centered on casual wear with gradual disappearance of formal wear. There was a tendency entire atmosphere of the style became romantic. Through a comparative analysis between Chinese fashion styles having such developmental characteristic and the global fashion trends, this study identified special characteristics of Chinese fashion style changes. As for common characteristics, firstly, both have a tendency to change into the coexistence of various styles rather than popularity of certain style. Secondly, style was expressed gradually centered on casual wear.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2006년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.55-64
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• 2006

The fetal central nervous system (CNS) is sensitive to diverse environmental factors, such as alcohol, heavy metals, irradiation, mycotoxins, neurotransmitters, and DNA damage, because a large number of processes occur during an extended period of development. Fetal neural damage is an important issue affecting the completion of normal CNS development. As many concepts about the brain development have been recently revealed, it is necessary to compare the mechanism of developmental abnormalities induced by extrinsic factors with the normal brain development. To clarify the mechanism of fetal CNS damage, we used one experimental model in which 5-azacytidine (5AZC), a DNA damaging and demethylating agent, was injected to the dams of rodents to damage the fetal brain. 5AzC induced cell death (apoptosis)and cell cycle arrest in the fetal brain, and it lead to microencephaly in the neonatal brain. We investigated the mechanism of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the neural progenitor cells in detail, and demonstrated that various cell cycle regulators were changed in response to DNA damage. p53, the guardian of genome, played a main role in these processes. Further, using DNA microarray analysis, tile signal cascades of cell cycle regulation were clearly shown. Our results indicate that neural progenitor cells have the potential to repair the DNA damages via cell cyclearrest and to exclude highly affected cells through the apoptotic process. If the stimulus and subsequent DNA damage are high, brain development proceeds abnormally and results in malformation in the neonatal brain. Although the mechanisms of fetal brain injury and features of brain malformation afterbirth have been well studied, the process between those stages is largely unknown. We hypothesized that the fetal CNS has the ability to repair itself post-injuring, and investigated the repair process after 5AZC-induced damage. Wefound that the damages were repaired by 60 h after the treatment and developmental processes continued. During the repair process, amoeboid microglial cells infiltrated in the brain tissue, some of which ingested apoptotic cells. The expressions of genes categorized to glial cells, inflammation, extracellular matrix, glycolysis, and neurogenesis were upregulated in the DNA microarray analysis. We show here that the developing brain has a capacity to repair the damage induced by the extrinsic stresses, including changing the expression of numerous genes and the induction of microglia to aid the repair process.

• 감성과학
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.107-118
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• 2022

Human can rapidly detect and deal with dangerous elements in their environment, and they generally manifest as attentional bias toward threat. Past studies have reported that this attentional bias is affected by anxiety level. Other studies, however, have argued that children and adolescents show attentional bias to threatening stimuli, regardless of their anxiety levels. Few studies directly have compared the two age groups in terms of attentional bias to threat, and furthermore, most previous studies have focused on attentional capture and the early stages of attention, without investigating further attentional holding by the stimuli. In this study, we investigated both attentional bias patterns (attentional capture and holding) with respect to negative emotional stimulus in neurotypical adults and adolescents. The effects of anxiety level on attentional bias were also examined. The results obtained for adult participants showed that abrupt onset of a distractor delayed attentional capture to the target, regardless of distractor type (angry or neutral faces), while it had no effect on attention holding. In adolescents, on the other hand, only the angry face distractor resulted in longer reaction time for detecting a target. Regarding anxiety, state anxiety revealed a significant positive correlation with attentional capture to a face distractor in adult participants but not in adolescents. Overall, this is the first study to investigate developmental tendencies of attentional bias to negative facial emotion in both adults and adolescents, providing novel evidence on attentional bias to threats at different ages. Our results can be applied to understanding the attentional mechanisms in people with emotion-related developmental disorders, as well as typical development.