• 대한기관윤리심의기구협의회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the knowledge levels, attitudes, and factors affecting the choices on the education of the participants who completed their education of persons conducting clinical trial workers, and to assess the problems of the current education system for clinical trial workers, leading to improvements. Methods: Clinical trial workers (including principal investigators/subinvestigators, members of the Institutional Review Board [IRB], clinical research coordinators) who were affiliated to one of the 4 university hospitals running their own clinical trial center and IRB in Daegu and completed their education of persons conducting clinical trial workers were the subjects of this study. One hundred seven online questionnaires were answered from 2021-04-02 to 2021-04-17. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis were used to analyze the acquired data. Independent t-test and 1-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the differences in the knowledge levels and attitudes following the characteristics of the education participants. Results: The baseline characteristics of the 107 participants were as follows: the majority of the participants were female (72.0%), were in their 30s (36.4%), had a nursing major (29.0%), were clinical research coordinators (63.6%), had never experienced a principal investigator (79.4%), had participated 3 or more educations (58.9%), had completed their maintenance course (55.1%), had 5 or more years of clinical trial experiences (34.6%). The fields on which participants had low levels of objective knowledge were "types and preparations on audits of clinical trials," "regulations on clinical trials (Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, Korea Good Clinical Practice)." The difficulties that the participants faced were on "annual educations" and "lack of information regarding the educations." Factors that showed significant differences in objective knowledge were sex (p=0.02), number of educations (p=0.004), the curriculum of 2020 (p=0.001). Age (p=0.004), having experienced a principal investigator (p=0.006), number of educations (p<0.001), the curriculum of 2020 (p<0.001), clinical trial career (p=0.001) were factors that significantly affected subjective knowledge. Attitudes toward the education were positively correlated with objective knowledge (r=0.20, p=0.04) and subjective knowledge (r=0.32, p=0.001). Major sources through which information on educations was acquired were "institutional notices," and major factors affecting the choices on the education were "when the education took place" and "where the education took place." "Within the affiliated institution," "Online classes (recorded)" and "IRB and review processes" were each the most preferred place, mode, and content of the education. Conclusion: Knowledge levels varied largely among participants who completed their education of persons conducting clinical trial workers, depending on their characteristics such as the number of educations. Participants also complained about their lack of information on educations. The quality of education may be improved if clinical trial organizations are designated as education facilities. Education programs must be developed considering the knowledge level and demand of the participants. Furthermore, as offline classes may be impossible due to pandemics such as the coronavirus disease 2019, the development of diverse and sophisticated online classes is looked forward to.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.287-316
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• 2023

최근 전 세계적으로 기업의 환경(Environmental)·사회(Social)·지배구조(Governance)의 비재무적 요소를 고려한 지속가능경영이 필수적으로 요구되면서, 각 기업들은 이에 대응할 수 있는 전략적 방향 수립이 중요해지고 있다. 특히 기업이 속한 산업별로 상이한 ESG 이슈에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 산업과 개별 기업의 특성을 반영한 전략을 개발하고 추진할 수 있어야 할 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 금융, 제조, IT 분야별로 나누어 주요 국내 기업들의 ESG 보고서와 관련 뉴스 기사를 이용하여 산업별 ESG 동향과 활동을 비교 분석하였다. 키워드 빈도분석과 토픽 모델링을 활용한 분석 결과, 국내 ESG 선도 기업들의 지속가능경영 활동에서의 산업별 차이를 도출 할 수 있다. 금융 분야에서는 '고객 중심 경영'과 '기후 변화 대응', 제조 분야에서는 '지속가능한 공급망 관리'와 '탄소중립', IT 분야에서는 '기술혁신'과 '디지털 책임'이 강조되었다. ESG 요소별 우선 순위가 높은 활동의 예를 들면, 환경 측면에서는 '에너지 절감과 친환경 활동', 사회 측면에서는 '사회공헌과 상생', 지배구조 측면에서는 '이사회 독립성 강화와 리스크 관리' 등으로 나타났다. 더 나아가 산업별 각 ESG 요소의 핵심 이슈 뿐 아니라 ESG 보고서와 뉴스 기사의 내용 유사성 및 차별점도 확인하였다. 연구의 결과는 산업별 동향을 고려한 ESG 경영 전략 및 정책의 방향성을 제시하고 있으며 이는 산업별 ESG 평가체계 수립에도 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

• 서비스연구
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.131-141
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• 2023

라이프스타일 변화에 따라 소비자의 니즈와 행동 변화는 소비문화로 이어져 자동차 시장에도 영향을 미치고 있다. 그러나 관련 시장의 소비자의 라이프스타일에 맞춘 옵션을 제공하기 위한 연구·조사는 아직 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 차종 중 라이프스타일이 가장 많이 반영되는 픽업트럭에 적용되는 픽업트럭 액세서리를 중심으로 먼저 픽업트럭과 픽업트럭의 애프터마켓 시장, 라이프스타일에 대한 이론적 배경을 살펴보았다. 둘째, 이미지 맵핑을 통해 시장규모 분석, 가능성을 통한 픽업트럭의 시장 가능성과 기회요소를 발견하고 이를 통해 사용자 유형을 구분할 수 있었다. 셋째, 사용자 유형을 대표하는 이를 대상으로 인터뷰를 진행하였고 내용을 정리하였고 관련 집단을 중심으로 인터뷰하여 사용자 집단의 퍼소나를 작성하고 각 집단의 퍼소나가 원하는 니즈가 무엇인지 정리하였다. 마지막으로, 사용자 라이프스타일 유형별 도출된 이슈 키워드 및 인사이트에 맞는 디자인 콘셉트를 제시하였다. 본 연구에서는 사용자 유형을 ①야외활동형, ②취미활동형, ③소규모업무형으로 나누어 사용자 유형별 인터뷰로 집단별 키워드에 맞는 콘셉트를 적용하여 디자인 사례연구를 하였다. 야외활동형은 가변형 구조의 수납, 거주공간 형태의 액세서리 디자인을 제시하였고, 취미활동형은 모듈형 데크탑 디자인과 스포츠 쿠페형의 하드탑 디자인을 제시하였다. 소규모업무형은 적재물 고정에 용이한 칸막이와 적재함 탑승에 용이한 스탭퍼 디자인을 제시하였다. 현재 대량 맞춤화(Mass Customization)되고 있는 자동차 시장에서 픽업트럭 이용자의 라이프스타일에 맞는 픽업트럭 액세서리 개발에 적용하여 라이프스타일별 사용자가 원하는 옵션 디자인의 다양화로 픽업트럭 애프터마켓의 규모가 확대되길 기대한다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.737-747
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• 1999

본 연구는 남극반도 북서부에 해당하는 South Shetland 군도 북쪽 해역에서 과학어군탐지기를 이용한 연속 관측 자료를 이용하여 크릴의 공간적인 분포 (수평, 수직분포) 및 자원량 파악을 주목적으로 하였다. 또한 자원량 계산을 위하여 플랑크톤 네트를 이용한 채집을 실시하였으며, CTD를 이용한 연구 해역의 수온 구조의 수직적 특성을 파악하여 크릴 군집과의 상호 관련성을 규명하고자 하였다. 고밀도의 크릴군은 $1^{\circ}C$ 이상인 Circumpolar Deep Water와 연안쪽에서 형성된 Weddell 해에 기원을 두고 있는 $-0.5^{\circ}C$ 이하의 낮은 온도층 사이에 존재하는 전선역 (frontal area)에서 형성되고있다. 크릴군의 분포 유형은 작은 군집을 이루는 표층 분포, 100$\~$200m 수층의 넓은 띠 모양의 연속적인 분포, 200$\~$300m 수층의 연속적인 분포 그리고 300m 이하의 point scatter분포 둥 네 가지 특징을 보였으며, echogram으로부터 분리해 낸 군집의 최대 수평분포는 약 35 mile에 걸쳐 나타났으며, 최대 수직 분포는 최대 275m의 두께를 보이고 있었다. 채집된 크릴의 표준 길이는 최소 30mm에서 최대 51 mm까지 분포를 나타냈으며, 성체 크릴은 41mm에서 하나의 모드만 나타내고 있었으며 30mm 미만의 미성체크릴은 채집되지 않았다. 자원량 밀도를 정선별로 나타낸 결과, 전체적으로 연안역보다는 대륙사면과 외양에서 높은 분포를 보였으며. 전 층의 평균 밀도는 151.0g/$m^2$였다. 해수의 표층 혼합이 강하게 일어나고 관측 자료 중상층부에 해당하는 22$\~$65m 수 층의 분포는 이 수층에서 전 정선의 평균 밀도는 17.0g/$m^2$로 계산되었으며, 이와 같은 분포는 5개의 수 층 가운데 가장 낮은 분포이다. 중층에 해당하는 115$\~$165m 수 층에서는 1,000m 수심을 경계로 대부분의 고농도 군집이 대륙 사면과 외양 쪽으로 치우치고 대륙붕 쪽으로는 대부분이 10g/$m^2$ 미만의 미약한 어군 형성이 나타나는 상반된 특징을 보였다. 이수충의 평균 밀도는 35.9g/$m^2$로 상층부보다 2배 이상 높게 나타났다. 하층으로 접어드는 165$\~$215m 층의 분포도 1,000m 등심선을 경계로 연안역과 대륙사면에서 상반된 분포를 보이며, 전체적으로 120$\~$l70m 수 층과 유사한 분포를 보이고 있다. 이 수 층의 평균 밀도는 40.2g/$m^2$으로 전 수 층 가운데 가장 높은 분포를 보였다. 관측 자료 중 가장 하층인 215$\~$3l5m 수 층의 평균 밀도는 37.8g/$m^2$로 크릴군이 비교적 깊은 수심까지 존재함을 나타내고 있다. 각 수층에서 예측된 자원량으로부터 22$\~$315m 사이의 총 예측자원량은 약 277만 톤 (CV=$19.92\%$)으로 계산되었으며, 수층별로는 22$\~$65m 에서 전체 양의 $11.2\%$ (31만 톤, CV=$16.24\%$), 65$\~$115 m에서 $13.3\%$ (37만 톤, CV=$34.91\%$), 115$\~$l65m에서 $23.7\%$ (66만 톤, CV=$41.5\%$), 170$\~$220m에서 $26.6\%$ (74만 톤. CV=$27.84\%$) 그리고 215$\~$315m에서 $25\%$ (69만 톤, CV=$26.83\%$)를 차지했다. 이러한 결과로부터 전체 예측된 크릴 자원량의 약 $75\%$가 115m 하층에 분포하여 크릴군이 표층보다는 중층 이하에 높게 분포함을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.180-191
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• 2015

본 연구는 만 9~12세의 초등학생 총 20명(남아 11명, 여아 9명)을 대상으로 18가지의 일상생활에서의 대표적인 신체활동에 따른 에너지소비량을 측정하여, 아동의 일상생활에서 수행하는 신체활동에 따른 에너지소비량을 평가하고, 체중이 METs 값에 미치는 영향을 분석해보았다. 1. 연구대상자의 평균연령은 $10.4{\pm}0.6$세였으며, 평균 신장 및 체중은 $145.1{\pm}8.5cm$ 및 $43.6{\pm}10.3kg$ 이었다. 대상자의 허리둘레는 남아와 여아 각각 $73.6{\pm}9.6cm$ 및 $63.5{\pm}7.1cm$로 남녀 간의 유의한 차이를 보였다 (p < 0.05). 2. 연구대상자의 휴식 시 산소소비량 ($VO_2$), 에너지소비량 및 METs 값은 각각 $5.41{\pm}0.89mL/kg/min$, $1.44{\pm}0.17kcal/kg/h$ 및 $1.5{\pm}0.4METs$로 나타났다. 3. 18가지의 신체활동에 따른 METs 값은 앉아서 숙제하기 및 책읽기 ($1.6{\pm}0.3METs$), 앉아서 비디오 혹은 핸드폰으로 게임하기 ($1.6{\pm}0.5METs$), 앉아서 텔레비전 시청하기 ($1.7{\pm}0.5METs$), 서서 비디오 혹은 핸드폰으로 게임하기 ($1.9{\pm}0.6METs$), 빗자루로 방 쓸기 ($2.7{\pm}1.1METs$) 및 보드게임 ($2.8{\pm}2.2METs$)이 가벼운 신체활동에 속하였으며, 진공청소기로 청소하기 ($3.0{\pm}0.2METs$), 피구 ($3.6{\pm}0.9METs$), 삽질하기 ($3.8{\pm}0.4METs$), 계단오르내리기 ($3.8{\pm}1.3METs$), 농구 슛팅 ($4.4{\pm}.1.5METs$), 줄넘기 ($4.6{\pm}2.6METs$), 음악에 맞추어 스트레칭 ($4.7{\pm}2.3METs$), 천천히 걷기 ($4.8{\pm}2.6METs$) 및 배드민턴 ($4.8{\pm}1.0METs$)의 활동이 중간강도의 신체활동에 속하였다. 빨리 걷기 및 달리기는 각각 $6.6{\pm}1.7$ 및 $6.7{\pm}1.5METs$로 6.0 METs 이상의 고강도 신체활동에 속하는 것으로 나타났다. 4. 본 연구결과를 성인 METs 값 및 기존에 보고된 아동 METs 값과 비교하기 위하여 Bland-Altman 분석을 실시한 결과 각각 mean difference $0.18{\pm}1.57$, upper and lower limit of agreement 0.99 and -0.62 및 mean difference $0.28{\pm}1.49$, upper and lower limit of agreement 1.05 and -0.48로 나타났으며, ICC (interclass correlation coefficient)를 통한 일치도 분석결과는 각각 0.815 및 0.837로 성인의 METs 값보다는 기존에 보고된 아동 METs 값과의 일치도가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 5. 체중이 신체활동에 따른 에너지소비량에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과, 앉아서 게임하기 (METs 1.6), 계단오르내리기 (METs 3.8), 천천히 걷기 (METs 4.8) 및 달리기 (METs 6.6)에서 $R^2$값이 각각 0.116, 0.176, 0.246 및 0.455로 증가하였으며, 활동 강도가 높을수록 체중이 METs 값에 대한 설명력이 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 신체활동은 건강증진 및 질병예방에 중요한 역할을 하며, 특히, 일상생활에서 신체활동을 증진시키는 것은 많은 질병에 있어 최선의 예방책 가운데 필수적인 요소이다. 이러한 면에서 영양 및 운동처방의 목표에 정확하게 도달하기 위해서는 에너지소비량, 특히, 일상생활에서의 신체활동이 정확하게 평가되어져야한다. 결론적으로, 신체활동에 따른 에너지소비량을 평가하기 위해 성인의 데이터가 존재할지라도 아동들의 일상적인 활동에 대한 에너지 cost 자료는 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 초등학생의 신체활동에 따른 에너지소비량에 대한 데이터를 직접 측정하여 평가하였다는데 큰 의의가 있으며, 추후 연구에서는 더 넓은 범위의 그룹 및 다양한 연령대의 아동을 대상으로 한 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.273-284
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• 1996

착상전기(着床前期}의 태아(胎兒)는 방사선(放射線)을 비롯한 많은 환경요인(環境要因)에 대하여 감수성(感受性)이 높은 개체(個體)임에도 불구하고 특히 이 시기는 임신부(姙娠婦)가 자각(自覺)적으로 임신을 감지할 수 없는 시기이기에 이러한 여러 환경유해요인으로부터 의도적으로 피할 수가 없다. 그러므로 착상전기의 영향을 충분히 검토한 후에 의료행위를 취할 것이며 이에 대한 방어(防禦)대책도 검토할 필요가 있다. 종래 까지 방사선에 대한 태아영향에 관한 많은 연구결과에 의하면 방사선 및 그 외의 유해요인에 대한 착상전기의 영향은 배사망(胚死亡)(유산(流産))만이 일어나며 기형(奇形)은 유발(誘發)하지 않는다고 하여 발생학(發生學)등 여러 교과서에서 기형은 기관형성기(器官形戚期)만이 국한(局限)해서 일어나는 영향이라고 단정되어 왔었다. 그러나 이 연구결과 착상전기에 있어서도 기형이 유발하여 오히려 기관형성기((器官形成期)보다도 감수성이 높다는 것이다. 또한 착상전기에서도 기형유발의 시기특이성을 가지며 여러 종류의 기형이 발생한다는 것이 본 연구로부터 밝혀졌다. 실험동물은 ICR Mouse를 사용했다. ICR Mouse는 일반적으로 태아사망 및 기형실험에 널리 사용되는 것이다. 사육조건은 Conventional 한 조건하에서 사육했으며 Mating 방법(方法)은 Female 마우스의 발정기(Sexual Excitement period)에 있는 mouse 질(膣)을 육안 적으로 관찰하여 $AM 6:00{\sim}AM 9:00$시까지 3시간만 mate시켰다. AM9:00시에 Vaginal Plug를 관찰하여 임신을 확인했다. Plug가 확인 된 마우스는 AM8:00시에 수정(Conception)된 것으로 가정하고 이 시점을 임신 0일 0시로 수정 난의 태아연령을 산정했다. 방사선조사는 $^{135}Cs\;{\gamma}-$선을 사용하였으며 임신 마우스의 전신조사를 실시하고 조사한 시기는 각 2, 48, 72, 96hpc이며 조사한 방사선 선량 군은 $0.1{\sim}2.5Gy$이다. 태아영향 관찰지표는 태아 연령은 mate일 오전 8:00시를 임신 0일 0시로 환산하여 태아연령 18일에 임신마우스를 Cervical vertebral dislocation에 의해 도살했다. 도살 후 해부하여 각 임신 마우스별로 관찰했다. 착상 율을 관찰하기 위하여 황체수를 세었고, 태아사망과 생존태아를 구별했다. 자궁 내 사망의 분류는 태아사망을 1) preimplantation death 2) Embryonic death 3) Fetal death로 분류했다. 착상전사망은 수정후 $0{\sim}4.5$일(1세포기${\sim}$배반포후기 부화까지)까지의 사망으로써 난소의 황체수(배란 수)와 착상태아(생존태아, 착상흔, 태반유잔, 흡수태아, 침연태아의 합계)로부터 구할 수 있다. Embonic death는 수정 후 $4.5{\sim}13$일까지의 사망으로써 Implantation sites, Placental remnants, Resorption of fetus로 관찰된 것이다. Fetal death는 수정후 $14{\sim}18$일까지의 사망으로써 Maceration of fetus로 관찰되는 것이다. 통계학적 분석은 각 Group의 착상 을과 자궁 내 사망 율을 산출할 때에는 각 임신마우스에 따라 발생빈도가 크게 다르기 때문에 통계처리에는 Non parametric 검정인 Kluskal Wallis 검정을 사용하여 분석하였다. 또한 개체 Level 영향인 착상을, 태아사망, 기형의 threshold dose의 산정에 대해서는 SAS-Logistic 검정에 따라 통계 분석을 하여 $5%(Ld_5,\;ED_5)$ 및 $10%{\times}2/3$점을 threshold dose로 판단했다. 태아체 중에 대해서는 parametric검정인 t-test검정에 의하여 분석했다. 그 결과 착상전기에서도 기형이 유발하며 특히 시기에 따라 일어나는 때와 일어나지 않는 때가 있음을 본 연구로부터 밝혀졌다. 또한 착상전기의 영향으로써 유발되는 기형은 여러 종류의 기형이 발생함이 밝혀졌다. 특히 이시기는 착상전 사망 및 배(胚)사망은 방사선 선량에 따라 크게 일어나나 태아사망(Fetal death) 및 태아체중은 유의차(有意差)가 없었다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.71-103
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• 2009

공기업을 주축으로 한 공공기관의 지출 규모가 2007년 한국 GDP의 28%에 달하는 등 공공기관이 한국경제에 미치는 영향은 대단히 크다. 그러나 공기업의 방만경영이 오히려 국가경쟁력을 저해하고 있기 때문에 공기업 개혁을 지속적으로 추진해야 한다는 비판의 목소리는 새정부 들어서도 계속되고 있다. 특히, 공기업 CEO 등 임원 선임에 대한 정치적 논란이 국민들의 불신을 초래하고 있다. 본 연구는 공기업 개혁을 위한 여러 방안 중 공기업의 내부지배구조가 공기업 경영성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 공기업의 민영화 여부와 관계 없이 공기업의 소프트웨어적인 지배구조 개선 문제가 대단히 중요하기 때문이다. 공기업의 지배구조와 경영성과에 대한 선행 연구는 민간기업의 해당 연구에 비해 소수에 불과하다. 선행 연구는 대부분 공기업 CEO의 소위 낙하산 임용이 경영성과에 부정적 영향을 미친다고 비판하였다. 그러나 최근 들어 공기업 CEO의 임용유형과 경영성과 간에는 상관관계가 없다는 반대의 견해도 제시되고 있다. 본 연구는 다음과 같은 점에서 선행 연구와 차별된다. 첫째, 선행 연구는 공기업의 CEO와 경영성과 간의 관계에 초점을 맞추었다. 그러나 본 연구는 CEO뿐만 아니라 공기업 경영에서 핵심적인 역할을 하는 내부감사인과 경영성과 간의 관계도 더불어 분석하였다. 둘째, 선행 연구는 낙하산 인사에 집중하여 CEO의 임용유형과 경영성과 간의 관계를 분석하였으나, 본 연구는 임용유형(독립성)뿐만 아니라 CEO 및 내부감사인의 전문성이 경영성과에 미치는 영향을 함께 분석하였다. 셋째, 선행 연구는 연구자별로 다양한 표본을 선택하여 비재무적인 지표를 중심으로 분석하였다. 반면, 본 연구는 정부가 공식적으로 지정한 공기업과 외부 회계감사를 거친 해당 공기업의 재무제표를 대상으로 분석하여 연구자의 주관성을 배제하였다. 본 연구는 회귀분석모형을 사용하여 공기업 CEO와 내부감사인의 독립성 및 전문성과 당년도 경영성과 간의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 샘플은 정부가 공기업으로 지정한 24개 기관의 2003년부터 2007년까지의 재무정보와 해당 공기업의 이사회 회의록에서 추출한 인사정보를 활용하였다. CEO의 독립성은 CEO가 해당 공기업 출신 인사인지 아닌지로 파악하였고, 내부감사인의 독립성은 내부감사인이 학계 경제계 시민단체 출신인지 그렇지 않으면 정치권 정부부처 군 출신인지로 파악하였다. 또한 CEO와 내부감사인의 전문성은 업무전문성과 재무전문성으로 나누어 분석하였다. 통제변수로는, 공기업의 설립연수, 자산규모, 정부지원 비율, 연도별 더미변수를 활용하였다. 분석 결과, 내부감사인의 독립성 및 재무전문성과 당해 연도의 경영성과는 통계적으로 유의한 (+)의 관계가 있었다. 또한 CEO의 업무전문성 및 재무전문성과 경영성과는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았지만(+)의 관계가 있었다. 그러나 통상의 관념과 달리 CEO의 독립성과 경영성과는 통계적으로 유의하지 않지만 (-)의 관계가 있었다. 공기업 CEO의 독립성이 경영성과에 미치는 영향은 보통의 우려와 달리 최근 들어 어느 정도 해소된 것으로 보이며 독립성보다는 공기업 CEO와 내부감사인의 전문성이 공기업의 경영성과에 보다 중요한 역할을 미치는 것으로 해석된다. 본 연구는 다음과 같은 한계를 가지고 있다. 첫째, 공기업은 민간기업과 달리 공공성과 기업성을 동시에 추구하고 있다. 그러나 본 연구는 공기업의 공공성에 대한 검토는 배제하고 기업성을 중심으로 연구하였다. 둘째, 본 연구는 중앙정부의 공기업에 한정하여 분석하였다. 따라서 본 연구 결과를 지방자치단체의 공기업에 적용할 때는 세심한 주의가 필요하다. 마지막으로, 본 연구는 공기업 임원 인사 시 제기되는 투명성 및 민주성과 관련된 사항은 연구자의 주관성이 개입될 여지가 있어 배제하였다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.126-144
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• 2024

고려시대 나전국화넝쿨무늬상자는 미세한 자개표면에 문양을 세기거나, 금속선을 이용해 넝쿨의 줄기를 표현하고, 금속선을 꼬아 각 문양의 경계를 구성하는 등 고려나전칠기의 대표적인 특징이 아주 세밀하게 표현되어있다. 현재 남아있는 고려시대 나전칠기는 경함 및 합의 형태를 가지고 있는 반면 이번 연구대상인 나전국화넝쿨무늬상자는 뚜껑과 몸체가 분리되는 상자의 형태를 하고 있어 제작목적 혹은 보관된 내용물을 추정하기 어려웠다. 이번 연구에서는 나전국화넝쿨무늬상자의 원형을 확인하기 위해 조형적인 특징을 확인하고, X선 투과촬영과 X선 형광분석을 통해 구조와 제작기법에 대해 규명하고자 하였다. 그리고 기존에 알려진 고려시대 나전칠기를 유형별로 분류 및 비교분석해 상자의 용도와 제작목적을 규명하고자 하였다. 조사결과 X선 이미지 상 바닥면과 속상자에서 직물이 확인되었다. 이를 통해 기물을 직물로 감싸는 목심저피칠기기법이 사용된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 목리를 통해 복원부분으로 추정되는 부분의 판재구성과 기존 장석이 있었을 것으로 추정되는 부분을 확인할 수 있었으며 결구부에서 맞대임 방식으로 연결한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 문양에 사용된 금속선은 X선 형광분석 결과 황동으로 판단된다. 조사결과를 근거로 현재 남아있는 고려시대 경함류 9점, 상자류 3점, 소상자류 2점 등 총 14점을 유형별로 분류해 유사성을 조사하였다. 이중 일본 개인소장 국화넝쿨무늬경함, 도쿠가와미술관 흑칠지국당초문나전경상, 영국박물관의 나전국당초문경함, 국내소장 나전칠국당초문합(소상자) 등 5점의 문양구성이 본 연구대상과 가장 유사하였다. 그리고 손상양상, 조형적 특성, 구조적 특징 등을 부위별로 대조한 결과 영국박물관의 나전국당초문경함의 형태가 나전넝쿨무늬상자의 원형으로 현재 형태로 변형된 것으로 추정된다. 마지막으로 이번 상자의 용도, 즉 제작목적을 확인하기 위해 당시 고려의 사회분위기와 비슷한 시기 제작된 고려대장경 인경본의 사례를 조사하였다. 당시 무신정권 이후 몽골의 침입을 겪으면서 국가의 안정과 개인의 명복을 빌기 위한 사경이 출현, 그리고 13세기 국내 인쇄술과 종이의 발전으로 점차 두루마리에서 절첩식 형태로의 전환기와 맞물려 경함에서 상자의 형태로 보관방식이 변경된 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
• /
• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
• /
• pp.17-17
• /
• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.