• 감성과학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.103-114
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• 2022

최근 전 세계적으로 VR·AR 시장이 지속적으로 성장하고 있는 추세로 국내외 기업들이 VR·AR 관련 기술 및 콘텐츠 개발에 적극적으로 나서고 있는 상황이다. 그러나 VR·AR 기술에 전통적인 교육 방식이 결합된 산업인 에듀테크 분야에 있어서는 새로운 혁신적 교육 모형 및 비즈니스 모델에 대한 연구가 부족한 편으로 에듀테크를 구체적으로 실현할 수 있는 기술과 사업 환경 개선을 위한 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 기존에 널리 활용되어 온 터치 패널 기반 디스플레이툰 콘텐츠와 VR툰 콘텐츠의 사용자 경험을 비교 분석해 VR툰 개발에 필요한 사용성 요소들을 선정하는 것을 연구 목적으로 삼았다. 연구 수행을 위해 태블릿 PC툰 및 VR툰을 분석 도구로 선정했으며, 10대부터 40대까지의 30명(남자 19명, 여자 11명)의 실험 참가자들을 대상으로 기기를 사용하게 한 후 설문을 진행했다. 설문은 AttrakDiff 평가 방법을 통한 정량적 방법과 9가지 항목(만족도, 신규성, 조작성, 창의성, 이해성, 교육성, 흥미성, 참여성, 표현력)에 따른 정성적 평가방법으로 구성되었으며, 결과를 토대로 두 기기의 사용성을 비교했다. 그 결과 VR툰은 실용성은 떨어지나 자극성은 상대적으로 높은 기기인 반면 태블릿 PC툰은 자극성은 떨어지나 실용성은 상대적으로 높은 기기인 것으로 평가되었으며 전반적으로 태블릿 PC툰에 비해 VR툰에 대한 만족도가 컸다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.55-78
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• 2021

최근 인간과 상호작용할 수 있는 '소셜로봇'을 활용하여 복잡하고 다양한 사회문제를 해소하고 개인의 삶의 질을 제고하려는 시도가 주목받고 있다. 과거 로봇은 인간을 대신해서 산업 현장에 투입되고 노동력을 제공해주는 존재로 인식되었다. 그러나 오늘날의 로봇은 각종 산업분야를 관통하는 핵심 키워드인 'Smart'의 등장을 기점으로 인간과 함께 공존하며 사회적 교감이 가능한 '소셜로봇(Social Robot)'으로 그 개념이 확장되고 있다. 구체적으로 고객을 응대하는 서비스 로봇, 에듀테인먼트(Edutainment) 성격의 로봇, 그리고 인간과의 교감, 상호작용에 주목한 감성로봇 등이 출시되고 있다. 그러나 4차 산업혁명을 계기로 ICT 서비스 환경이 급격한 발전을 이룬 현재까지 소셜로봇의 대중화는 체감되지 않고 있다. 소셜로봇의 핵심 기능이 사용자와의 사회적 교감임을 고려하면, 소셜로봇의 대중화를 촉진하기 위해서는 기기에 적용되는 기술 이외의 요소들도 중요하게 고려할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 로봇의 디자인 요소가 소셜로봇에 대한 소비자들의 구매를 이끌어내는데 중요하게 작용할 것으로 판단한다. 로봇의 외형이 유발하는 감성은 사용자의 인지, 추론, 평가와 기대를 형성하는 과정에서 중요한 영향을 미치며 나아가 로봇에 대한 태도와 호감 그리고 성능 추론 등에도 영향을 줄 수 있다. 그러나 소셜로봇에 대한 기존 연구들은 로봇의 개발방법론을 제안하거나, 소셜로봇이 사용자에게 제공하는 효과를 단편적으로 검증하는 수준에 머무르고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 소셜로봇의 외형으로부터 사용자가 느끼는 감성이 소셜로봇에 대한 사용자의 태도에 미치는 영향을 검증해보고자 한다. 이때 서로 다른 출처의 이종 데이터 간 결합을 통하여 소셜로봇 디자인평가 모형을 구성한다. 구체적으로 소셜로봇의 외형에 대하여 사전에 구축된 ABOT Database로부터 다수의 소셜로봇에 대한 세 가지 정량적 지표 데이터를 확보하였다. 소셜로봇의 디자인 감성은 (1) 기존의 디자인평가 문헌과 (2) 소셜로봇 제품 후기와 블로그 등의 온라인 구전, (3) 소셜로봇 디자인에 대한 정성적인 인터뷰를 통해 도출하였다. 이후 사용자 설문을 통하여 각각의 소셜로봇에 대해 사용자가 느끼는 감성과 태도에 대한 평가를 수집하였다. 세부적인 감성 평가항목 23개에 대하여, 차원 축소 방법론을 통해 6개의 감성 차원을 도출하였다. 이어서 도출된 감성 차원들이 사용자의 소셜로봇에 대한 태도에 미치는 영향을 검증하기 위해 회귀분석을 수행하여 감성과 태도 간의 관계를 파악해 보았다. 마지막으로 정량적으로 수집된 소셜로봇의 외형에 대한 지표가 감성과 태도 간의 관계에 영향을 줄 수 있음을 검증하기 위해 조절회귀분석을 수행하였다. 기술적인ABOT Database 속성 지표들과 감성 차원들 간의 순수조절효과를 확인하고, 도출된 조절효과에 대한 시각화를 수행하여 외형, 감성, 그리고 태도 간의 관계를 다각적인 관점에서 해석하였다. 본 연구는 이종간 데이터를 연결하여 소셜로봇의 기술적 속성과 소비자 감성, 태도까지 변수 간 관계를 총체적으로 실증 분석했다는 점에서 이론적 공헌을 가지며, 소셜로봇 디자인 개발 전략에 대한 의사결정을 지원하기 위한 기준으로 소비자 감성의 활용 가능성을 제안하였다는 실무적 의의를 가진다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.256-268
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• 2016

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2015. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering were carried out in the areas of flow, heat and mass transfer, cooling and heating, and air-conditioning, the renewable energy system and the flow inside building rooms. Research issues dealing with air-conditioning machines and fire and exhausting smoke were reduced. CFD seems to be spreading to more research areas. (2) Research works on heat transfer area were carried out in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the economic analysis of GHG emission, micro channel heat exchanger, effect of rib angle on thermal performance, the airside performance of fin-and-tube heat exchangers, theoretical analysis of a rotary heat exchanger, heat exchanger in a cryogenic environment, the performance of a cross-flow-type, indirect evaporative cooler made of paper/plastic film. In the area of pool boiling and condensing, the bubble jet loop heat pipe was studied. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches were performed on fin-tube heat exchanger, KSTAR PFC and vacuum vessel at baking phase, the performance of small-sized dehumidification rotor, design of gas-injection port of an asymmetric scroll compressor, effect of slot discharge-angle change on exhaust efficiency of range hood system with air curtain. (3) In the field of refrigeration, various studies were carried in the categories of refrigeration cycle, alternative refrigeration/energy system, system control. In the refrigeration cycle category, a cold-climate heat pump system, $CO_2$ cascade systems, ejector cycles and a PCM-based continuous heating system were investigated. In the alternative refrigeration/energy system category, a polymer adsorption heat pump, an alcohol absorption heat pump and a desiccant-based hybrid refrigeration system were investigated. In the system control category, turbo-refrigerator capacity controls and an absorption chiller fault diagnostics were investigated. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, eighteen studies were reported for achieving effective design of the mechanical systems, and also for maximizing the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included energy performance, HVAC system, ventilation, and renewable energies, piping in the buildings. Proposed designs, performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which can improve the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment was mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment were related to the user and location awareness technology applied dimming lighting control system, the lighting performance evaluation for light-shelves, the improvement evaluation of air quality through analysis of ventilation efficiency and the evaluation of airtightness of sliding and LS window systems. The subjects of building energy were worked on the energy saving estimation of existing buildings, the developing model to predict heating energy usage in domestic city area and the performance evaluation of cooling applied with economizer control. The studies were also performed related to the experimental measurement of weight variation and thermal conductivity in polyurethane foam, the development of flame spread prevention system for sandwich panels, the utilization of heat from waste-incineration facility in large-scale horticultural facilities.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.108-130
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data for the development of school health nursing activities by surveying realities of school health nursing activities in schools lacking in a school nurse performed by teachers holding additional school health. The subjects for the study was selected from teachers holding additional school health who participated in the annual training course for teachers holding additional school health in 1988 organized by Province Education Council. 105 teachers holding additonal school health from Kyung-gi Province, 85 from Chung-buk province, 50 from Chun-buk Province, answered the questionaire. The results can be epitomized as follows. 1. General characteristics of Teachers Holding Additional School Health. The majority of the subjects are female (94.3%) and 64.1% of the subjects are in their twenties, 79.5% of them graduated from four-year teacher's college, 54.5% of them are unmarried, 74.5% has less than one-year experience as a teacher holding additional school health. 2. General characteristics of schools 92.4% of schools are national, of public schools, and 91.9% are located in country, elementary schools are 64%, junior high schools are 35.4%. The annual school nursing budget is unknow to 89.2% of them. The school nursing organization is non- existent to 85.6%. 82.4% of the school nursing clinics occupy their place solely, or jointly. 3. Status of School Health Nursing Activities In the questionaire, School Health Nursing Activities arc divided into Health Program planning and Evaluation (4 items), Clinic Management (4 items), Health Education (4 items), Management of School Environment 98 items), Operating of School Health Organization (1 item) and Health Care Service (25 items). The answers to each item measured by the Likert-type scale reveals that in the activities of techcrs holding additional school health the practice rate in Management of School Environment is 55%, 47% in Health Education, 45% in Health Program Planning and Evaluation, 32% in Health Care Service, 27% in Operating of School Health Organization, and 27% in Clinic Management. 4. The Relation between Influencing variables and School Health Nursing Activities. The results are as follows. (1) Health Program Planning and Evaluation: religion, marital status ($P<0.05^{**}$) (2) Clinic Management: age, school health organization ($P<0.05^{**}$) (3) Health Education: age ($P<0.01^*$), religion ($P<0.05^{**}$), business except for school nursing ($P<0.05^{**}$), form of operation ($P<0.05^{**}$), the number of clinic client a month ($P<0.05^{**}$). (4) Management of School Health Environment: age, marital status, business except for school nursing ($P<0.05^{**}$), presence of the annual school health nursing budget ($P<0.01^*$), school health organization ($P<0.05^{**}$). (5) Operating of School Health Organization: There is a statistical significance in Education, Interest in School Nursing ($P<0.05^{**}$). 5. The Regional Relationship of School Health Nursing Activity. There is a statistically significal difference in Health Education ($P<0.05^{**}$) and Health Care Service ($P<0.01^*$) of elementary school located in Kyung-gi, Chung-buk, Chun-buk Province. There is a statistically significant difference Health Program Planning and Evaluation of junior high Schools located in Kyung-gi, Chung-buk, Province ($P<0.05^{**}$). 6. The Correlation in School Health Nursing Activities. The analysis of the correlation in the 6 fields of school Health Nursng Activities shows that there is a statistically significant difference between Clinic Management and health Education, Clinic Management and Operating of School Health Organization, and between management of School Environment and operating of School Health Organization ($P<0.05^{**}$). The conclusions are as follows The 40.5 percent of schools should arrange nurse teachers by regulation 38, relative to the application of the Law of Education. But, in reality, teachers who have nothing to do with nursing, hold school health as an additional job. And it is very difficult to expect the qualititive health management of school faculty and students. In the 85.6 percent of schools, there is no organization for school health. And also, persons in charge of pracitcal affairs perform the school health activity without any knowledge about annual school health nursing budget. In the school health nursing activity of teacheres holding additional school health, operating of school, health organization and clinic management are the most difficult to get the cooperation from the persons relate to school and communities. There are a lot of problems in performing the school health nursing activity without any disposition of school health teachers, therefore, it is necessary to supplement school health teachers who had a professional training in order to make efficient the school health nursing management for children who are about to attend a school.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.311-320
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• 1999

연구 배경 : 최근 전세계적으로 결핵이 증가하며 새로운 문제로 대두되고 있으며, 특히 결핵의 유병률이 높은 우리나라의 경우에는 민감도가 높으며 간편한 검사방법 이 필요하다. M. tuberculosis 항원을 사용한 rapid membrane based assay 검사 방법으로 최근에 폐결핵 환자의 결핵항원 특이 항체를 검출한다고 알려진 상용화된 2 가지 kit를 이용하여 폐결핵의 혈청학적 진단 가능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 1998년 3월부터 9월까지 충남대학교 병원에서 입원 치료를 받은 호흡기 환자 총 45예를 대상으로 하였다. 객담 도말 양성의 활동성 폐결핵 22예와 비활동성 폐결핵 14예 그리고 대조군으로 비결핵성 호흡기 질환 9예를 대상으로 하여 STAT-PAK ULTRA FAST$^{(R)}$ 및 ICT tuberculosis$^{(R)}$ 검사를 실시하여 결핵 혈청 검사의 유용성을 알아보고 자하였다. 결과: STAT-PAK ULTRA FAST$^{(R)}$의 경우에는 폐결핵과 비활동성 폐결핵의 비교에서 민감도는 77.3%, 28.6%, 양성 63.0%, 음성 예측도는 44.4%, 위양성률은 71.4%, 위음성률은 22.7% 이었고, 활동성 폐결핵과 비결핵성 호흡기 질환의 비교에서는 민감도는 77.3%, 특이도는 33.3%, 양성 예측도는 73.9%, 음성 에측도는 37.5%, 위양성률은 66.7%, 위음성률은 22.7% 이었다. ICT tuberculosis$^{(R)}$의 경우에는 활동성 폐결핵과 비활동성 폐결핵의 비교에서는 민감도는 54.5%. 특이도는 57%, 양성 예측도는 66.7%, 음성 예측도는 44.4%, 위양성률은 42.9%, 위음성률은 45.4 %이었고, 활동성 폐결핵과 비결핵성 호흡기 질환에서는 민감도는 54.5%, 특이도는 100%, 양성 예측도는 100%, 음성 예측도는 47.4%. 위양성률은 0%, 위음성률은 45.4%이었다. 폐결핵의 중증정도(extent) 와 양성율은 상기 2가지 kit에서 큰 차이가 없었다. 결론: 따라서 상기 2가지의 kit는 항체 반응이 다양하여 임상적으로 폐결핵의 진단에 이용하는 것에는 문제가 있다고 생각되며, 일단 양성반응을 보인 환자의 경우, 항결핵제 투여에 따른 추적 검사에서 항체가의 변화가 있는지에 대한 연구가 필요하리라 생각된다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.187-206
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• 2007

The development of computer and information technology has been combined with the information superhighway internet infrastructure, so information widely spreads not only in special fields but also in the daily lives of people. Information ubiquity influences the traditional way of transaction, and leads a new E-commerce which distinguishes from the existing E-commerce. Not only goods as physical but also service as non-physical come into E-commerce. As the scale of E-Commerce is being enlarged as well. It keeps people from finding information they want. Recommender systems are now becoming the main tools for E-Commerce to mitigate the information overload. Recommender systems can be defined as systems for suggesting some Items(goods or service) considering customers' interests or tastes. They are being used by E-commerce web sites to suggest products to their customers who want to find something for them and to provide them with information to help them decide which to purchase. There are several approaches of recommending goods to customer in recommender system but in this study, the main subject is focused on collaborative filtering technique. This study presents a possibility of pre-evaluation for the prediction performance of customer's preference in collaborative filtering before the process of customer's preference prediction. Pre-evaluation for the prediction performance of each customer having low performance is classified by using the statistical features of ratings rated by each customer is conducted before the prediction process. In this study, MovieLens 100K dataset is used to analyze the accuracy of classification. The classification criteria are set by using the training sets divided 80% from the 100K dataset. In the process of classification, the customers are divided into two groups, classified group and non classified group. To compare the prediction performance of classified group and non classified group, the prediction process runs the 20% test set through the Neighborhood Based Collaborative Filtering Algorithm and Correspondence Mean Algorithm. The prediction errors from those prediction algorithm are allocated to each customer and compared with each user's error. Research hypothesis : Two research hypotheses are formulated in this study to test the accuracy of the classification criterion as follows. Hypothesis 1: The estimation accuracy of groups classified according to the standard deviation of each user's ratings has significant difference. To test the Hypothesis 1, the standard deviation is calculated for each user in training set which is divided 80% from MovieLens 100K dataset. Four groups are classified according to the quartile of the each user's standard deviations. It is compared to test the estimation errors of each group which results from test set are significantly different. Hypothesis 2: The estimation accuracy of groups that are classified according to the distribution of each user's ratings have significant differences. To test the Hypothesis 2, the distributions of each user's ratings are compared with the distribution of ratings of all customers in training set which is divided 80% from MovieLens 100K dataset. It assumes that the customers whose ratings' distribution are different from that of all customers would have low performance, so six types of different distributions are set to be compared. The test groups are classified into fit group or non-fit group according to the each type of different distribution assumed. The degrees in accordance with each type of distribution and each customer's distributions are tested by the test of ${\chi}^2$ goodness-of-fit and classified two groups for testing the difference of the mean of errors. Also, the degree of goodness-of-fit with the distribution of each user's ratings and the average distribution of the ratings in the training set are closely related to the prediction errors from those prediction algorithms. Through this study, the customers who have lower performance of prediction than the rest in the system are classified by those two criteria, which are set by statistical features of customers ratings in the training set, before the prediction process.

• 대한교통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한교통학회 1995년도 제27회 학술발표회
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• pp.101-113
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• 1995

The objective of this research is to test the feasibility of developing a statewide truck traffic forecasting methodology for Wisconsin by using Origin-Destination surveys, traffic counts, classification counts, and other data that are routinely collected by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT). Development of a feasible model will permit estimation of future truck traffic for every major link in the network. This will provide the basis for improved estimation of future pavement deterioration. Pavement damage rises exponentially as axle weight increases, and trucks are responsible for most of the traffic-induced damage to pavement. Consequently, forecasts of truck traffic are critical to pavement management systems. The pavement Management Decision Supporting System (PMDSS) prepared by WisDOT in May 1990 combines pavement inventory and performance data with a knowledge base consisting of rules for evaluation, problem identification and rehabilitation recommendation. Without a r.easonable truck traffic forecasting methodology, PMDSS is not able to project pavement performance trends in order to make assessment and recommendations in the future years. However, none of WisDOT's existing forecasting methodologies has been designed specifically for predicting truck movements on a statewide highway network. For this research, the Origin-Destination survey data avaiiable from WisDOT, including two stateline areas, one county, and five cities, are analyzed and the zone-to'||'&'||'not;zone truck trip tables are developed. The resulting Origin-Destination Trip Length Frequency (00 TLF) distributions by trip type are applied to the Gravity Model (GM) for comparison with comparable TLFs from the GM. The gravity model is calibrated to obtain friction factor curves for the three trip types, Internal-Internal (I-I), Internal-External (I-E), and External-External (E-E). ~oth "macro-scale" calibration and "micro-scale" calibration are performed. The comparison of the statewide GM TLF with the 00 TLF for the macro-scale calibration does not provide suitable results because the available 00 survey data do not represent an unbiased sample of statewide truck trips. For the "micro-scale" calibration, "partial" GM trip tables that correspond to the 00 survey trip tables are extracted from the full statewide GM trip table. These "partial" GM trip tables are then merged and a partial GM TLF is created. The GM friction factor curves are adjusted until the partial GM TLF matches the 00 TLF. Three friction factor curves, one for each trip type, resulting from the micro-scale calibration produce a reasonable GM truck trip model. A key methodological issue for GM. calibration involves the use of multiple friction factor curves versus a single friction factor curve for each trip type in order to estimate truck trips with reasonable accuracy. A single friction factor curve for each of the three trip types was found to reproduce the 00 TLFs from the calibration data base. Given the very limited trip generation data available for this research, additional refinement of the gravity model using multiple mction factor curves for each trip type was not warranted. In the traditional urban transportation planning studies, the zonal trip productions and attractions and region-wide OD TLFs are available. However, for this research, the information available for the development .of the GM model is limited to Ground Counts (GC) and a limited set ofOD TLFs. The GM is calibrated using the limited OD data, but the OD data are not adequate to obtain good estimates of truck trip productions and attractions .. Consequently, zonal productions and attractions are estimated using zonal population as a first approximation. Then, Selected Link based (SELINK) analyses are used to adjust the productions and attractions and possibly recalibrate the GM. The SELINK adjustment process involves identifying the origins and destinations of all truck trips that are assigned to a specified "selected link" as the result of a standard traffic assignment. A link adjustment factor is computed as the ratio of the actual volume for the link (ground count) to the total assigned volume. This link adjustment factor is then applied to all of the origin and destination zones of the trips using that "selected link". Selected link based analyses are conducted by using both 16 selected links and 32 selected links. The result of SELINK analysis by u~ing 32 selected links provides the least %RMSE in the screenline volume analysis. In addition, the stability of the GM truck estimating model is preserved by using 32 selected links with three SELINK adjustments, that is, the GM remains calibrated despite substantial changes in the input productions and attractions. The coverage of zones provided by 32 selected links is satisfactory. Increasing the number of repetitions beyond four is not reasonable because the stability of GM model in reproducing the OD TLF reaches its limits. The total volume of truck traffic captured by 32 selected links is 107% of total trip productions. But more importantly, ~ELINK adjustment factors for all of the zones can be computed. Evaluation of the travel demand model resulting from the SELINK adjustments is conducted by using screenline volume analysis, functional class and route specific volume analysis, area specific volume analysis, production and attraction analysis, and Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) analysis. Screenline volume analysis by using four screenlines with 28 check points are used for evaluation of the adequacy of the overall model. The total trucks crossing the screenlines are compared to the ground count totals. L V/GC ratios of 0.958 by using 32 selected links and 1.001 by using 16 selected links are obtained. The %RM:SE for the four screenlines is inversely proportional to the average ground count totals by screenline .. The magnitude of %RM:SE for the four screenlines resulting from the fourth and last GM run by using 32 and 16 selected links is 22% and 31 % respectively. These results are similar to the overall %RMSE achieved for the 32 and 16 selected links themselves of 19% and 33% respectively. This implies that the SELINICanalysis results are reasonable for all sections of the state.Functional class and route specific volume analysis is possible by using the available 154 classification count check points. The truck traffic crossing the Interstate highways (ISH) with 37 check points, the US highways (USH) with 50 check points, and the State highways (STH) with 67 check points is compared to the actual ground count totals. The magnitude of the overall link volume to ground count ratio by route does not provide any specific pattern of over or underestimate. However, the %R11SE for the ISH shows the least value while that for the STH shows the largest value. This pattern is consistent with the screenline analysis and the overall relationship between %RMSE and ground count volume groups. Area specific volume analysis provides another broad statewide measure of the performance of the overall model. The truck traffic in the North area with 26 check points, the West area with 36 check points, the East area with 29 check points, and the South area with 64 check points are compared to the actual ground count totals. The four areas show similar results. No specific patterns in the L V/GC ratio by area are found. In addition, the %RMSE is computed for each of the four areas. The %RMSEs for the North, West, East, and South areas are 92%, 49%, 27%, and 35% respectively, whereas, the average ground counts are 481, 1383, 1532, and 3154 respectively. As for the screenline and volume range analyses, the %RMSE is inversely related to average link volume. 'The SELINK adjustments of productions and attractions resulted in a very substantial reduction in the total in-state zonal productions and attractions. The initial in-state zonal trip generation model can now be revised with a new trip production's trip rate (total adjusted productions/total population) and a new trip attraction's trip rate. Revised zonal production and attraction adjustment factors can then be developed that only reflect the impact of the SELINK adjustments that cause mcreases or , decreases from the revised zonal estimate of productions and attractions. Analysis of the revised production adjustment factors is conducted by plotting the factors on the state map. The east area of the state including the counties of Brown, Outagamie, Shawano, Wmnebago, Fond du Lac, Marathon shows comparatively large values of the revised adjustment factors. Overall, both small and large values of the revised adjustment factors are scattered around Wisconsin. This suggests that more independent variables beyond just 226; population are needed for the development of the heavy truck trip generation model. More independent variables including zonal employment data (office employees and manufacturing employees) by industry type, zonal private trucks 226; owned and zonal income data which are not available currently should be considered. A plot of frequency distribution of the in-state zones as a function of the revised production and attraction adjustment factors shows the overall " adjustment resulting from the SELINK analysis process. Overall, the revised SELINK adjustments show that the productions for many zones are reduced by, a factor of 0.5 to 0.8 while the productions for ~ relatively few zones are increased by factors from 1.1 to 4 with most of the factors in the 3.0 range. No obvious explanation for the frequency distribution could be found. The revised SELINK adjustments overall appear to be reasonable. The heavy truck VMT analysis is conducted by comparing the 1990 heavy truck VMT that is forecasted by the GM truck forecasting model, 2.975 billions, with the WisDOT computed data. This gives an estimate that is 18.3% less than the WisDOT computation of 3.642 billions of VMT. The WisDOT estimates are based on the sampling the link volumes for USH, 8TH, and CTH. This implies potential error in sampling the average link volume. The WisDOT estimate of heavy truck VMT cannot be tabulated by the three trip types, I-I, I-E ('||'&'||'pound;-I), and E-E. In contrast, the GM forecasting model shows that the proportion ofE-E VMT out of total VMT is 21.24%. In addition, tabulation of heavy truck VMT by route functional class shows that the proportion of truck traffic traversing the freeways and expressways is 76.5%. Only 14.1% of total freeway truck traffic is I-I trips, while 80% of total collector truck traffic is I-I trips. This implies that freeways are traversed mainly by I-E and E-E truck traffic while collectors are used mainly by I-I truck traffic. Other tabulations such as average heavy truck speed by trip type, average travel distance by trip type and the VMT distribution by trip type, route functional class and travel speed are useful information for highway planners to understand the characteristics of statewide heavy truck trip patternS. Heavy truck volumes for the target year 2010 are forecasted by using the GM truck forecasting model. Four scenarios are used. Fo~ better forecasting, ground count- based segment adjustment factors are developed and applied. ISH 90 '||'&'||' 94 and USH 41 are used as example routes. The forecasting results by using the ground count-based segment adjustment factors are satisfactory for long range planning purposes, but additional ground counts would be useful for USH 41. Sensitivity analysis provides estimates of the impacts of the alternative growth rates including information about changes in the trip types using key routes. The network'||'&'||'not;based GMcan easily model scenarios with different rates of growth in rural versus . . urban areas, small versus large cities, and in-state zones versus external stations. cities, and in-state zones versus external stations.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 하수처리공정의 유출 수질을 안정적인 유지하기 위하여, 유입수 패턴을 이용한 모델 기반 $NH_4-N$ 예측 제어 알고리즘을 개발하고 $A^2/O$ 공정을 대상으로 적용 및 평가하였다. 평가에 사용된 자료는 B 시 S 하수처리장에 위치한 pilot 규모의 $A^2/O$ 공정 운전자료를 사용하였다. 생물학적 반응조를 모사하기 위해 수정된 ASM3+bio-P 모델(Lee, 2003)을 사용하였고, 침전조 농도 거동 모사를 위해 일차원 이중 지수 함수 모델(Takacs et al., 1991)을 사용하였다. 유입수 패턴을 이용하여 하루 뒤 유출수 $NH_4-N$ 농도를 예측하고, 사전 작성된 $NH_4-N$ 제어 schedule을 사용하여 pilot plant의 호기조 DO를 조절하는 제어 로직을 적용하였다. 제어 적용성을 평가하기 위해 제어를 적용하지 않은 경우와 적용한 경우를 비교하였고, 계절적 영향을 알아보기 위해 여름철과 겨울철에 $NH_4-N$ 제어 schedule을 적용한 실험을 하였다. 여름철 및 겨울철 모두 제어를 적용하지 않은 경우 수질기준을 초과하는 사례가 발생하였지만, 제어를 적용한 경우 목표수질 이내의 안정적인 유출수질이 방출됨을 확인하였다. 제어를 적용하지 않은 경우에 비교해서, 예측 제어를 적용한 경우에는 송풍기의 RPM이 약 9.1% 증가하였고, 유출수의 $NH_4-N$ 농도는 약 45.2% 감소하였다. 이를 통해 본 연구에서 개발된 유출수 $NH_4-N$ 예측 제어 알고리즘 적용으로 인한 운영비용 증가 대비 수질 개선 효과가 크게 나타났기 때문에, 안정적인 유출수 확보를 위한 측면에서 효율적인 제어기법으로 판단된다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2012

본 연구의 목적은 대규모 주택단지 개발지로 계획되어 있는 대구광역시 북구 연경동 및 동구 지묘동 일원을 대상지로 선정하여 조망점 선정을 통해 조망대상 및 대상장을 정량적으로 평가해 보고, 이를 토대로 시뮬레이션을 실시하여 계획적 차원에서 개선방안을 제시해 보는데 가장 큰 의의를 두었다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 우선 조망대상 선정을 위한 문헌분석 결과, 도출된 조망대상은 총 24개로 나타났으며, 최종적으로 도출된 주요 조망대상은 4가지로 나타났다. 다음으로 도출된 조망점 선정기준은 총 15개로 나타났으며, 이들은 다시 공통적인 특성에 따라 조망성, 접근성, 공공성으로 재분류하였다. 예비조망점은 공공성 및 접근성을 평가하여 선정하였으며, 평가 결과, 총 42곳의 예비조망점이 선정되었다. 최종조망점은 선정된 예비조망점을 대상으로 조망성을 평가하여 선정하였으며, 평가 결과 29개의 최종조망점이 선정되었다. 마지막으로 문헌분석 결과, 도출된 평가지표는 총 26개로 나타났다. 조망점별 가치평가 결과, 29곳의 대상장 중 I등급은 2곳, II등급은 3곳, 가장 낮은 V등급에 해당하는 대상장은 3곳으로 나타났다. 다음으로 개선방안을 위한 문제점 분석 결과, 개발계획도면을 고려하지 않은 대상장-1의 경우, 토지모자이크의 다양성 등 4가지 개선지표가 선정되었다. 또한 개발계획도면을 고려한 대상장-2의 경우, 배후 산림으로의 조망이 잘 이루어지며, 시각회랑의 확보가 가능한 건축물 배치 형태는 직각배치, 층수는 약 10층인 것으로 나타났다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.161-176
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• 2021

본 연구는 과거와 미래의 연 단위보다 상세한 일단위 지하수 함양량을 평가하기 위해, 분포형 수문모형중의 하나인 VELAS를 이용하여 물수지에 근거한 수문요소별 변동을 분석하고자 하였다. 가뭄에 매우 취약한 충남 홍성군 서부면 양곡리 일대 소유역을 대상으로, VELAS의 입력자료인 수치표고모델, 식생도, 경사도 등의 공간특성자료를 구축하였고, 기후자료는 기상청의 일별 대기온도, 강수, 평균풍속, 상대습도 등의 자료를 공간적으로 보간하였다. 연구지역의 과거 2001년부터 2018년까지 18년 동안 일단위 물수지 분석결과, 연간 강수량은 799.1~1750.8 mm로 평균 1210.7 mm이고, 지하수 함양량은 28.8~492.9 mm로 평균 196.9 mm로 분석되었다. 연 강수량 대비 지하수 함양률은 최소 3.6%에서 최대 28.2%로 변동폭이 매우 크고, 평균 함양률은 14.9%였다. 미래 기후변화 RCP 8.5시나리오에 의한 2019년부터 2100년까지의 일단위 물수지 분석결과, 연간 강수량은 572.8~1996.5 mm(평균 1078.4 mm)이고, 지하수함양량은 26.7~432.5 mm, 평균 174.6 mm(평균 강수량의 16.2%)로서 과거보다 다소 증가하였다. 미래 연간 지하수 함양률은 최소 2.8%, 최대 45.1%, 평균 18.2%로 분석되었다. 물수지를 구성하는 요소들은 강수량과의 상관성이 잘 나타나며, 일단위보다는 연단위로 갈수록 그러한 상관성이 뚜렷했다. 다만, 증발산량은 강수량보다는 기온 등 다른 기후요소에 더 영향을 받는 것으로 보인다. 본 연구를 통해 산정된 연단위 보다 상세 시간 단위에서의 지하수함양량은 가뭄 또는 홍수 등 시기별로 강수량 변동이 심한 경우 지하수개발과 관리에 활용될 수 있는 기초자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.