• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.56-64
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• 2013

In order to examine the availability of color developing for prepared persimmon extract powder dyes, purified and freeze-dried powder from immature persimmon fruit. The cotton fabrics dyed with 1% concentration of powder dyes. This study was conducted to examine into the color developing effects of the powder dye for the dyed cotton fabrics irradiated with xenon light. Powder dye is difficult to dissolve in water resulting in a colloidal and viscous solution. The problem of solubility in water was resolved by setting the dyeing conditions by wetting the dye with alcohol in advance and dissolving in warm water($50{\sim}60^{\circ}C$). Samples had no alkaline conversion in making process of powder dyes showed high color developing effect(${\Delta}E^*$, K/S). Samples showed decreased ${\Delta}E^*$, K/S with increased alkaline conversion in making process of powder dyes. Samples that had alkaline effects displayed easy early color developing to be advantageous in the process of natural pattern in art work.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.997-1008
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• 1994

Heat transfer by laminar oscillating flow in a circular pipe has been studied analytically. The general solution with respect to the arbitrary wall boundary condition is obtained by superposing the fluid temperatures with the sinusoidal wall temperature distributions. The fulid temperature distributions are two dimensional, but uniform flow assumption is used to simplify the velocity distribution. The heat transfer characteristics in the thermally developing regions are analyzed by applying the general solution to the two cases of thermal boundary conditions in which the wall temperature and wall heat flux distributions have a square-wave form, respectively. The results show that the length of the thermally developing region becomes larger in proportion to the oscillation frequency at slow oscillation and eventually approaches to the value comparable to the swept distance as the frequency increases. The time and cross-section averaged Nusselt number in the developing region is inversely proportional to the square root of the distance from the position where the wall boundary condition is changed suddenly. In the developed region, Nusselt number is only determined by the oscillation frequency.

• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.396-402
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• 2005

The software reliability growth model(SRGM) has been developed in order to evaluate such measures as remaining fault number, fault rate, and reliability for the developing stage software. Most of the study literatures assumed that this detecting efficiency was perfect. However the actual fault detecting is generally imperfect, and widely known to many persons. It is not easy to develop and remove the fault existing in the software because the fault finding is difficult, and the exact solving method also not easy, and new fault may be introduced depending on the tester's capability. There, the fault removing efficiency influences the software reliability growth or developing cost of software. It is a very useful measure throughout the developing stage, much helpful for the developer to evaluate the debugging efficiency, and evaluate additional workload. Hence, the study for the imperfect debugging is important in point of software reliability and cost. This paper proposes that the fault debugging is imperfect and new fault may be introduced for the developing software during the developing stage.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.287-305
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• 2019

The export of agricultural, fisheries, and food products acts as an engine of growth for developing countries in particular. However, exporting these items is easier said than done since issues of certification and inspection, so-called technical barriers to trade (TBT) and sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS), in developed markets have worked as major obstacles for exports. This paper examines the institutional aspects and recent trends of South Korea's TBT/SPS-related cases against exporting firms of the developing countries. We suggest a win-win partnership model that can promote cooperative synergies between Korea and developing employing trade-related technical cooperation or ODA (Official Development Aid). Technical cooperation such as the provision of on-spot field consulting services on TBT/SPS-related issues for exporting firms and Korean OEM firms of developing countries can lead to mutual gains. This cooperative partnership can create gains from "the trade-development nexus" for both sides while promoting sustainable trade and investment relationships between Korea and developing countries.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.18-33
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• 2020

Purpose - This paper investigated the effect of international trade affects income inequality. It also compares the different effects between developing and developed countries over the period from 2005 to 2014 for 58 countries. Design/methodology - The econometric estimation was used to identify the relationship between export, import, FDI, GDP, unemployment and income inequality. In this empirical analysis, we utilized a Vector Error Correction (VEC) model using panel data. Findings - The findings show that there is a close correlated between trade and income inequality. The higher export ratio of GDP tends to have a 1.79 times more income inequality in developing countries than in developed countries. The higher import ratio of GDP tends to have a 2.44 times higher income inequality in developing countries than in developed countries. Further, Increasing FDI tend to have an approximately 1.43 times higher income inequality in developing countries than in developed countries. Korea is in the middle of developed and developing countries' result. Originality/value - To correct the global income inequality regarding trade, developed countries' proactive trade policies, such as granting preferential tariff benefits to developing countries, are likely to be needed and Income Safety Net in international trade must be taken into account.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2023년도 학술발표회
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• pp.95-95
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• 2023

Common hydrological problems of developing countries include poor data management, insufficient measuring devices and ungauged watersheds, leading to small or unreliable data availability. This has greatly affected the adoption of artificial intelligence techniques for flood risk mitigation and damage control in several developing countries. While climate datasets have recorded resounding applications, but they exhibit more uncertainties than ground-based measurements. To encourage AI adoption in developing countries with small ground-based dataset, we propose data augmentation for regression tasks and compare performance evaluation of different AI models with and without data augmentation. More focus is placed on simple models that offer lesser computational cost and higher accuracy than deeper models that train longer and consume computer resources, which may be insufficient in developing countries. To implement this approach, we modelled and predicted streamflow data of the Asa River Watershed located in Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria. Results revealed that adequate hyperparameter tuning and proper model selection improve streamflow prediction on small water dataset. This approach can be implemented in data-scarce regions to ensure timely flood intervention and early warning systems are adopted in developing countries.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.167-175
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• 2007

2001년부터 본격적으로 보급되기 시작한 PACS 도입은 영상의학과에서는 필름비용 절감, 인건비 절감, 현상액 사용량 절감, 관리업무 축소, 재 촬영 건수의 감소 등의 효과를 볼 수 있었고, 임상 의사들에게는 의료영상동시 활용, 임상정보의 증대, 진료 환자수의 증가, 의료영상 및 판독결과 활용성 증대 효과를 기대할 수 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 환자들에게는 방사선 피폭선량 감소, 진료비 절감, 임상정보를 신속하게 알 수 있는 효과가 있다. 이에 본 저자들은 Full PACS를 도입한 서울 및 경기도의 10개 종합병원을 대상으로 하여 PACS로 인한 긍정적인 여러가지 효과 중 현상, 정착 폐수의 감소 추이를 알아보기 위하여 도입 1년 전과 도입 3년 후를 비교 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 1개월 당 검사 건수는 7357.7건이 증가하였으나 필름 사용량은 90%가 감소하였다. 2. 현상액 월 평균 소모량은 3년 후 92%가 감소하였고, 정착액은 86%가 감소하였다. 3. 필름 1장 당월 평균 현상액 소모량은 3년 후 149%가 증가하였고, 정착액은 300%가 증가하였다. 4. 현상 폐수 발생량은 3년 후 월 평균 88%가 감소하였고, 정착 폐수는 87%가 감소하였다. 5. 3년 후 필름 1장 당월 평균 현상폐수 발생량은 377%, 정착폐수 발생량은 385%가 증가하였다.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.1-28
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• 2007

한 국가의 환경오염이 정치적 경계선에 불과한 국경에 한정되지 않고 인접국 또는 지구의 환경에 직 간접적인 영향을 미치기 때문에, 역으로 지구환경보호에 관한 국제적 논의결과는 곧바로 국내 환경법과 환경정책에 영향을 미치게 된다. 국제환경법은 '차별적 공동책임'이라는 원칙하에 선진국과 개발도상국 간의 차별적인 의무체계를 형성하고 있다. 차별적 공동책임은 모든 국가에게 공동의 환경보호책임을 확인하면서도 지구환경문제에 대한 선진국과 개발도상국 간의 역사적 책임의 차이와 환경문제를 다룰 수 있는 경제적 기술적 능력의 차이를 인정하여 국제의무를 차별화한다는 것이다. 그 예로써 선진국의 개발도상국에 대한 환경기술이전과 재정 지원 등이 논의되어 왔다. 문제는 우리나라의 지위이다. 선진국과 개발도상국의 지위에 따른 국제환경의무의 차이만큼이나 우리나라의 국제적 환경정책 또한 달라질 것이기 때문이다. 그 어느 국제법도 선진국과 개발도상국의 구분 기준을 명확히 확립하지 못하였다. WTO는 개발도상국 지위결정을 자기선택에 맡기고 있으며, 국제환경법에서는 협상능력에 따라 그 지위가 좌우되곤 한다. 결국 일반국제법 차원에서 우리나라의 지위가 고정될 수 없으며 정부는 선진국 또는 개발도상국의 지위를 전략적 차원에서 선택할 수 있다. 우리나라가 스스로 개발도상국임을 주장하여 국제의무의 부담을 줄이는 것도 좋은 선택일 수 있겠지만, 각종 경제지표 및 환경오염지표에서 10위권을 유지하고 있는 우리나라의 규모에 비추어볼 때 우리나라의 현실은 선진국에 가깝다고 보여진다. 친환경기술 및 상품의 개발이라는 적극적 정책이 개도국 주장이라는 방어적 정책보다 우선이다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.646-652
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• 2017

In order to clarify an availability of water treatment for persimmon extract dyeing, effect of color developing by water treatment process on cotton fabrics dyed with persimmon extract was investigated. Dyed fabrics were dipped still water and circulation water in various temperature. Concerning water color developing, still water color developing and circulation water color developing have been examined, and the temperature of water has been apprehended to prepare an effective basis of water color development. The surface color based on circulation water color development displays low values of $a^{\ast}$ and $b^{\ast}$, and the range of the c value(Munsell chroma) is narrow and has the value of 2 to 3, thus displays the coloration of a dark tone. The effect of temperature in water color development was insignificant, due to the small difference in temperature from $20^{\circ}C$ to $40^{\circ}C$. At $80^{\circ}C$, remarkable color development manifested, which is evidence of the high influence of temperature. The effects of circulation were clear at low temperatures, and the effects of temperature highly manifested at high temperatures. Circulation water color development display great color development at all temperatures to allow industrial color development with the absence of sunlight, thereby having an effect of energy reduction and developing color in dark tones, however this also is a strength of persimmon extract concerning color diversification, and is judged to have great value of industrial and practical application.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.47-61
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• 2017

최근 개도국의 빈곤을 해소하기 위한 국제사회의 관심이 고조되고 있다. 공정무역은 공정한 거래를 통해 개도국의 빈곤을 해소하기 위한 실천으로 주목을 받았다. 본 연구는 공정무역이 개도국의 발전에 긍정적 효과를 가져오지 못한 점에 주목하여, 공정무역의 문제를 생산자의 하위주체성이란 맥락에서 고찰한다. 공정무역은 선진국과 개도국 간 파트너 관계를 강조한 공정성의 원리에 기초하여, 개도국의 지속가능한 발전을 지향하는 사회운동이었다. 하지만, 공정무역은 개도국의 가난을 극복할 수 있는 바람직한 실천이 아님이 밝혀지고 있다. 본 연구는 공정무역이 공정한 거래가 되지 못하는 이유를 선진국이 주도하는 원조성 프로그램의 일환으로 추진되었기 때문임을 밝히면서, 개도국의 생산자가 중심이 되는 공정무역의 실천을 제시한다. 이를 위해 개도국의 로컬은 개발에 대한 인식적 전환, 시장의 가치에 대한 재발견, 자유로서의 발전, 로컬의 개별성을 고려한 발전 방향을 포스트개발의 맥락에서 고려할 필요가 있다.