• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-86
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• 2008

Buddhism and Buddhist art originated in India, but when they were introduced to different countries, they created an international environment. Buddhism was introduced as cultural package, with written texts, visual images, rituals, and the organization of monasteries. Buddhist art originated in India during the reign of King Asoka and then was developed under the political, intellectual, artistic, religious, social and natural environments of the regions. The stupa and the chaitya halls create monastic environment. The natural environment of the trade routes and caravans in the Central Asian deserts preserved brilliant-colored murals and helped spread tram India to China. When Buddhism and Buddhist art were introduced to China, Korea, and Japan, Buddhism became a part of government institution and social organization. Gigantic statues were carved in caves in mountains for political purposes. The Chinese transformed the stupa into a square pillar and created pagodas with tiled roofs in tower forms. Koreans not only transmitted the Buddhist art from China to Japan, but it also changed it with originality in the iconography of the pensive bodhisattva images and in the architecture of Seoggulam. The official ideology of Neo Confucian philosophy brought the rise of Chan Buddhism. Zen monasteries in Japan created unique environments by establishing the Zen Buddhist garden. to prompt believers to meditate. An important development in Buddhist art is the Esoteric Buddhist art in China and Tibet. This category belongs to the intellectual, religious as well as artistic environments. The Tibetan deities with consorts in their embrace symbolize the union of the god and the devotees. Buddhist art created a unique environment that was spread out to many nations and changed greatly over time.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2007

This study aims to investigate, review, and summarize the definition, development, and applications of "percent agent in pipe", "percent of agent in pipe" which is used as a key factor in testing and evaluating the performance of gaseous fire extinguishing agents, including Halon 1301 and $CO_2$. This study also analyzes and compares the local and international standards on testing and evaluating the performance of gaseous fire extinguishing systems, as well as the results of system performance tests conducted as a part of performance evaluation and approval programs for gaseous fire extinguishing systems, especially, Korean Gaseous Fire Extinguishing System Performance Approval Program called KFI Approval. Percent agent in pipe was defined first in NFPA 12A, Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems, dating back to the 1970's. After the phaseout of Halon 1301 systems in 1994 in the developed countries, the percent agent in pipe has been widely used in Halon 1301 alternative clean agent fire extinguishing systems, both halocarbon clean agent systems and inert gas clean agent systems, as an essential criterion to assure the system design accuracy, determine the limitations and performance of a system, and to predict the system performance results accurately, especially, in association with their system flow calculations. Underwriters Laboratories has their own standards such as UL 2127 and 2166 applying percent agent in pipe in testing and evaluating the performance of clean agent fire extinguishing systems. As a part of a system performance test and approval program called KFI Approval System, Korea also has started to apply the percent agent in pipe as a key factor to test, evaluate, and approve the performance of gaseous fire extinguishing systems, including both high and low pressure $CO_2$ systems, from the early 2000's. This study outlines and summarizes the relevant UL and KFI standards and also describes the actual test resultant data, including the maximum percents of agent in pipe for gaseous fire extinguishing systems. As evidenced in lots of tests conducted as a part of the system performance test and approval programs like KFI Approval System, it has been proven that the percent agent in pipe may work as a key factor in testing, evaluating, and determining the limitations and performance of gaseous fire extinguishing systems, especially compared with the hydraulic flow calculations of computer design programs of gaseous fire extinguishing systems, and will remain as such in the future. As one thing to note, however, there are some difficulties in using the unified percent agent in pipe to determine the maximum lengths of pipe networks for gaseous fire extinguishing systems, because the varying definitions used by some of the flow calculations (not in accordance with NFPA 12A definition) make it impossible to do any direct comparison of pipe lengths based on percent agent in pipe.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.435-447
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• 2013

This study aims to propose basic data for improvements that can actively respond to climate change in the Green Building Certifications that came into effect in March 2013, including the analysis of evaluation criteria and applications. In response to climate change, Green Building Certifications in developed countries such as BREEAM(UK), LEED(USA), DGNB(Germany), and CASBEE(Japan), have been extended to the neighborhood unit or city levels, i.e., BREEAM Communities, LEED Neighborhood Development, DGNB Stadtquartiere, CASBEE Urban Development. On the other hand, for the Green Building Certifications in Korea, some criteria such as indoor environment and energy have been given more emphasis than others such as external environment(land use, traffic, ecological environment). In addition, results from the analysis of the evaluation scores on the external environment of 79 housing complexes show that the score on the indoor environment and energy determines the evaluation grade, whereas the score on the external environment is less weighted and has less impact. Therefore, the new evaluation system for the Green Building Certifications responding to climate change should be extended from building level to urban district levels.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.65-73
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• 2013

Even though the construction management (CM) system was introduced for the purpose of increasing the efficiency of the domestic construction industry along with the establishment of construction industry fundamental laws in December of 1996, now it is very difficult that the public institutions can judge their application of construction management methods due to the lack of clear guidelines or directions to select construction management methods when the public institutions were executing public construction projects. Therefore, this study was executed to prepare for the selection criteria which could be referred in reviewing the application of construction management ordering methods according to public institution's competences and project characteristics. It is expected that future domestic demand of construction management will be gradually increasing both in public and private construction sectors. However under the current construction management systems, it is judged to be difficult that the construction projects that apply the construction management methods will be activated with full-scale. Therefore, it could be said that active efforts in domestic sectors are required in order that the construction management systems of developed countries levels could be activated. Additionally in order to vitalize the construction management systems, it is expected that public institutions could use this study results as the review data for feasibility of construction projects for the consignment of construction management in selecting the ordering methods.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.411-425
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• 2015

Development education started in some of developed countries of Europe since 1960s. Japan was interested in the development education with realizing the impotance of quality of life in the late of 1970s after high economical growth in 1960s. Just like Eroupe, development education in Japan was done to citizen by development NGOs. But under close cooperation with JICA and MOE, development education was gradually absorbed in formal education. Development education in Japan is done through interdisciplinary studies and the subjects. Geography national curriculum and textbooks in Japan show that the subject aimed to nurture Japanese in the world in the period from the late of 1960s to the late of 1970s. Thus the period can be named the sprouting time of education of development. But with entering the late of 1980s, geography national curriculum started to focus on fostering global citizenship to students. The turn in the educational aims can be counted as practical start of education of development. And education of development through geography was extended the most in the late of 1990s. But in the recent revised geography national curriculum, emphasis on education of development is reduced a little. It can be told that education of development in Japan arrives at the level of the full growth.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.144-154
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• 2018

While the local construction market has lost its steam in recent years, it is discussed that the overseas construction projects should be activated by using the Official Development Assistance (ODA) in terms of finding a new way. This study empirically identifies the relationship between ODA and the foreign construction orders, and discovers the effectiveness of orders for overseas construction projects using the ODA. Therefore, based on the past 25 years of time-series data on Asia, the VECM model was used to identify the relationship between the Asia country's ODA and construction orders. As a result, it has shown a lower-than-expected correlation between the value of ODA and the construction orders. There are several reasons for this; This is because profit-purpose construction projects and ODA for public welfare are fundamentally different, and the timing of ODA applications and overseas construction orders are different. Also, compared to other developed countries, Korea has far less experience and scale of ODA. At last, there are huge differences in the size of ODA and construction orders. In conclusion, although the effectiveness of overseas construction orders based on ODA was not clearly disclosed, the significance of this study is that it attempted to conduct a empirical study on the relationship between ODA and overseas construction orders. Further relationships are expected to be drawn through the accumulation of future ODA experience and the supplementation of time series data, which can provide on a theoretical and practical basis.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.376-399
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• 2008

Science and technology (S&T) is one of the most important elements in a nation's competitiveness. In an effort to strengthen their national competitiveness, all countries are focusing on upgrading the level of eir S&T. With these factors in mind, Korea has increased its support of national research and development (R&D). In recent years, this added support has resulted in an increased interest in the effectiveness of R&D. We have made continuous efforts to enhance the accountability and effectiveness of R&D by strengthening performance evaluation and considering R&D evaluation results during the budget review (appropriation) process. In order to change to a performance based system, we need to develop objective and scientific indicators to measure and evaluate the quality of the research performance of R&D programs. One of the primary research outcomes is publications. The impact factor of publications is widely used to evaluate overall journal quality and the quality of the papers published therein. However, the use of impact factors has been criticised because they can vary greatly when works from different subject areas are compared. In order to overcome this limitation, we have developed three kinds of qualitative indicators, which are functions of the impact factor. Two of these qualitative indicators, Modified Rank Normalized Impact Factor and Ordinal Rank Normalized Impact Factor, are based on order statistics (rank) for all journals from a specific specialty. The third qualitative indicator, Relative Field Impact Factor, uses the average impact factor of all journals within a subject category. We also suggest a quantitative indicator, Percentage of Contribution. In this study, we suggest 4 indicators and use them to evaluate the performance of outcomes from three R&D programs supported by the Ministry of Education, Science & Technology. We also perform a simulation study to verify the effectiveness of the proposed indicators. It can be shown that the proposed Ordinal Rank Normalized Impact Factor is the most reliable and effective indicator for comparing research performance across subject categories. However, we recommend using previous indicators in combination with the proposed indicators in this study for the research evaluation of R&D programs.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2013

Recently, it is certain that the increase of heating and cooling energy consumption by radical change in climate condition has caused serious problems related to environmental and energy concerns associated with increase of fossil fuel usage and carbon dioxide production as well as global warming. So, various actions to reduce greenhouse gas exhaustion and energy consumption have been prepared by world developed countries. Our government has also been trying to seek energy control methods for houses and buildings by proclaiming political polices on low-carbon green growth and construction and performance standards for environment-friendly housing. The energy consumption by buildings approximately reaches 25% of total korea energy consumption, and the increasing rate of energy consumption by buildings is stiffer than the rate by the other industries. The greatest part in the buildings of the energy consumption is building facade. While lots of research projects for reducing energy consumption of the facade have been conducted, but a few research projects on concrete comprising more than 70% of outsider of buildings has been tried. This research presents here a study to improve the insulation property of structural concrete formed by micro form admixture (MFA) with experimentally reviewing the physical, mechanical and thermal characteristics of the concrete. As the results of this experiment, in the case of concrete mixed with MFA, slump loss has been improved. As the mixing ratio of MFA increases, the compressive strength is decreased and thermal conductivity is increased. Also it was found that water-cement ratio increases, the compressive strength is decreased and thermal conductivity is increased. but, there was not big influence by the change of fine aggregate ratio.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.45-49
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• 2016

It may be summarized to four kinds of innovation through global convergence, and the convergence of adjacent areas according to mega-trends in medical services market and actively introduced ICT technologies, public and private partnership. Health care is no longer a local industry, it is becoming Global Convergence. In the case of developed countries, it is increased to income levels, the development of new medical technologies, while the increase in specialized medical services and need of aging population. It increases migration of foreign medical personnel, geographical proximity and choice of the best medical technology, regardless of the cost. The increasing demand for high quality yet relatively low foreign prices of medical services. Hospitals are especially spread of international certification such as the US JCI standards. Hospital exports are being evaluated and opened the way for the export industrialization as ICT convergence hospital that can be exported to the fusion-related technologies more efficiently. Current local hospital has already reached saturation, globalization of Korean hospital is being the time necessary. Thus, unlike a strategy for each country, as well as technology transfer it is also possible, such as total exports provided the building, medical equipment procurement, local medical personnel (doctors and nurses) selection and training, PR and marketing. In the current medical law and need to be revised prospectively maintained for publicity and abroad, there is a need for further legal dragons and actively support a more flexible policy on the application of national law overseas medical services.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.567-572
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Anti-Thrombotic Activities and Cardiovascular Improvement of Fermented Garlic Extracts. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is increasing rapidly in developed countries, with CVDs now representing the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Natural products and ethnomedicines have been shown to reduce the risk of CVDs. Garlic is a medicinal plant used throughout the world for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiplatelet activities. We hypothesized that fermented preparations of these products may possess stronger antiplatelet effects than the non-fermented forms owing to the increased bioavailability of the bioactive compounds produced during fermentation. Therefore, we compared these compounds via in vitro and ex vivo platelet aggregation assays by using standard light transmission aggregometry and ex vivo granule secretions from rat platelets. We found that fermented preparations exerted more potent and significant inhibition of platelet aggregation both in vitro and ex vivo. Likewise, ATP release from dense granules of platelets was also significantly inhibited in fermented preparation-treated rat platelets compared to that in non-fermented preparation-treated ones. We concluded that fermented preparations exerted more potent effects on platelet function both in vitro and ex vivo, possibly as a result of the increased bioavailability of active compounds produced during fermentation. We therefore suggest that fermented products may be potent therapeutics against platelet-related CVDs and can be used as antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents.