• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.695-702
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• 2008

Background: The choice between a bioprosthetic and a mechanical valve is an important decision in cardiac valve surgery, and the durability of the tissue valve is a major decision factor. We retrospectively evaluated the midterm results of bioprosthetic valve replacement in the mitral position. Material and Method: The subjects were all patients who had undergone mitral bioprosthesis replacement between July 1989 and August 200.7. Among the 216 patients, there were 236 surgical cases. The mean age was $63{\pm}15$ years, and the male to female ratio was 1 : 3. We retrospectively analyzed hospital and outpatient records such that the total follow-up duration amounted to 760.2 patient-years, and the mean follow-up duration was $41.9{\pm}40.7$ months (range $0{\sim}212$ months). Result: Early death occurred in 18 patients (8.3%), and 13 of these underwent concomitant cardiac procedures. The survival rate after 5 years was $79.9{\pm}3.5%$, and the survival rate after 8 years was $65.5{\pm}5.5%$, while freedom from structural valve deterioration (SVD) was $96.2{\pm}2.2%$ at 5 years and $85.9{\pm}5.3%$ at 8 years. Freedom from reoperation was $90.6{\pm}1.7%$ at 5 years and $90.4{\pm}4.2%$ at 8 years, while freedom from reoperation for SVD was $98.1{\pm}1.2%$ at 5 years and $92.3{\pm}4.1%$ at 8 years. On multivariate analysis of preoperative risk factors, small valve size (between 25mm and 27mm) was a significant risk factor for reoperation, and low LV ejection fraction (<40%) was a significant risk factor for SVD and mortality. Conclusion: Survival and freedom from reoperation for SVD in mitral bioprosthesis replacement had acceptable midterm results, but freedom from SVD Was relatively low. In particular, since SVD increased sharply at the eighth postoperative year, frequent follow-up and echocardiograms around that time will be helpful for the early detection of SVD. It will be necessary to conduct further studies involving long-term follow-up and more patients.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 2007

Purpose: Clinically, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs within 72 hours after acute exposure of risk factors. Because of its high fatality rate once ARDS progresses, early detection and management are essential to reduce the mortality rate. Accordingly, studies on early changes of ARDS were started, and serum ferritin, as well the as injury severity score (ISS), which has been addressed in previous studies, thought to be an early predictive indicator for ARDSMethods: From March 2003 to March 2005, we investigated 50 trauma patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit in Dongguk University Medical Center, Gyeongju. The patients were characterized according to age, sex, ISS, onset of ARDS, time onset of ARDS, serum ferritin level (posttraumatic $1^{st}\;&\;2^{nd}$ day), amount of transfused blood, and death. Abdominal computed topography was performed as an early diagnostic tool to evaluate the onset of ARDS according to its diagnostic criteria. The serum ferritin was measured by using a $VIDAS^{(R)}$ Ferritin (bioMeriux, Marcy-1' Etoile, France) kit with an enzyme-linked fluorescent assay method. For statistical analysis, Windows SPSS 13.0 and MedCalc were used to confirm the probability of obtaining a predictive measure from the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. Results: The ISS varied from 14 to 66 (mean: 33.8) whereas the onset of ARDS could be predicted with the score above 30 (sensitivity: 90.0%, specificity: 60.0%, p<0.05). On the posttraumatic $1^{st}$ day, the serum ferritin levels were measured to be from 31 mg/dL to 1,200 mg/dL (mean: 456 mg/dL), and the onset of ARDS could be predicted when the value was over 340 mg/dL (sensitivity: 80.0%, specificity: 65.0%, p<0.05). On the posttraumatic $2^{nd}$ day, the serum ferritin levels were measured to be from 73 mg/dL to 1,200 mg/dL (mean: 404 mg/dL), and the onset of ARDS could be predicted when the value was over 627 mg/dL (sensitivity: 60.0%, specificity: 92.5%, p<0.05). The serum ferritin levels and the ISS were significantly higher on the posttraumatic $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ day in the ARDS group, suggesting that they are suitable indices predicting the onset of ARDS, however relationship between the serum ferritin levels and the ISS was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In this study, we discovered increasing serum ferritin levels in multiple- trauma patients on the posttraumatic $1^{st}$ & $2^{nd}$ day and concluded that both the serum ferritin level and the ISS were good predictors of ARDS. Although they do not show statistically significant relationship to each other, they can be used as independent predictive measures for ARDS. Since ARDS causes high mortality, further studies, including the types of surgery and the methods of anesthesia on a large number of patients are essential to predict the chance of ARDS earlier and to reduce the incidence of death.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

Purpose: There has been increased the number of early gastric cancer and laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy (LAG), due to early detection through mass screening program. We started the LAG in April 2004 and performed 119 cases of gastric cancer in 2005, so we report a surgical outcome compared with that of open gastrectomy (OG). Materials and Methods: 119 patients underwent LAG in 2005, and for open group, 126 patiens of early gastric cancer were selected sequentially from January 2005 to March 2005. We compared clinicopathologic characteristics, postoperative courses and complications between two groups. Results: There was no significant difference between age, a length of hospital stay, distal resection margin and a number of retrived lymph nodes. The operation time was longer in LAG group (239.2 vs 123.3 mins, P<0.001) and a diet progression was faster in LAG group (first flatus: 3.05 vs 3.70 days, SOW: 2.86 vs 3.22 days, liquid diet: 3.87 vs 4.19 days, soft diet: 4.84 vs 5.26 days, P<0.001). But there was no difference statistically in postoperative discharge date (7.73 vs 8.25 days, P=0.229). The additional requirement of analgesic injection was less frequent in LAG group (2.97 vs 4.92 times, P<0.001). The harvested lymph nodes were similar in both groups (23.9 vs 23.1, P=0.563). A complication rate was lower in LAG group (4.9% vs 9.5%), but there was no statistical significance (P=0.179). There was no mortality in both groups and no conversion to open gastrectomy in the LAG group. Conclusion: LAG can be performed safely and accepted in view of curative procedure in treatment of early gastric cancer. But we need the follow up of long-term period to evaluate the survival rate and recurrence, and a prospective randomized controlled study should be done to establish that LAG will be a standard operation for early gastric cancer.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2003

Considerable attention has been focused on the cryopreservation of semen and estrus induction in dog, as consequence of poor productivity caused by long anestrus period, in order to enhance the productivity of youngs and to preserve the breeds. The objectives of this study were to improve reproductive efficiency of artificial insemination with fresh- and frozen-semen following estrus induction in dog. Fifty infertilie dogs (age 2~3 years) were selected fur the study and divided into three different estrus induction treatment groups. Group 1 : dogs (n=15) were given clomifene (0.1 mg/kg) orally f3r five days at 12 hr intervals. Croup 2: dogs (n=15) were given bromocriptine (50 $\mu$g/kg) orally for five days at 12 hr intervals, followed by single injection intravenously of 500 IU GnRH (Croup 3, n=20) when pro-estrus occurred. After being treated, the dogs were evaluated fur the rates of estrus induction and time interval lapses from treatment to beginning of the pro-estrus. The rates of pregnancy in estrus inducted dogs mated naturally compared to those inseminated artificially with ejaculated fresh semen and frozen-thawed semen. Estrus detection was performed using the method of vaginal smear and confirmed by the plasma progesterone assay. Pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasonograpy on day 25, 35 and 55 post insemination. The ejaculated semen was exposed to a mixture of Tris extender with cryoprotectant (Trisma, 81 mM; TES, 209 mM; citric acid, 6 mM; glucose, 5 mM; glycerol, 8%) and cryopreserved gradually by slow-cooling at 17 co above the surface of liquid nitrogen (L$N_2$) for 23 min. The use of fresh semen, the pregnancy rates were observed 66.6, 66.6, 75.0 and 83.3% in natural estrus, clomifene induced, bromocriptine induced and a combination of GnRH and bromocriptine, respectively. The use of frozen-thawed semen, the pregnancy rates were observed 66.6, 33.3, 50.0 and 60.0% in natural estrus, clomifene induced, bromocriptine induced and a combination of GnRH and bromocriptine, respectively. No difference was observed in the number of offspring produced among natural estrus and treated groups inseminated with fresh or frozen-thawed semen. In conclusion, there was no significant differences in the pregnancy rate of dogs between group treated with a combination of GnRH and bromocriptine and group treated clomifene or bromocriptine only. However, frozen-thawed semen can be used successfully fur artificial insemination in dog.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.611-623
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• 2014

The alluvial aquifer, widely developed near the four major rivers such as Nakdong River, can be used effectively for groundwater artificial recharge and is expected to be the future water resources in Korea. This study is aimed at examining the impact of repeatedly injected river water into the riverside alluvial aquifer on injection rate or efficiency in its system at Changweon area. For this, injection tests were performed two times, first on June 19 and second on September 25 through October 9, 2013, and the mixing ratios of river water to groundwater were used as the tool to compare the efficiency of injection. The mixing ratios were evaluated by using electrical conductivities of injected river water (average $EC=303{\mu}S/cm$) and groundwater ($EC{\fallingdotseq}6,000{\mu}S/cm$) measured at 20 m depth of four observation wells installed 10 m apart from each injection well. The result shows the remarkable differences on two respects. First, in some observation well, detection time for incipient injection effect during $2^{nd}$ injection test was shown to be much slower than that of $1^{st}$ injection test. Second, the hourly increasing rate of mixing ratios in $2^{nd}$ test was revealed to be reduced much more than that of $1^{st}$ test. This means that the efficiency of injection was badly deteriorated by only 1,210 minute injection work. Therefore, injection water needs to be adequately treated beforehand and repeated pumping work and/or resting phase is needed afterwards. To a certain extent, the improvement of water quality in saline aquifer was verified in this system by injection tests.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 1998

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of some decontamination agents against skin contamination of $^{60}Co$ and $^{137}Cs$, the experiments were carried out in this study. In the experiments, pig skin was used instead of human skin , $^{60}CoC1_2$ and $^{137}CsCl$ were used the liquid sources of skin contamination. To examine the effectiveness of decontamination agents, skin decontamination was tried using soup, EDTA, KAERICON which was developed for decontamination of radionulides on the surface of building structure, and new decontamination agents such as IOCON, TRICON, and CHARCON, which were developed in this study. The absorption of radionuclides through the skin was evaluated by the gamma-tay detection on the surface of sample skin after radionuclides were penetrated into the skin during 16 hour soiling time. The results of this absorption experiment indicated that 11.5% and 3.2% of initial amounts of $^{137}Cs$ and $^{60}Co$, respectively, were panerated into the skin. In the experiment to remove the residual radioactivity fixed on the skin, KAERICON showed the decontamination rates up to 52.1%(decontamination factor of 2.1) and IOCON showed the equivalent decontamination rate (decontamination factor 1.9) for $^{137}Cs$. However, IOCON and CHARCON showed the poor decontamination rates of less than 20%(decontamination factor of 1.2) for $^{60}Co$, and KAERICON showed the poor decontamination rate (decontamination factor 1.1) for $^{60}Co$. For TRICON, the decontamination factors were 1.6 to 1.8 for $^{137}Cs$, and 1.0 to 1.2 for $^{60}Co$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.6
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• pp.1327-1341
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• 2022

Purpose To evaluate the pattern of use and the perception of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) among Korean breast radiologists. Materials and Methods From March 22 to 29, 2021, an online survey comprising 27 questions was sent to members of the Korean Society of Breast Imaging. Questions related to practice characteristics, utilization and perception of DBT, and research interests. Results were analyzed based on factors using logistic regression. Results Overall, 120 of 257 members responded to the survey (response rate, 46.7%), 67 (55.8%) of whom reported using DBT. The overall satisfaction with DBT was 3.31 (1-5 scale). The most-cited DBT advantages were decreased recall rate (55.8%), increased lesion conspicuity (48.3%), and increased cancer detection (45.8%). The most-cited DBT disadvantages were extra cost for patients (46.7%), insufficient calcification characterization (43.3%), insufficient improvement in diagnostic performance (39.2%), and radiation dose (35.8%). Radiologists reported increased storage requirements and interpretation time for barriers to implementing DBT. Conclusion Further improvement of DBT techniques reflecting feedback from the user's perspective will help increase the acceptance of DBT in Korea.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.225-233
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• 2020

By the standards and specifications for hygiene products, three test methods for formaldehyde are specified for each item type of hygiene product. After derivatization using acetylacetone and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH), formaldehyde is analyzed by spectrophotometer and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Validation of the three test methods was performed on tissue, diaper lining and waterproof layer, and panty liner products. The results of linearity (R²), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery rate (%) and reproducibility (%), showed that all three methods are suitable for analyzing formaldehyde in hygiene products. After derivatization with 2,4-DNPH and cetylacetone, formaldehyde was analyzed at 0, 3, 6, 9, 24 and 48 hours by HPLC. Formaldehyde derivatized with 2,4-DNPH showed no statistically significant change in formaldehyde peak area over time (P>0.05). But, acetylacetone-derivatizated formaldehyde showed a negative correlation coefficient (r) over time (P<0.01). We investigated the residual amounts of formaldehyde in 205 hygiene products distributed in Busan. Among 74 disposable diaper products tested, 73 had low concentrations of formaldehyde (0.13-29.87 mg/kg). Moreover, formaldehyde was not detected in any of 78 tissue, 27 disposable paper towel, 12 disposable dishcloth, 7 paper cup, one brand of paper straw and 6 disposable napkin products.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.24-30
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• 2009

Purpose: Today, Prostate cancer has been gradually increasing, according to the change of internal incidence rate of cancer. Generally, prostate cancer has lead to dead over 90%, in case of metastasis of lymph node and bone. So, innovative development of new radiopharmaceutical and imaging modality is progressed for detection of that metastasis, in nuclear medicine, now. Therefore, this study shows the usefulness of $^{18}F$-Fluoride PET/CT improved diagnosability on bone metastasis of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: In this study, 33 male patients with prostate cancer were examined (The mean age: $67.8{\pm}10.2$ years old). Every patient was done each whole body bone scan (WBBS) and $^{18}F$-Fluoride positron emission tomography/computed tomography ($^{18}F$-Fluoride PET/CT). And then, using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC curve), each sensitivity and specificity of two modalities was measured and compared with. Results: In 22 patients (66.6%) of all, bone metastasis was detected. And, in WBBS, sensitivity was 63.6%, specificity, 81.8%; in $^{18}F$-Fluoride PET/CT, sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 90.9%. As a result of ROC curve, AUROC (The Area under an ROC) of WBBS was 0.778, and that of $^{18}F$-Fluoride PET/CT, 0.942. Conclusions: $^{18}F$-Fluoride PET/CT was higher both sensitivity and specificity than WBBS, and it was valuable to detect bone metastasis of prostate cancer more definitely, with 3D imaging realization. Also, in $^{18}F$-Fluoride PET/CT, physiological images were acquired in more short time than WBBS, so, it was possible to reduce patient's waiting time and complaint. Therefore, it is considered that $^{18}F$-Fluoride PET/CT is able to improve diagnosability by offering more accurate images, as cuts in a share of high cost.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2006

The objectives of this study was to produce valuable offsprings of Hanwoo and Jeju black cattle using in vivo embryo production and embryo transfer techniques during 5 years ($2001{\sim}2005$) in Jeju. Two hundred and eighty six Hanwoo and sixty nine Jeju black cattles, at random stages of the estrous cycle, received a CIDR. Seven days later, the animals were superovulated with a total of 400 mg pFSH ($Folltropin^{(R)}-V$) administered twice daily in constant doses (each 50 mg) over 4 days. On the 6th administration of FSH, CIDR was withdrawn and 25 mg $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ was administered. Cows were artificially inseminated thrice after estrous detection at 12 hr intervals. The cows received $250{\mu}g$ GnRH at the time of 2nd insemination. Embryos were recovered 7 or 8 days after the 1st insemination. Recipients were synchronized with donors by insertion of a CIDR for 7 days and administration of 25 mg $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ at the time of CIDR removal. The collected embryos were transferred to 1,219 recipients by 6 transfer persons. The mean numbers of total ova and transferable embryos from Hanwoo and Jeju black cattle donors were 7.4 and 4.7, respectively The number of transferable embryos differed between Hanwoo (5.0) and Jeju black cattle (3.5, p<0.05), while that of total ova did not differ. Repeated superovulation treatments decreased (p<0.05) the ratio of numbers of the flushed animals vs. superovulated animals in Jeju black cattle, and the numbers of total ova and transferable embryos in Hanwoo. More transferable embryos were collected at summer (5.6) than winter (2.9, p<0.01). The mean pregnancy rate was 40%. The pregnancy.ate was affected by transfer year (2001<2004, p<0.05) and transfer person ($33.0{\sim}41.9%$, p<0.01), while not by donor (embryo) breed. These results showed that in vivo embryo preduction and embryo transfer techniques using CIDR for Hanwoo and Jeju black cattle donors as well as recipient, regardless of their estrous cycle, may enable a stable embryo production and recipient preparation.