• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.75-92
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• 2015

Generally, the outcomes of the historical study in some domain would be a most fundamental and basic reference for understanding the essential and core component of them. Specially in case of social science, the importance of historical research much more emphasized that would be divided into independent academic field. In Korean history including fisheries business and industry, the most remarkable historic event would be the period of Japanese colonial rule that one of the most obstacle should overcome. Though the fisheries business and industry of Korea have considerable own history, the research and study of that not so much have been performed or investigated including the period of Japanese colonial rule. Most of the existing research of fisheries history have merely focused on partial topics like 'Fishermen's Association', 'Fisheries Industry Despoliation'. And the historical study of fisheries business and industry's overall status and trend in local area except Pusan also not enough. The aims of this study are exploring the fisheries trends and status during the period of Japanese colonial rule in Tongyeong and finding out the overall major fisheries business issues that would be a better understanding the Korean fisheries industry. Achieving that Objectives, over 800 articles of media, the Japanese government-general of Korea, and other historical data were gathered, refined and analyzed. This paper focused on of major fisheries topics and issues that including overall fisheries status, trends, fisheries catches, local fisheries cooperatives and fisheries exhibition during the period of Japanese colonial rule in Tongyeong. The result of this study shows that the status of fisheries in Korea had been deteriorated for exploitation of Japanese imperialism and Japanese fisheries capitalist during that period. Though the level of Tongyeong in fisheries was very high in terms of catches ratio and population of fisherman, the distribution networks of fishermen's association was not good enough. And the Tongyeong fisheries exhibition in 1922 has positive aspects for considering both composition of organization and educational activity. Even though the results and findings would be a helpful guidelines for understanding the fisheries business trends and status under the rule of Japanese imperialism, more research and study of that should be accomplished.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.111-117
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to establish trail use impact indicators, and evaluate the degree of use impact based on the understanding of the causality among the impacts on the spot. Theoretical reviews developed three indicators in terms of three ecological impacts, four physical impacts, and five sociological impacts, respectively. With this indicators, observation and questionnaire survey were employed on Gwanak Mountain Trail to measure the levels of impacts forementioned. As for the ecological impact, Some loss of ground cover vegetation was reveled near the trail due to trail use, however the level of disturbance by the naturalized and exotic plants was insignificant. Physical impacts such as soil hardness, enlargement of trail width were found intensified. The result of measuring sociological impacts showed visitors had expected higher level of crowding and encounters before their visit, therefore overall satisfaction level was positive, despite higher awareness level of actual crowding. Intensified continuing use of the trail is aggravating ecological and physical impacts on Gwanak Mountain trail, because of its location in a metropolitan area. Sociological impacts seem favorable at present, however if ecological and physical impacts were deteriorated, sociological impacts would also be affected. To maintain the quality level of use experience, managerial efforts to improve climbing culture as well as ecological and physical environment such as restoration of damaged areas are needed.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.27-41
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• 2017

This study dealt with the characteristics and the interrelations of hydrogeological parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, dispersivity and effective porosity of unconsolidated sediments for providing the basic data necessary for the planning of the management and preservation of groundwater quality in the Nakdong River Delta of Busan City, Korea. Groundwater quality in this area has been deteriorated due to seawater intrusion, agricultural fertilizer and pesticide, industrial wastewater, and contaminated river water. The physical properties (grain size distribution, sediment type, sorting) and aquifer parameters (hydraulic conductivity, effective porosity, longitudinal dispersivity) were determined from grain size analysis, laboratory permeability test and column tracer test. Among 36 samples, there were 18 Sand (S), 7 Gravelly Sand (gS), 5 Silty Sand (zS), 5 Muddy Sand (mS), and 1 Sandy Silt (sZ). Hydraulic conductivity was determined through a falling head test, and ranged from $9.2{\times}10^{-5}$ to $2.9{\times}10^{-2}cm/sec$ (0.08 to 25.6 m/day). From breakthrough curves, dispersivity was calculated to be 0.35~3.92 cm. Also, effective porosity and average linear velocity were obtained through the column tracer test, and their values were 0.04~0.46 and 1.06E-04~6.49E-02 cm/sec, respectively. Statistical methods were used to understand the interrelations among aquifer parameters of hydraulic conductivity, effective porosity and dispersivity. The relation between dispersivity and hydraulic conductivity or effective porosity considered the sample length, because dispersivity was affected by experimental scale. The relations between dispersivity and hydraulic conductivity or effective porosity were all in inverse proportion for all long and short samples. The reason was because dispersivity was in inverse proportion to the groundwater velocity in case of steady hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient, and groundwater velocity was in proportion to the hydraulic conductivity or effective porosity. This study also elucidated that longitudinal dispersivity was dependent on the scale of column tracer test, and all hydrogeological parameters were low to high values due to the sand quantity of sediments. It is expected that the hydrogeological parameter data of sediments will be very useful for the planning of groundwater management and preservation in the Nakdong River Delta of Busan City, Korea.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2002

This paper describes the performance evaluation and analysis of an Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system having the least Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) in a multi-path fading channel environment. Wireless Local Area Network (W-LAN) in accordance with IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11b provides high-speed transmission to universities, businesses and other various places. In addition, service providers can offer a public W-LAN service on restricted areas such as a subway. The proliferation of W-LAN has led to greater W-LAN service demands, but problems are also on the rise in offering a good W-LAN service. In particular, urban areas with high radio wave interference and many buildings are vulnerable to deteriorated QoS including disconnected data and errors. For example, when high-speed data is transmitted in such areas, the relatively high frequency generates ISI between Access Points (AP) and Mobile Terminals (such as a notebook computer), leading to a frequency selective fading channel environment. Consequently, it is difficult to expect a goodW-LAN service. The simulation proves that the OFDM system enables W-LAN to implement QoS in high-speed data transmission in a multi-path fading channel environment. The enhanced OFDM performance with 52 sub-carriers is verified via data modulation methods such as BPSK, QPSK and 16QAM based on IEEE 802.11a and punched convolutional codes with code rate of 1/2 and 3/4 and constraint length of 7. Especially, the simulation finds that the OFDM system has better performance and there is no data disconnection even in a mobile environment by applying a single tap equalizer and a decision feedback equalizer to a mobile channel environment with heavy fading influence. Given the above result, the OFDM system is an ideal solution to guarantee QoS of the W-LAN service in a high-speed mobile environment.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.211-225
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• 2018

The Stupa of the State Preceptor Jigwang from the Beopcheonsaji temple site in Wonju (National Treasure No. 101) was built in the Goryeo Period (around the 11th century), with very excellent style and techniques. It was returned to the Korea after being taken to Osaka of Japan without notice in 1912, and was severely damaged during the Korean War. Subsequently, the Stupa was restored using restoration materials like mortar, and relocated to the National Palace Museum of Korea. Surface contaminants in the Stupa primarily existed around the restoration materials. Black discoloration, which indicates a high discoloration grade, signified a high possession rate in the north and inner regions of the Stupa, which may be related to the relative moisture maintenance time. Most surface contaminants were calcite and gypsum; the black discoloration area underwent secondary discoloration due to air pollution. Moreover, the stone properties exhibited a relatively low discoloration grade, exhibiting crystallized contaminants that partly covered the rock-forming minerals. Overall, the Stupa deteriorated due to discoloration and being covered by lime materials, which were dissolved as the mortar degraded. Hence, it required contaminants removal, surface cleaning and desalination during conservation treatment, in order to control the rate of physicochemical deterioration by contaminants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1777-1787
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to select an effective and economical alkali source for sulfur-utilizing autotrophic denitrification. Tests on acid neutralization and denitrification at various alkali/sulfur mixing ratios were performed for charcoal, briquette ashes, sea shell, and limestone. The results of the experiments showed that sea shell was the most effective alkali source because it could provide more surface area than limestone, and the optimal alkali/sulfur mixing ratio was 1/1(V/V). In a sulfur/sea shell packed bed reactor, the denitrification efficiency was above 90% up to a loading rate of 116 g $NO_3{^-}-N/m^3-day$. but the denitrification efficiency deteriorated to 48% at the loading rate of 145 g $NO_3{^-}-N/m^3-day$. The average $SO_4{^{2-}}$ generation per g of $NO_3{^-}-N$ removed was 7.02 g, which is lower than the theoretical value of 7.54 g. Denitrification and sulfate generation appeared to be a first-order and a zero-order reaction with a reaction rate constant of 0.146 /hr and -53.1 mg/L-hr, respectively. According to nitrogen mass balance, 71~109%, with an average of 90%, of the removed nitrogen was recovered as $N_2$ gas.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 1994

For a few people's leisure, the natural environment have being deteriorated ceaseless. The plan of the Chungchongpuk Province and the Yungdong District in Chungchongpuk-do which drive foreword the sport and leasure complex designed to construct ski slopes, golf course, and resort hotel in 6,000,000 $m^2$ of natural ecosystem around the Mulhan Valley at Mulhan-ri Sangchon-myon Yungdong-kun Chung-chcngbuk-do by Dongsin Leisure have concerned decrease on biological diversity serious. This study carried out by census Amphibia and Reptilia fauna in the Mulhan Valley to expect the impact of animal diversity by construction of leasure complex and to call attention to understand that impact. 8 species in 5 Families of 2 Orders in Amphibia and 5 species in 2 Families of 1 Order in Reptilia were observed in the Mulhan Valley during June 24, 1994 to June 25, 1994 which showed to be similar to the Natural Park in Korea. 4 of 8 species in Amphibia(Hynobius leechii, Onychodactylus fischeri, Bufo bufo gargarizans, and Rana dybowskii) and 3 of 5 species in Reptilia(Eluphe rufodorsata, Dinodon rufodonatum rufodonatum, and Agkistrodon saxatilus) were revealed the Special Wild Animal recorded by the Ministry of Environment in 1993. Therefore, the Minjujisan seems to have highly reason to conservation by these animal diversity. Around the Minjujisan province was significant connecting the Taebaek Mountains and the Sobaek Mountains on biogeographically with Dokyusan National Park. The plan of Leasure complex in the Mulhan Valley should be cancel in consideration of destruction around the Dokyusan National Park severely by the Muju Resort, Ski slopes, etc. The Minjujisan must be conserve to the Zone of Natural Environment on Amphibia and Reptilia diversity and animal migration route.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.11-11
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• 2010

Thin-film-transistors (TFTs) that can be deposited at low temperature have recently attracted lots of applications such as sensors, solar cell and displays, because of the great flexible electronics and transparent. Transparent and flexible transistors are being required that high mobility and large-area uniformity at low temperature [1]. But, unfortunately most of TFT structures are used to be $SiO_2$ as gate dielectric layer. The $SiO_2$ has disadvantaged that it is required to high driving voltage to achieve the same operating efficiency compared with other high-k materials and its thickness is thicker than high-k materials [2]. To solve this problem, we find lots of high-k materials as $HfO_2$, $ZrO_2$, $SiN_x$, $TiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$. Among the High-k materials, $Al_2O_3$ is one of the outstanding materials due to its properties are high dielectric constant ( ~9 ), relatively low leakage current, wide bandgap ( 8.7 eV ) and good device stability. For the realization of flexible displays, all processes should be performed at very low temperatures, but low temperature $Al_2O_3$ grown by sputtering showed deteriorated electrical performance. Further decrease in growth temperature induces a high density of charge traps in the gate oxide/channel. This study investigated the effect of growth temperatures of ALD grown $Al_2O_3$ layers on the TFT device performance. The ALD deposition showed high conformal and defect-free dielectric layers at low temperature compared with other deposition equipments [2]. After ITO was wet-chemically etched with HCl : $HNO_3$ = 3:1, $Al_2O_3$ layer was deposited by ALD at various growth temperatures or lift-off process. Amorphous InGaZnO channel layers were deposited by rf magnetron sputtering at a working pressure of 3 mTorr and $O_2$/Ar (1/29 sccm). The electrodes were formed with electron-beam evaporated Ti (30 nm) and Au (70 nm) bilayer. The TFT devices were heat-treated in a furnace at $300^{\circ}C$ and nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour by rapid thermal treatment. The electrical properties of the oxide TFTs were measured using semiconductor parameter analyzer (4145B), and LCR meter.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2000

This research has been done to investigate influence of soil physical and chemical properties on forest environmental change by fired pine forest in Koseong, Kangwondo. The sample sites were divided by not-fired sites(NF), not-cutting site after fired(FNC), cutting and planting sites after fired(FCP) and cutting and not-planting sites after fired(FC). Soil texture of whole sites was sandy clay loam. Sand content of NF top soil were lower than those of sub soil and clay content were higher, while FNC, FCP and FC sand content of top soil were higher than those of sub soil. Total porosity didn't differ between the sites. Coarse porosity and permeability had the increasing order as NF> FNC> FCP> FC, but fine porosity and bulk density had the opposite trends. Because forest fire removed the vegetation and then soil erosion was accelerated, forest environmental changes by forest fire greatly degraded soil porosity and permeability which were indices for forest water retention, so that soil physical properties were deteriorated. Both top and sub soil pHs of NF and FNC were higher than those of FCP and FC. Organic matter content and total nitrogen content of top and sub soils were high in order as NF> FNC> FCP> FC. Cation exchange capacities and exchangeable cation(K+, Na+, $Ca^2$+, $Mg^2$+) content in top soils were higher than those in sub soils, and in order as NF> FNC> FCP> FC, to be compared by the sites. Those mean that forest fire result from the erosion of top soil layers.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.151-167
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• 2014

Urban space structure in South Korea when through drastic changes ever since public housing policies began their full-fledge implementation. That is, public housing policies represent the main cause for formation of the current urban space structure, as the public houses are constructed in accordance with changes of demographic/social structure, considering changes of housing demand, in urban spaces demanded by the end users. After rapid industrialization and urbanization in the 1960's, each government in different periods have implemented housing supply policies through massive urban developments, to resolve the issue of housing shortage and residential instability. Phase 1 New Towns were developed in the 1980's resulting in suburbanization of the Seoul Area, followed by urban sprawl due to construction of small-size New Towns after deregulation in the 1990's, and construction of Phase 2 New Towns for resolution of housing shortage in the early 2000's and the resulting urban problems. In the mid-2000's, construction of Bogeumjari houses in GB areas led to insufficient housing supply in downtown areas, and the period after 2010 witnessed continuous deterioration of existing urban areas and acceleration of the rental housing crisis caused by rental housing shortage in downtown areas. Moreover, the residentially vulnerable classes consisting of young, 1~2-member households is expanding, with the real estate market in recess. Therefore, the government is trying to achieve urban regeneration through public housing policies so as to resolve the urban space problem and the housing problem at the same time, and the Happiness Housing Project has been implemented as a policy to achieve that goal. The Happiness Housing Project for young, residentially vulnerable classes in downtown areas, is going through diversification aimed at conjunction with urban regeneration projects in downtown areas, as exemplified by conversion of rental houses in residential environment improvement project districts and redevelopment/reconstruction project districts into happiness housing, and supply of happiness housing in conjunction with small reorganization projects for deteriorated residential areas in such areas as those excluded from New Town designation. Continuous supply of Happiness Housing in conjunction with urban regeneration requires mixed-use residential development which includes convenience facilities and public facilities, along with improvement of rental conditions (rental period/rent) and diversification of project methods, considering that the project is implemented in downtown areas.