• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.198-209
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a Korean Adult Patients Delirium Screening Tool (K-APDS) for those admitted to general wards, and to verify its reliability and validity. Methods: For the development of the tool, 12 items were derived through the results of literature review and focus group interviews with general ward nurses, and the content validity was confirmed by experts. To verify the reliability and validity of the developed tool, 317 adult patients who were admitted to general wards of three tertiary general hospitals from October to November 2022 were evaluated by the attending nurse and data were collected. Results: After factor analysis for construct validity verification, two factors were extracted, which explained 60.1% of the total variance. After the validation of the control group, the difference in the delirium incidence scores calculated using the K-APDS between the delirium group and non-delirium group was very significant (Z=-10.82, p<.001). To verify the criterion validity, K-APDS, Delirium Observation Screening, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were checked and found to be .94 (p<.001). The predictive validity test reported that the sensitivity was 91.1%, specificity was 82.4%, positive predictive value was 52.6%, and negative predictive value was 97.8%. The reliability of K-APDS was found to be high with Cronbach's ⍺=.91. Conclusion: K-APDS can screen for delirium with 2 or more points, excellent validity and reliability have been verified. Therefore, this tool could be applied immediately in the clinical field, and will contribute to the early detection of delirium, enabling rapid interventions.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.509-518
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• 2019

Purpose: Lymph node metastasis is a very important prognostic factor for all skin cancers and some sarcomas. A sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is the most useful technique for identifying SLNs. Recently, a new generation of diagnostic tools, such as single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) and positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) enabled the detection of SLNs. This study compared the efficacy of PET/CT for detecting lymph node metastases with a SLN biopsy in a single medical center. Materials and Methods: From 2008 to 2018, 72 skin cancers of sarcoma patients diagnosed with some lymph node involvement in a whole body PET/CT reading were assessed. Patients suspected of lymph node metastasis were sent to biopsy and those suspected to be reactive lesions were observed. The analysis was performed retrospectively using the medical records, clinical information, PET/CT readings, and pathology results. Results: The age of patients ranged from 14 to 88 years and the mean follow-up period was 2.4 years. Twenty-two patients were suspected of a lymph node metastasis and confirmed. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of PET/CT images in sarcoma and non-sarcoma tumors were increased significantly when the expert's findings were considered together. Conclusion: PET/CT is effective in detecting lymph node metastases.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.38.2-39
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• 2021

I will presents the analysis of the gas properties of the protoplanetary disk surrounding the young low-mass (about 1.2M_sun) triple star, GG Tau A. This work makes use of ALMA observations of rotational lines of CO (¹²CO, ¹³CO and C¹⁸O) together NOEMA observations of a few dozens of other molecules. While the CO emission gives information on the molecular layer close to the disk atmosphere, its less abundant isotopologues ¹³CO and C¹⁸O bring information much deeper in the molecular layer. I will present the analysis of the morphology and kinematics of the gas disk using the CO isotopologues. A radiative transfer model of the ring in CO isotopologues will also be presented. The subtraction of this model from the original data reveals the weak emission of the molecular gas lying inside the cavity. Thus, I am able to evaluate the properties of the gas inside the cavity, such as the gas dynamics, excitation conditions, and the amount of mass in the cavity. High angular resolution observations of CO reveals sprials induced by embedded planet(s) located near the 3:2:1 mean-motion resonance that help to explain the special morphology of the circumbinary disk. I also discuss some chemical properties of the GG Tau A disk. I report the first detection of H2S and C₂S in a protoplanetary disk. The molecule abundance relative to ¹³CO of about twenties other molecules will also be given. In GG Tau A, the detections of rare molecules such as H₂S and C₂S have been probably possible because the disk is more massive (a factor about 3-5) than other disks where the molecules was searched. Such a large disk mass makes the system suitable to detect rare molecules and to study cold-chemistry in protoplanetary disks.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate and establish of emission test method for liquid phase building materials such as paint, adhesive, sealant by emission cell. A small-scale emission chamber and emission cell were used to evaluate emission of TVOC from paint, adhesive, sealant. The quantity of TVOC emission were measured by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Background concentration of TVOC was below $10{\mu}g/m^3$ in the emission chamber and cell. Air tightness and recovery in chamber and cell showed good results. The recovery of thermal desorber for toluene and n-dodecane were about 120%. The repeatability of response factor and retention time in GC/MS below 30%. The method detection limit of VOCs ranged 0.04~8.82 ng. The concentration of TVOC emission using emission cell was 1.35~1.41 times higher than emission chamber. The correlation of TVOC emission using chamber and cell method was significantly high (r=0.91~0.97).

• Exercise Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.289-298
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• 2012

In the present study, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise on apoptotic neuronal cell death in the retinas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. The animals were divided into four groups(n = 7 in each group):(1) control group, (2) exercise group, (3) diabetes-induced group, (4) diabetes-induced and exercise group. Diabetes mellitus(DM) was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on the treadmill for 30 minutes once a day, five times per a week, during 12 weeks. In this study, a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) assay and western blot for the expressions of caspase-3, cytochrome c, Bax, and Bcl-2 in the retinas were conducted for the detection of apoptotic retinal cell death. The present results showed that the number of TUNEL-positive cells was increased in the retinas of the diabetic rats, whereas treadmill exercise suppressed this number. The expressions of pro-apoptotic factors caspase-3, cytochrome c, and Bax were enhanced and the expressions of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 was decreased in the retinas of the diabetic rats. In contrast, treadmill exercise suppressed the expressions of caspase-3, cytochrome c, and Bax and increased the expression of Bcl-2. The present study demonstrated that treadmill exercise suppressed diabetes-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death in the retinas. Based on the present results, treadmill exercise may be effective therapeutic strategy for the alleviating complications of diabetes patients.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.58-68
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• 2019

Objective: To compare digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and conventional full-field digital mammography (FFDM) in the detectability of breast cancers in patients with dense breast tissue, and to determine the influencing factors in the detection of breast cancers using the two techniques. Materials and Methods: Three blinded radiologists independently graded cancer detectability of 300 breast cancers (288 women with dense breasts) on DBT and conventional FFDM images, retrospectively. Hormone status, histologic grade, T stage, and breast cancer subtype were recorded to identify factors affecting cancer detectability. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare cancer detectability by DBT and conventional FFDM. Fisher's exact tests were used to determine differences in cancer characteristics between detectability groups. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to determine whether the detectability score differed according to cancer characteristics. Results: Forty breast cancers (13.3%) were detectable only with DBT; 191 (63.7%) breast cancers were detected with both FFDM and DBT, and 69 (23%) were not detected with either. Cancer detectability scores were significantly higher for DBT than for conventional FFDM (median score, 6; range, 0-6; p < 0.001). The DBT-only cancer group had more invasive lobular-type breast cancers (22.5%) than the other two groups (i.e., cancer detected on both types of image [both-detected group], 5.2%; cancer not detected on either type of image [both-non-detected group], 7.3%), and less detectability of ductal carcinoma in situ (5% vs. 16.8% [both-detected group] vs. 27.5% [both-non-detected group]). Low-grade cancers were more often detected in the DBT-only group than in the both-detected group (22.5% vs. 10%, p = 0.026). Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2)-negative cancers were more often detected in the DBT-only group than in the both-detected group (92.3% vs. 70.5%, p = 0.004). Cancers surrounded by mostly glandular tissue were detected less often in the DBT only group than in the both-non-detected group (10% vs. 31.9%, p = 0.016). DBT cancer detectability scores were significantly associated with cancer type (p = 0.012), histologic grade (p = 0.013), T and N stage (p = 0.001, p = 0.024), proportion of glandular tissue surrounding lesions (p = 0.013), and lesion type (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Invasive lobular, low-grade, or HER-2-negative cancer is more detectable with DBT than with conventional FFDM in patients with dense breasts, but cancers surrounded by mostly glandular tissue might be missed with both techniques.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.233-245
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• 2024

In a field study, we investigated the consequences associated with the irrigation of red pepper with water contaminated by three types of veterinary antibiotics (amoxicillin, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline) on the soil residue, the absorption-translocation, and crop yields. As a result of evaluating the residue of veterinary antibiotics in pepper cultivation soil treated with veterinary antibiotics a total of 7 times from June 7 to August 26, 2023, the three antibiotics were not detected at the background level, but in the group treated with 10-fold and 50-fold of the background level was detected at a level of 2-10 ㎍/kg. For the leaf (stem) and fruit of red pepper, all three types of veterinary antibiotics were found to be below the detection limit at all treatments. However, trace levels were detected in red pepper roots. If veterinary antibiotics are unintentionally introduced into agricultural soil in the short term, the soil environment and crop safety will not be a problem. However, long-term introduction of veterinary antibiotics in agricultural soil may have negative effects by affecting soil microbial diversity and antibiotic resistance problems, so continuous monitoring and risk assessment are deemed necessary.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.9
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• pp.977-982
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• 2006

Purpose : There has been an increasing amount of literature concerning the association between Mycoplasma pneumoniae and asthma pathogenesis. Interleukin(IL)-6 stimulates the differentiation of monocytes, and can promote Th2 differentiation and simultaneously inhibit Th1 polarization. IL-8 is a potent chemoattractant and, it has been suggested, has a role in asthma pathogenesis. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by airway epithelium may be important in the regulation of airway inflammation and reactivity. Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) has been reported to be a mediator of airway remodeling in asthma. We investigated the effects of M. pneumoniae on IL-6, IL-8, NO and VEGF production in human respiratory epithelial cells. Methods : A549 cells were cultured and inoculated with M. pneumoniae at a dose of 20 cfu/cell. After infection, the presence of M. pneumoniae in epithelial cell cultures was monitored by immunofluorescence and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) detection. IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. NO was measured using the standard Griess reaction. Results : In A549 cells, M. pneumoniaeinduced IL-6, IL-8, NO and VEGF release in time-dependent manners. It also induced mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF in similar manners. Conclusion : These observations suggest that M. pneumoniae might have a role in the pathogenesis of the allergic inflammation of bronchial asthma.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2012

This study was carried out to elucidate the residual characteristics and calculate processing factors of difenoconazole in ginseng and its processed products, such as dried ginseng, red ginseng and their water and alcohol extracts. The pesticide was sprayed onto the ginseng according to its pre-harvest intervals in 2009 (four-year-old ginseng) and 2010 (five-year-old ginseng). Harvested ginseng was processed to dried ginseng, red ginseng and their extracts according to the commercially well-qualified conventional methods provided by the Korea Ginseng Corporation. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of difenoconazole in fresh ginseng were 0.001 and 0.003 mg/kg, respectively. In case of processed ginseng products, their levels were 0.002 and 0.007 mg/kg, respectively. Concentration of difenoconazole in both fresh ginseng and its processed products increased with the experimental period. Processing factors, calculated as a ratio of difenoconazole concentration in processed products to fresh ginseng were found to be 1.71 to 2.17 and 1.62 to 2.03 in case of dried and red ginseng, respectively, while those for their extracts ranged from 1.76 to 2.98. In case of five-year-old dried ginseng and red ginseng as well as their extracts, the ranges of processing factor of difenoconazole were found to be 2.9 to 3.1, 1.9 to 2.2 and 2.4 to 4.7, respectively.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 1997

Purpose : Radiation therapy in combination with surgery has an important role in the therapy of the head and neck cancer We conducted a prospective study for patients with head and neck cancer treated with surgery and radiation to evaluate the effect of therapies on the thyroid gland, and to identify the factors that might influence the development of hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods : From September 1986 through December 1994, 71 patients with head and cancer treated with surgery and radiation were included in this prospective study. Patients' age ranged from 32 to 73 years with a median age of 58 years. There were 12 women and 59 men. The primary tumor sites were larynx in 34 patients, hypopharynx in 13 patients, oral cavity in 12 patients, unknown primary of the neck in 6 patients, salivary gland in 3 patients, maxillary sinus in 2 patients, and oropharynx in 1 patient. Total laryngectomy with neck dissection was carried out in 45 patients and neck dissection alone in 26 patients. All patients were serially monitored for thyroid function (T3, T4, free T4, TSH, antithyroglobulin antibody and antimicrosomal antibody) before and after radiation therapy. Radiation dose to the thyroid gland ranged from 40.6Gy to 60Gy with a median dose of 50Gy The follow-up duration was 3 to 80 months. Results :The overall incidence of hypothyroidism was 56.3\%$);7 out of 71 patients $(9.9\%)$ developed clinical hypothyroidism and 33 patients $(46.4\%)$ developed subclinical hypothyroidism. No thyroid nodules, thyroid cancers, or hyperthyroidism was detected. Hypothyroidism developed earlier in patients who underwent total laryngectomy with neck dissection than in patients with neck dissection alone (P<0.05). The risk factor that significantly influenced the incidence of hypothyroidism was a combination of surgery (total laryngectomy with neck dissection) and radiation therapy (P=0.0000), Four of 26 patients $(15.4\%)$ with neck dissection alone developed hypothyroidism while 36 of 45 patients $(80\%)$ with laryngectomy and neck dissection developed hypothyroidism. Conclusion : The hypothyroidism following surgery and radiation therapy was a relatively common complication. The factor that significantly influenced theincidence of hypothyroidism was combination of surgery and radiation therapy. Evaluation of thyroid function before and after radiation therapy with periodic thyroid function tests is recommended for an early detection of hypothyroidism and thyroid hormone replacement therapy is recommended whenever hypothyroidism develops.