• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.31-43
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• 1998

The ultimate goal of national health promotion services is the improvement of quality of life and health longevity through the implementation of health promotion services. The approach strategy for national health promotion summariged as follows: 1) A model for health promotion should be developed by the level of government. 2) Roles and functions between central government and autonomous local governments should be defined to carry out the health promotion services effectively. 3) New manpower for health promotion such as health educator should be trained and activated at hospitals, health centers, industries, school, and related community agencies. 4) School health education should be strengthened in order to teach: various health subject(smoking & alcohol, drug abuse, accident and safe, nutrition, environmental pollution and preservation, population & family planning, personnel hygiene, physical growth, stress, sex education, communicable disease, physical exercise etc) students through appointing health teachers at school base. 5) Health promotion services in industries should be activated using manpower such as health educator, exercise instructor, dietist and counsellor, 6) Health promotion services for the elderly should be activated. 7) Health screening services in the medical insurance and his/her family should be activated for health promotion services. 8) Health education material development center for health promotion should be established and the materials should be made to distribute to related groups, agencies and institutions (health conte.5, hospitals, schools, pharmacies, industries etc). 9) The pilot health promotion center in each automous local governments(large cities, provinces, Guns and Gu level) should be established and operated for community people. 10) The mass media such as TV, radio, newspapers and magazines should be used effectively. 11) Periodic evaluation of health promotion services should be carried out in order to help effective and successful planning for community health promotion in the future.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.293-301
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to introduce the limit of previously used six sigma quality process evaluation metrics, $Z_{st}$ and $P_{pk}$, and a solution to overcome this drawback by using a metric based on performance evaluation of Z-factor quality innovation. Case analysis on projects from national six sigma contest from 2011 to 2012 is performed and literature review on new drug development HTS (High Throughput Screening) is used to propose innovative performance evaluation metrics. This research shows that experimental study on six sigma evaluation metric, $Z_{st}$ and $P_{pk}$, have no significance difference between industrial type (Manufacturing, Semi-Public Institute, Public Institute) and CTQ type (Product Technology Type CTQ, Process Technology Type CTQ). Following discovery characterize this quality improvement as fixed target type project. As newly developed moving target type of quality innovation performance metric Z-Factor is used for evaluating experimental study, hypothetical analysis suggests that $Z_{st}$ and $P_{pk}$ share different relationship or even show reciprocal relationship. Constraints of the study are relatively small sample size of only 37 projects from past 2 years and conflict on having interview and communication with six sigma quality practitioner for qualitative experimental study. Both moving target type six sigma innovation project and fixed target type improvement project or quality circle enables efficient ways for a better understanding and quality practitioner use by applying quality innovation performance metric. Downside of fixed target type quality performance evaluation metric, $Z_{st}$ and $P_{pk}$, is presented through experimental study. In contrast, advantage of this study is that high throughput requiring product technology, process technology and quantum leap typed innovation effect is evaluated based on precision and accuracy and Z-Factor that enables relative comparison between enterprises is proposed and implemented.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.191-203
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• 2021

Objectives : In this study, we investigate the anti-allergic effects of Ullmus macrocarpa Hance (Ulmus) on RBL-2H3 mast cell (basophilic leukemia cell line), which are mediated by FcεRIs. Methods : We evaluated the effect of the ethanol extract of Ulmus on the allergic inflammatory response in IgE-antigen-mediated RBL-2H3 cells. Cell toxicity was determined by MTT assay and the markers of degranulation such as beta-hexosaminidase, histamine, PGD2, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6 production of inflammatory mediators and FcεRI-mediated protein expression by western blot. Results : Ulmus inhibited degranulation and production of allergic mediators (e.g., TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-6) in them. Ulmus reduced histamine levels, expression of FcεRI signaling-related genes such as Lyn, Syk, and Fyn, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in mast cells. Also, Ulmus reduced PGD2 release and cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and cytosolic phospholipase A2 phosphorylation in FcεRI-mediated RBL-2H3 mast cells. Conclusions : These results indicate that Ulmus exhibits anti-allergic activity through inhibition of degranulation and inflammatory mediators and cytokine release. These findings suggest that Ulmus may have potential as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent for the treatment of various allergic diseases.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2010

Sibutramine is an orally administered centrally-acting antiobesity agent and inhibits both noradrenaline(norephinephirine) and serotonin(5-HT) reuptake. These effects are contributed by its active metabolites, M1 and M2. However, as the free base form of sibutramine is an oil form in room temperature, it had the problem of handling and stability. Thus, this drug should be used in the form of acid salt form in the pharmaceutical application. Unfortunately, anhydrous sibutramine hydrochloride is highly hygroscopic and unstable. In order to solve the hygroscopicity of the anhydrous salt form, another sibutramine acid salt form must be developed as a hydrate form. In this study. to overcome these problems, various of sibutramine acid salt forms were prepared with the pharmaceutically available salts such as maleate, esylate, mandelate, camsylate, besylate, salicylate, tartrate, isethionate and malate forms, and their physicochemical properties were investigated. Sibutramine malate was selected for excellent solubility and stability among the listed salt forms above. Its pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated in rats comparing with sibutramine HCl, resulting in similar parameters. In vitro dissolution study of sibutramine malate-loaded capsule was performed comparison with commercial product ($Reductil^{(R)}$) in pH 1.2, pH 4.0, pH 6.8 and water medium. Our results indicated that there were no significant differences in their dissolution profiles were similar in all tested medium. Thus, sibutramine malate-loaded capsule should be a potential candiate due to its excellent solubility, good stability and biosimilar absorption.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.415-421
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• 2016

The drug-resistance of malaria parasites is the main problem in the disease control. The huge Brazilian biodiversity promotes the search for new compounds, where the animal kingdom is proving to be a promising source of bioactive compounds. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activity of the compounds obtained from the toad venoms of Brazilian Amazon. Toad venoms were collected from the secretion of Rhinella marina and Rhaebo guttatus in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The powder was extracted at room temperature, yielding 2 extracts (RG and RM) and a substance ('1') identified as a bufadienolide, named telocinobufagin. Growth inhibition, intraerythrocytic development, and parasite morphology were evaluated in culture by microscopic observations of Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Cytotoxicity was determined against HepG2 and BGM cells by MTT and neutral red assays. The 2 extracts and the pure substance ('1') tested were active against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain, demonstrating lower $IC_{50}$ values. In cytotoxic tests, the 2 extracts and substance '1' showed pronounced lethal effects on chloroquine-resistant P. faciparum strain and low cytotoxic effect, highlighting toad parotoid gland secretions as a promising source of novel lead antiplasmodial compounds.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.484-491
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• 2005

정량적 미생물 위해평가(Quantitative microbial risk assessment: QMRA)는 국민건강에 영향을 주는 잠재된 위해를 연구하여 식품내 존재하는 병원성미생물과 관련한 위해를 체계적으로 평가하는 것이다. 본 연구는 깁밥에서의 Staphylococcus aureus에 대한 QMRA 모델을 개발하고 이를 식품위생관리에서 이용할 수 있는 기준을 제시하여, 식품안전 분야에서의 QMRA의 필요성과 활용성을 알리기 위해서 실시하였다. QMRA 모델은 매장에서부터 최종소비에 이르기까지 4 단계로 구성되었으며, 미생물 성장모델과 조사자료 그리고 확률분포가 김밥의 최종소비에서의 S. aureus 수준을 평가하기 위하여 이용되었다. S. aureus에 대한 양-반응모델이 없는 관계로 최종 소비단계에서의 S. aureus의 오염수준을 잠재적인 위해를 결정하는데 이용하였다. 이를 위하여 5 log CFU/g이상을 잠재적 유해수준으로 가정하였으며, 시뮬레이션 결과 최종 소비되는 김밥에서 이 유해수준을 초과할 가능성은 30.7%로 나타났다. 김밥에서의 S. aureus의 오염수준은 평균 2.67 log CFU/g으로 나타났으며, 민감도 분석에서는 매장에서의 김밥 보관온도 및 시간이 가장 중요한 요인으로 결정되었다. 이러한 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 김밥 매장에서는 현실적으로 보존시간 관리가 어렵다고 한다면 보관온도를 $10^{\circ}C$ 이하로 유지하는 것이 가장 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서와 같이 QMRA는 식품 내 존재할 수 있는 잠재적인 위해에 영향을 미치는 인자들에 대한 평가에 이용될 수 있으며 이를 식품위생관리에 직접적으로 활용 가능한 것으로 나타났다.삼의 분석방법별 기준인 ginsenoside -Rg1과 -Re의 함량비($Rg1/Re{\Leq}3.87$)에 부합되었다.도에서 MA 저해 효과는 쑥갓>미나리>참깨의 순으로, 각각 54, 48, 29%를 나타냈다. 참깨는 20, $100{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서처럼 가장 작은 효과를 보여줬고, 쑥갓은 50% 이상의 항산화 효과를 나타냈다. Aldehyde/Carboxylic acid assay에서는 참깨가 가장 높은 효과를 보여줬지만 Lipid MA asaay에서는 그에 비해 가장 낮은 효과를 나타냈다.안전한 수준인 것으로 판단된다. 보여진다.ificantly more inclusive. As a result of the evolution of new fibers, materials, processes and markets, we assert that a new "ENGINEERING WITH FIBERS" (EwF)(중략)web.cnu.ac.kr/~fabric이다. 제작된 멀티미디어를 실제 수업에 활용한 결과 수강생(32명)의 96.9%가 보조자료로 사용된 멀티미디어 콘텐츠자료가 실험관련 교과목 수업에 효과적이라고 응답하였고, 87.5%가 활용된 멀티미디어 콘텐츠 자료에 만족하며, 75%가 기존의 교과서와 비교하여 더 많이 활용하였다고 응답하였다. 따라서 멀티미디어 콘텐츠를 활용한 교육은 개인차에 따른 개별화 학습을 가능하게 할 뿐만 아니라 능동적인 참여를 유도하여 학습효율을 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.향은 패션마케팅의 정의와 적용범위를 축소시킬 수 있는 위험을 내재한 것으로 보여진다. 그런가 하면, 많이 다루어진 주제라 할지라도 개념이나 용어가 통일되지

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2019

Histone deacetylase (HDAC)-6은 전사조절 및 세포질 내 다양한 단백질들과의 상호작용을 통하여 난소암의 유발에 관여한다. 최근, HDAC-6을 표적으로 하는 특이적 억제제를 활용하여 암세포의 신호전달경로를 차단함으로써 새로운 항암제로서의 개발을 모색하고 있다. 특히, 난소암 치료를 위한 화학요법에서는 생식세포에 미치는 영향이 하나의 중요한 난제가 될 수 있다. 그러나, HDAC-6 억제제가 난소암세포 이외의 생식세포에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 아직 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 HDAC-6 억제제의 하나인 tubastatin A (TubA)가 생쥐의 난소 내 미성숙 난자에 미치는 영향을 RNA sequencing 분석을 통하여 검증하였다. 이러한 유전자 집합을 이용한 통계적 분석은 기존의 개별 유전자분석의 한계를 극복하여 대량의 생물학적 정보를 산출함으로써, 세포 내 신호전달경로와 같은 복잡한 생물학적 변화상태를 보다 더 광범위하고 민감하게 파악할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 의미있는 결과의 도출에 도움을 줄 수 있다. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) 결과, 세포주기와 감수분열의 조절 및 진행에 관여하는 gene sets의 발현이 germinal vesicle (GV)과 비교하여 TubA 처리군에서 대부분 감소되었다. 또한, ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA)를 통하여 TubA가 난모세포 내 p53 및 pRB의 발현을 증가시키고 CDK4/6 및 cyclin D의 발현을 감소시킬 뿐만 아니라, G2/M 단계의 DNA checkpoint 조절에 관여하는 유전자들의 발현을 증가시킴을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 TubA가 난소 내 미성숙 난자의 DNA 손상과 세포주기 관련 신호전달경로 유전자들의 발현변화를 유도함으로써, 세포주기의 중지와 세포사멸을 초래할 수 있음을 제시한다. 따라서, 특히 생식주기 이전의 난소암을 표적으로 하는 HDAC-6 억제제를 이용한 항암제의 개발에 있어 난소 내 미성숙 난자의 정상적인 성장과 발달을 위한 대안적 고려가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국미생물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물생명공학회 2000년도 Proceedings of 2000 KSAM International Symposium and Spring Meeting
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• pp.3-6
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• 2000

Antimicrobial resistance has been a well-recognized problem ever since the introduction of penicillin into clinical use. History of antimicrobial development can be categorized based on the major antibiotics that had been developed against emerging resistant $pathogens^1$. In the first period from 1940 to 1960, penicillin was a dominating antibiotic called as a "magic bullet", although S.aureus armed with penicillinase led antimicrobial era to the second period in 1960s and 1970s. The second stage was characterized by broad-spectrum penicillins and early generation cephalosporins. During this period, nosocomial infections due to gram-negative bacilli became more prevalent, while those caused by S.aureus declined. A variety of new antimicrobial agents with distinct mechanism of action including new generation cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, ${\beta}$-lactamase inhibitors, and quinolones characterized the third period from 1980s to 1990s. However, extensive use of wide variety of antibiotics in the community and hospitals has fueled the crisis in emerging antimicrobial resistance. Newly appeared drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase-producing Klebsiella, and VRSA have posed a serious threat in many parts of the world. Given the recent epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance and its clinical impact, there is no greater challenge related to emerging infections than the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Problems of antimicrobial resistance can be amplified by the fact that resistant clones or genes can spread within or between the species as well as to geographically distant areas which leads to a global concern$^2$. Antimicrobial resistance is primarily generated and promoted by increased use of antimicrobial agents. Unfortunately, as many as 50 % of prescriptions for antibiotics are reported to be inappropriate$^3$. Injudicious use of antibiotics even for viral upper respiratory infections is a universal phenomenon in every part of the world. The use of large quantities of antibiotics in the animal health industry and farming is another major factor contributing to selection of antibiotic resistance. In addition to these background factors, the tremendous increase in the immunocompromised hosts, popular use of invasive medical interventions, and increase in travel and mixing of human populations are contributing to the resurgence and spread of antimicrobial resistance$^4$. Antimicrobial resistance has critical impact on modem medicine both in clinical and economic aspect. Patients with previously treatable infections may have fatal outcome due to therapeutic failure that is unusual event no more. The potential economic impact of antimicrobial resistance is actually uncountable. With the increase in the problems of resistant organisms in the 21st century, however, additional health care costs for this problem must be enormously increasing.

• 인삼문화
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• 제1권
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• pp.57-66
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• 2019

Ginseng has been recognized as a lifespan extending medicine which has been regarded as one of the medicines classified as top medicines, as the Boncho (medical herbs) study which is influenced by the idea of guidance's costume and food concept mainly in China is gaining its bona fide form. As the demand for ginseng has been expanded to other levels, the demand for ginseng has been increasing. Ginseng from the nature reached its supply chain limit due to its extinction and difficulty of picking, so it translated into ginseng cultivation of economy rather than harvesting in nature. After the start of ginseng cultivation, the ginseng cultivation was further enhanced by the rapid development of processing methods such as white-ginseng and red-ginseng, and the surge of consumption due to the traditional belief in ginseng drug efficacy and support of scientific research. In the Joseon Dynasty, the name Gasam (cultivated ginseng) had been created as ginseng was cultivated on farmland after the stage of SanYang (wild cultivated ginseng), the purpose of the new name Gasam is to differentiate from natural ginseng, and natural ginseng lost its firm position as the genuine ginseng as the Gasam replaced the genuine ginseng, and the natural ginseng got a new name of SanSam (wild ginseng). Because the real ginseng substance concept dissipated, and as Gasam is being called ginseng, the name Gasam was also disappeared. As a result, it was possible to grow large quantities according to the arrival of the Gasam era, and it was possible to supply the demand for ginseng, and it could become one agricultural industry. In this ginseng cultivation, in Japan where ginseng did not grow naturally, it was difficult to obtain ginseng from Joseon and faced with a shortage of ginseng at all times. Therefore, the shogun cultivated the Gasam systematically at the national level by the inside of the shogunate. However, since the natural ginseng is native to China and Korea, there is a concern about the deterioration of the quality of natural ginseng due to the incorporation of cultivated ginseng (Gasam). To protect the interests, the cultivation of ginseng was subject to control. For this reason, the lack of historical information on Gasam cultivation, which had to be started secretly, would be a natural result. In this paper, althouh not sufficient enough, the historical informations were used to summarize the history of ginseng cultivation in China, Japan and Korea.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.532-539
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• 2014

Peripheral neuropathy induced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and antiretroviral therapy is not only difficult to distinguish in clinical practice, but also difficult to relieve the pain symptoms by analgesics because of the severity of the disease at the later stage. Hence, to explore the mechanisms of HIV-related neuropathy and find new therapeutic options are particularly important for relieving neuropathic pain symptoms of the patients. In the present study, primary cultured embryonic rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were used to determine the neurotoxic effects of HIV-gp120 protein and/or antiretroviral drug dideoxycytidine (ddC) and the therapeutic actions of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on gp120- or ddC-induced neurotoxicity. DRG neurons were exposed to gp120 (500 pmol/L), ddC ($50{\mu}mol/L$), gp120 (500 pmol/L) plus ddC ($50{\mu}mol/L$), gp120 (500 pmol/L) plus IGF-1 (20 nmol/L), ddC ($50{\mu}mol/L$) plus IGF-1 (20 nmol/L), gp120 (500 pmol/L) plus ddC ($50{\mu}mol/L$) plus IGF-1 (20 nmol/L), respectively, for 72 hours. The results showed that gp120 and/or ddC caused neurotoxicity of primary cultured DRG neurons. Interestingly, the severity of neurotoxicity induced by gp120 and ddC was different in different subpopulation of DRG neurons. gp120 mainly affected large diameter DRG neurons (> $25{\mu}m$), whereas ddC mainly affected small diameter DRG neurons (${\leq}25{\mu}m$). IGF-1 could reverse the neurotoxicity induced by gp120 and/or ddC on small, but not large, DRG neurons. These data provide new insights in elucidating the pathogenesis of HIV infection- or antiretroviral therapy-related peripheral neuropathy and facilitating the development of novel treatment strategies.